Environmental Newswire Service 15 Feb 08;
BOSTON, Massachusetts, February 15, 2008 (ENS) - Bottom trawling, an industrial fishing method that drags large, heavy nets across the seafloor, stirs up huge, billowing plumes of sediment on shallow seafloors that can be seen from space.
As a result of scientific studies showing that bottom trawling kills vast numbers of corals, sponges, fishes and other animals, this fishing method has been banned in a growing number of places.
Now satellite images show that spreading clouds of mud remain suspended in the sea long after the trawler has passed.
There are tens of thousands of trawlers worldwide. They fish for shrimp and finfishes. Some bottom trawling operations catch 20 pounds of "bykill" or "bycatch" for every pound of targeted species.
What satellites can see is only the "tip of the iceberg," because most trawling happens in waters too deep to detect sediment plumes at the surface, say scientists speaking at the American Association for the Advancement of Science 2008 Annual Meeting here today.
The symposium session, "Dragnet: Bottom Trawling, the World's Most Severe and Extensive Seafloor Disturbance," was organized by the Marine Conservation Biology Institute.
Speakers at the session included Dr. Elliott Norse, president of Marine Conservation Biology Institute in Bellevue Washington; John Amos, president of SkyTruth in Shepherdstown West Virginia, Dr. Les Watling, professor of zoology at the University of Hawaii-Manoa; and Susanna Fuller, PhD candidate in biology at Dalhousie University, Halifax Nova Scotia.
"Bottom trawling is the most destructive of any actions that humans conduct in the ocean," said Dr. Watling. "Ten years ago, Elliott Norse and I calculated that, each year, worldwide, bottom trawlers drag an area equivalent to twice the lower 48 states.
"Most of that trawling happens in deep waters, out of sight. But now we can more clearly envision what trawling impacts down there by looking at the sediment plumes that are shallow enough for us to see from satellites," he said.
"Bottom trawling repeatedly plows up the seafloor over large areas of the ocean" said Amos. "Until recently, the impact was basically hidden from view. But new tools - especially Internet-based image sites, like Google Earth - allow everyone to see for themselves what's happening. In shallow waters with muddy bottoms, trawlers leave long, persistent trails of sediment in their wake."
To see a gallery of satellite images, and take a Google Earth "virtual tour" of trawl-caused sediment plumes, go to www.skytruth.org and navigate to the "Trawling Impacts" image gallery.
"Seafloor animals such as glass sponges are particularly vulnerable to bottom trawling," said Susanna Fuller, a graduate student of Professor Ransom Myers who died last year. He had published a series of papers showing that overfishing has eliminated 90 percent of the world's large predatory fishes and is devastating marine ecosystems.
"What is amazing is the level of damage these types of animals have suffered, after the cod fishery in Canada was closed [in 1992]. We immediately started trawling deeper with no restrictions, and continue to do so," Fuller said.
"There are ways to catch fish that are less harmful to the world's vanishing marine life. We need to start protecting the seafloor by using fishing gear, besides bottom trawls, especially in the deep sea. It's the only thing left," she said.
"For years marine scientists have been telling the world that fishing has harmed marine biodiversity more than anything else," said Dr. Norse. "And it's clear that trawling causes more damage to marine ecosystems than any other kind of fishing. Now, as the threats of ocean acidification and melting sea ice are adding insult to injury, we have to reduce harm from trawling to have any hope of saving marine ecosystems."
Scientific findings about trawling impacts have led to increasing restrictions on this industrial fishing method.
In 2005, the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean banned trawling in the Mediterranean Sea below depths of 1,000 meters, and the United States closed deep sea areas off Alaska to bottom trawling.
In 2006, South Pacific nations effectively put an end to trawling in an area amounting to 14 percent of the Earth's surface.
The UN General Assembly has begun deliberations on a trawling moratorium on the high seas, which cover 45 percent of the Earth's surface.
Devastation of Trawling Visible from Space
Andrea Thompson, LiveScience Yahoo News 20 Feb 08;
Bottom trawling for fish stirs up billowing plumes of sediment that can be seen from space and destroys entire seafloor ecosystems, new imagery reveals.
The technique, used all over the world, is a way to catch fish in deeper parts of the ocean with huge, deep nets, now that many near-shore fish populations have been virtually wiped out from over-fishing. Several studies have shown the significant impact that trawling has on ecosystems, killing corals, sponges, fish and other animals.
New and previously released satellite images show the extent of the plumes of material kicked up. And a video of the seafloor reveals how trawling denudes an underwater world.
"Bottom trawling is the most destructive of any actions that humans conduct in the ocean," said zoologist Les Watling of the University of Hawaii. "Ten years ago, Elliott Norse [of the Marine Conservation Biology Institute] and I calculated that, each year, worldwide, bottom trawlers drag an area equivalent to twice the lower 48 states. Most of that trawling happens in deep waters, out of sight. But now we can more clearly envision what trawling impacts down there by looking at the sediment plumes that are shallow enough for us to see from satellites."
Watling presented his findings Friday at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Boston.
Persistent plumes
As nets are dragged across the seafloor, they can crush coral reefs, drag boulders across the bottom, and trap fish and animals not intended to be caught, called bycatch. All this activity stirs up sediments from the seafloor, which create the persistent plumes in the wake of the fishing ships.
Watling and his colleagues say that the plumes visible in satellite images are likely just the "tip of the iceberg" as most trawling is in waters that are deep enough that the plume remains hidden by the water above.
"Bottom trawling repeatedly plows up the seafloor over large areas of the ocean," said fellow presenter John Amos of SkyTruth, a digital mapping non-profit group aimed at environment issues based in West Virginia. (Images of these plumes can be seen on the group's website.)
Bans and restrictions
Scientific studies showing the impacts that trawling has on ecosystems have led to increasing restrictions on the practice.
In 2005, the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean banned trawling there below depths of 1,000 meters (3, 289 feet). The United States closed large deep-sea areas off the coast of Alaska to bottom trawling in 2006. Many South Pacific nations have also put a stop to the practice, and the United Nations began deliberations on a trawling moratorium in the high seas in 2006.
But there are still tens of thousands of trawlers operating in the Gulf of Mexico, off the coast of many Latin American countries, off the west coast of Africa, in Chinese waters, and the North Sea.
"We're a long way from protecting the ocean floor from bottom trawling," Norse told LiveScience.
