Jakarta Post 25 Jun 09;
An article titled "Warming causes bleaching" (The Jakarta Post, June 22) makes many completely incorrect statements. The fact that warming causes coral bleaching has been well-established since I developed the HotSpot method for predicting coral bleaching in advance from satellite sea surface temperature data with Raymond Hayes 20 years ago.
For mass coral bleaching, ocean surface temperatures around 1 degree Celsius above the average temperature for the warmest month are needed for a one month period. Those conditions took place over much of southern Indonesia in 1998, including Sumatra, Java, Bali and Lombok, staying well above the threshold temperature for months, and very severe coral mortality took place that year in many places.
In sharp contrast, this year the temperature only barely approached the threshold temperatures for about a week or two, not long enough to cause mass bleaching. Only mild and very localized bleaching took place in some places in Lombok and Bali in April, where poor water circulation caused locally warmer temperatures, but only a small proportion of corals were affected in a few locations, and these quickly recovered when water temperatures cooled. There was no mass bleaching and little or no mortality this year because it simply did not get hot enough for long enough. Similarly the claim in the article that high bleaching was seen on the world's largest coral reef restoration project, the Biorock Karang Lestari Reef Restoration Project at Pemuteran, Bali, is completely untrue.
Almost no bleaching took place there in April. The report in the Post, in fact, refers to a single Biorock Reef structure (out of around 60) with light-colored corals. However, the corals on that structure were not in fact bleached at all. On that particular structure, we are propagating very rapidly growing corals of a single very unusually pale coral that looks almost white.
However, that is the normal color of this particular variety, it has looked as if it were "bleached" year round for years, and is, in fact, not bleached at all. Whoever told this to your reporter did not know how to properly identify bleached corals, and did not bother to check with those running the project. The report also confuses snails that eat coral with bleaching, but this is not bleaching at all, the coral that appears white is because the snail has eaten all the tissue, exposing the white skeleton, whereas in bleaching, the coral tissue is alive but turns transparent, allowing the skeleton to be seen through the tissue.
In actual fact, Biorock reefs, while not preventing bleaching under severe high temperatures, do prevent death of the corals under these conditions. In the 2000 International Coral Reef Symposium in Bali we reported that Biorock reefs in the Maldives had 16 to 50 times higher survival of corals than surrounding reefs.
Thomas J. Goreau
Cambridge
Letters: Save coral reefs
Jakarta Post 29 Jun 09;
Three weeks ago, Reef Check Foundation Indonesia received a lot of reports from fisherman, dive operators and colleagues about the "white" coral around Bali. This prompted us to do a rapid survey, the result of which was posted in this article. The survey was done early June 2009.
Our survey focused on measuring the extent of the bleaching, so we did not measure the white/predatory scars from Drupella snails or other predators as part of our survey. To the trained eye, this is not something difficult to distinguish. I agree that predatory scars result in dead coral, unlike bleaching.
The last bleaching recorded in Bali was in 2003 on the Ngurah Rai reef. At that time, rapid surveys on other places in Bali and our network found no bleaching in other places, so it was likely to have been localized bleaching.
From our survey this year however, we found it covered quite a large area: from Pemuteran (not on the Biorock Reef but the reef adjacent to it, and the data we had revealed 10 percent bleaching) up to Amed. Prior to this, we also had reports from Raja Ampat of slight bleaching in April. Recently, we received reports from Bali Barat National Park, Padang Bay, and even Karimun Jawa and Aceh, so we don't think this is localized bleaching.
Lots of institutions will work hand in hand to measure the extent and severity and the recovery from this event. Most of us will be using one of the methods that Jamie Oliver, Paul Marshall and Lara Hansen wrote with me (the global bleaching monitoring protocol) for rapid assessment (the extent and severity) and using the IUCN resilience method to measure the recovery.
The NOAA HotSpot satellite imagery available online for public use is set on a resolution of 50 by 50 km. which is why some of bleaching cannot be detected, like in 2003 and this year's bleaching. However, the timing of the bleaching is happening at the "right time". In the NOAA annual temperature chart, May and June are, in fact, one of the warmest times of the year, the other time being in November and December, but the rainy season helps to "cool" the temperature then.
Naneng Setiasih
Denpasar
