Michael Marshall, New Scientist 17 Aug 09;
It's been predicted for years, and now it's happening. Deep in the Arctic Ocean, water warmed by climate change is forcing the release of methane from beneath the sea floor.
Over 250 plumes of gas have been discovered bubbling up from the sea floor to the west of the Svalbard archipelago, which lies north of Norway. The bubbles are mostly methane, which is a greenhouse gas much more powerful than carbon dioxide.
The methane is probably coming from reserves of methane hydrate beneath the sea bed. These hydrates, also known as clathrates, are water ice with methane molecules embedded in them.
The methane plumes were discovered by an expedition aboard the research ship James Clark Ross, led by Tim Minshull of the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, in the UK.
Warm gas
The region where the team found the plumes is being warmed by the West Spitsbergen current, which has warmed by 1 °C over the past 30 years.
"Hydrates are stable only within a particular range of temperatures," says Minshull. "So if the ocean warms, some of the hydrates will break down and release their methane."
None of the plumes the team saw reached the surface, so the methane was not escaping into the atmosphere and thus contributing to climate change – not in that area, at least. "Bigger bubbles of methane make it all the way to the top, but smaller ones dissolve," says Minshull.
Just because it fails to reach the surface doesn't mean the methane is harmless, though, as some of it gets converted to carbon dioxide. The CO2 then dissolves in seawater and makes the oceans more acidicMovie Camera.
And it is possible that other, more vigorous plumes are releasing methane into the atmosphere. The team studied only one group of plumes, which were in a small area and were erratic.
"Almost none of the Arctic has been surveyed in a way that might detect a gas release like this," Minshull says.
Methane megatonnes
Ronald Cohen of the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington DC says it's a striking result: "What's amazing is that they see such enormous quantities of methane."
The methane being released from hydrate in the 600-square-kilometre area studied probably adds up to 27 kilotonnes a year, which suggests that the entire hydrate deposit around Svalbard could be releasing 20 megatonnes a year.
If methane began escaping at similar rates throughout the Arctic, it would dramatically increase methane levels in the atmosphere.
Globally, it's thought that around 500 to 600 megatonnes of methane are released into the atmosphere each year.
Matt Rigby of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology says, "If there is potential for clathrates to destabilise and release methane, it needs to be intensively studied."
Gas from where?
Cohen cautions that the Arctic methane may not be from hydrate, but could be coming from the methane's primary source, which might be deep within the Earth.
If that was the case, the warming of the West Spitsbergen current may not be to blame.
He says that the large amounts of methane being released make this unlikely, however: "If the methane is all primary, it would be an unprecedented amount." So the idea that the hydrates are at least partly to blame is more plausible. "It's not definitively proven, but it's certainly reasonable," he says.
Methane hydrate could be used as a new, somewhat greener fossil fuel, but extracting the methane without releasing any into the atmosphere remains a challenge.
Journal reference: Geophysical Research Letters, DOI: 10.1029/2009GL039191
Methane seeps from Arctic sea bed
Judith Burns, BBC News 18 Aug 09;
Science and environment reporter, BBC News
Scientists say they have evidence that the powerful greenhouse gas methane is escaping from the Arctic sea bed.
Researchers say this could be evidence of a predicted positive feedback effect of climate change.
As temperatures rise, the sea bed grows warmer and frozen water crystals in the sediment break down, allowing methane trapped inside them to escape.
The research team found that more than 250 plumes of methane bubbles are rising from the sea bed off Norway.
The joint British and German research team detected the bubbles using a type of sonar normally used to search for shoals of fish. Once detected, the bubbles were sampled and tested for methane at a range of depths.
Writing in Geophysical Research Letters, the team says the methane was rising from an area of sea bed off West Spitsbergen, from depths between 150 and 400m.
The gas is normally trapped as "methane hydrate" in sediment under the ocean floor.
"Methane hydrate" is an ice-like substance composed of water and methane which is stable under conditions of high pressure and low temperature.
As temperatures rise, the hydrate breaks down. So this new evidence shows that methane is stable at water depths greater than 400m off Spitsbergen.
However data collected over 30 years shows it was then stable at water depths as shallow as 360m.
Ocean has warmed
Temperature records show that this area of the ocean has warmed by 1C during the same period.
The research was carried out as part of the International Polar Year Initiative, funded by Britain's Natural Environment Research Council (NERC).
The team says this is the first time that this loss of stability associated with temperature rise has been observed during the current geological period.
Professor Tim Minshull of the National Oceanography Centre at Southampton told BBC News: "We already knew there was some methane hydrate in the ocean off Spitsbergen and that's an area where climate change is happening rather faster than just about anywhere else in the world."
"There's been an idea for a long time that if the oceans warm, methane might be released from hydrate beneath the sea floor and generate a positive greenhouse effect."
"What we're trying to do is to use lots of different techniques to assess whether this was something that was likely to happen in a relatively short time scale off Spitsbergen."
However methane is already released from ocean floor hydrates at higher temperatures and lower pressures - so the team also suggest that some methane release may have been going on in this area since the last ice age.
Significant discovery
Their most significant finding is that climate change means the gas is being released from more and deeper areas of the Arctic ocean.
Professor Minshull said: "Our survey was designed to work out how much methane might be released by future ocean warming; we did not expect to discover such strong evidence that this process has already started."
"We were slightly surprised that if there was so much methane rising why no one had seen it before. But I think the reason is that you have to be rather dedicated to spot it because these plumes are only perhaps 50m to 100m across."
"The device we were using is only switched on during biological cruises. It's not normally used on geophysical or oceanographic cruises like ours. And of course you've got to monitor it 24 hours a day. In fact, we only spotted the phenomenon half way through our cruise. We decided to go back and take a closer look."
The team found that most of the methane is being dissolved into the seawater and did not detect evidence of the gas breaking the surface of the ocean and getting into the atmosphere.
They stress that this does not mean that the gas does not enter the atmosphere. They point out that the methane seeps are unpredictable and erratic in quantity, size and duration.
It is possible that larger seeps at different times and locations might in fact be vigorous enough to break through the ocean surface.
Most of the methane reacts with the oxygen in the water to form carbon dioxide, another greenhouse gas. In sea water, this forms carbonic acid which adds to ocean acidification, with consequent problems for biodiversity.
Graham Westbrook, lead author and professor of geophysics at the University of Birmingham said: "If this process becomes widespread along Arctic continental margins, tens of megatonnes of methane a year - equivalent to 5-10% of the total amount released globally by natural sources, could be released into the ocean."
The team is planning another expedition next year to observe the behaviour of the methane plumes over time. They are also engaged in ongoing research into the amount of methane hydrate under this area of the ocean floor.
Ultimately, they want to be able to predict how much might be vulnerable to temperature change and in what timescale.
# Methane hydrate is stable below 400m
# Nearer the surface the hydrate breaks down as temperatures rise and the methane is released
# Gas rises from the sea bed in plumes of bubbles - most of it dissolves before it reaches the surface
# So far scientists haven't detected methane breaking the ocean surface - but they don't rule out the possibility
