Goh Tian And Jonatan A. Lassa For The Straits Times AsiaOne 10 Mar 15;
SINGAPORE aims to be partly self-sufficient in three food items as part of an overall strategy to safeguard food security.
It strives for self-sufficiency for 30 per cent of egg, 15 per cent of fish and 10 per cent of vegetable supplies.
Producing food locally has the additional benefit of mitigating climate change through reduced food miles.
Unlike egg and vegetable production - where layers are kept in shelters and vegetables are grown under controlled conditions - fish farms are highly dependent on water and environmental conditions.
The current plankton bloom that has caused massive fish deaths is not likely to be the last.
If it wants to be self-sufficient for 15 per cent of fish supply, Singapore needs a more sustained effort to make fish farms more sustainable, and less subject to environmental damage.
This calls for changes in fish farming techniques, and substantial investments in capital - both financial and technological.
The plankton bloom now hitting Singapore's fish farms has caused at least 600 tonnes of fish losses, more than 10 per cent of annual production.
More than 55 out of 117 floating fish farms have been affected, with losses estimated at between $15,000 and $300,000 per farm.
The total losses could be between $4 million and $5 million. A similar amount of fish loss occurred last year.
In 2009, fish farms in Singapore were affected by their first plankton bloom and a total of 400,000 fish were lost.
While the numbers are small compared to fish consumption in Singapore and are unlikely to affect total supply, fish farmers have been hit hard by the recurring events.
Interestingly, fish grown in tanks were also affected by the plankton bloom due to the use of unfiltered sea water.
Plankton bloom, or harmful algal bloom, is caused by a combination of higher concentrations of nutrients, which can be enhanced by organic runoff and increase in decaying matter such as fish feeds, high temperatures and sunlight, as well as poor water exchange.
Warm temperatures and high solar irradiance during the dry season can encourage growth of phytoplankton through better photosynthesis.
Poor water circulation in the Johor Strait enhances the rapid multiplication of these organisms.
Plankton bloom results in lower oxygen levels in the water and this can cause fish deaths.
To provide support during massive fish deaths due to plankton bloom, the Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority (AVA) introduced assistance packages to the fish farmers who were affected.
To prevent the deaths, AVA also implemented round-the-clock real-time monitoring and early warning systems to provide information on increase in plankton levels to farmers via SMS.
Yet, even with these policies in place, the recent damage to fish stocks suggests that risk mitigation measures must go beyond financial support for recovery and monitoring of water conditions.
While AVA had alerted farmers to elevated plankton levels, some could not take action as they lacked the tools or financial resources to do so.
The real question, then, is whether the present approach is sufficient to ensure local fish production, and at what cost?
Self-sufficiency
SINGAPORE has been using three key strategies to ensure food resilience.
The first strategy is to ensure diversification of food import sources.
The second is to increase local production to achieve a certain degree of self-sufficiency, and the third is to ensure that there are buffer stocks.
Currently, Singapore imports fish from 46 countries.
More than 70 per cent of the fish imports are from South-east Asia and about 10 per cent of its fish is from Norway. Local fish production accounted for about 8 per cent (4,200 tonnes) of total consumption in 2013.
Local fish production forms a "virtual" buffer stock to increase domestic supply during an import disruption.
To support the local fish farming industry, AVA has rolled out various policies such as the Food Fund, technical support and infrastructural support like the construction of the Lorong Halus jetty, which cost $3.85 million.
Another $8.2 million has been set aside for fish farmers to upgrade farm infrastructure and technology.
However, the vulnerability of the fish farming model to plankton bloom warrants evaluation of the present approach.
Rethinking fish farm model
FISH farming is inherently susceptible to marine changes.
Some methods can help reduce the risks.
For example, Singapore can explore the option of constructing infrastructure such as lining net cages with canvas and installing filtering and aeration systems in sea farms.
However, the challenge is how farmers can be incentivised to adopt these measures voluntarily.
Given that fish farms span an area of 100.5ha, the scale of investment required is huge. Co-financing of such infrastructure for fish farms may be needed.
Alternatively, the Government can provide 100 per cent of equipment and infrastructure to fish farms to reduce external environmental impacts.
In return, the Government can factor the investment costs into a new leasing price.
Consultations between the Government and fish farmers on how to make this option beneficial to farmers with rational public spending need to be undertaken.
The Government is also currently encouraging indoor "vertical" fish farming, a tank-based fish farming technique which can be installed in the roof of the buildings or in any available space where water and environmental conditions can be better controlled.
This is a good realignment of policy priority towards mitigating risks of fish farming and ensuring that fish production is sustainable.
Unfortunately, this practice is still nascent and can be expensive, and therefore requires financial support from the Government.
Diversify or self-produce
AT A more strategic level, there might be a need to examine the feasibility and costs of achieving 15 per cent self-sufficiency.
Boosting food security by building up self-sufficiency rates at any cost can be inefficient and economically unsustainable.
In fact, the options above to support fish farming will be expensive.
Diversifying import sources can successfully secure supply of stocks at a more reasonable cost.
Singapore needs to weigh the costs of diversifying sources of fish imports against the costs of food self-sufficiency.
With greater climate variability and change such as expected increases in temperature, ocean acidification and changes in solar irradiation in the coming decades, volatility in fish production and losses from fish farms are expected to worsen.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change recently projected that ocean fish catch potential in the South-east Asian tropics may be reduced by 40 to 60 per cent due to fish migration.
Consequently, fish populations in the neighbouring countries such as Indonesia and the Philippines are likely be affected by ocean acidification by 2050.
In the light of Singapore's dependence on fish from South-east Asia, it is necessary to look for fish beyond its immediate shores.
For now, achieving 15 per cent self-sufficiency for fish is equivalent to two months of fish consumption.
The present annual production rate equals one month of fish consumption.
The Government may need to review the self-sufficiency target to a more modest one.
Whatever the target, for now it makes sense to continue the strategy to diversify fish import sources and increase fish buffer stocks.
But if the state is serious about targeting 15 per cent self-sufficiency for fish supplies, more focused incentives are needed to build a resilient and efficient fish farming sector.
Fish farmers old and new will need sustained help from the Government and industry leaders.
Capital funds will be needed to set up new types of fish farms, perhaps on a leasing model with equipment built in.
Intellectual capital in the form of know-how that mixes traditional fish farming methods with new equipment will be pivotal to the success of new farms.
