Best of our wild blogs: 19 Aug 09


Photos from the pre-National Day cleanup @ LCK mangrove
from News from the International Coastal Cleanup Singapore and Site Buddy and Newbie Briefing Session 2009

Singapore and marine litter: Coastal Cleanup Sep 09
from wild shores of singapore and fishing nets hurt sea turtles

Close encounters at midnight, Tanah Merah
from wild shores of singapore and singapore nature and colourful clouds

Banded Woodpecker picking ants
from Bird Ecology Study Group

Where Does Attap Chee Come From?
from Life's Indulgences

Prof Leo Tan on "Confessions of a Nature Addict"
from wild shores of singapore

New Book: Decapod Crustacean Phylogenetics
from The Biodiversity crew @ NUS


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New interactive Singapore map to be available soon

Chua Hian Hou, Straits Times 19 Aug 09;

FANS of the outdoors will be able to find campsites, walking trails and barbecue pits on a new interactive map being developed here - and immediately book them if they are available too.

The Singapore Land Authority's (SLA) new intelligent map service, expected to be up in the next few months, as well as a $27 million investment to improve the accuracy and distribution of the geospatial data being collected by the Government, were both announced yesterday.

The SG-Space (Singapore Geospatial Collaborative Environment), project will be developed over the next five years and eventually offer authorised users all kinds of geographical information, from real-time traffic conditions and the location of underground utility pipes to places of interest.

Geospatial information has become a part of our daily lives, said Senior Minister of State (Law and Home Affairs) Ho Peng Kee at the Map Asia conference yesterday.

'In the morning before leaving for work, some of us check our mobile phones for the day's weather forecast. We listen to the radio for traffic updates to ensure a smooth journey to the office. At noon, some use Google Earth to locate a restaurant that they want to patronise. And in the evening, we navigate to a popular nightspot using our on-board car navigation system,' said Associate Professor Ho, the guest of honour at the event.

While more than two dozen government agencies, from the Singapore Land Authority to the Housing and Development Board, collect and use geospatial data, not all of this data is in the same format, scale or digital quality.

Thus the need for 'a coordinated effort to better govern the collection, storage, dissemination and use of geospatial information across all government agencies', added Prof Ho.

This will give users accurate and inter-operable data, all easily accessible using a Web browser and with all kinds of sorting and analytical tools for the user to find exactly what he wants, said SLA chief executive Vincent Hoong.

Currently, such information is not integrated and users may have to go to different agencies to call up multiple blueprints, maps or services.

Because of the sensitivity of some of the data collected, access will be limited to government agencies to start with, with the less sensitive areas being made available to businesses and consumers over time.

This will allow commercial entities to develop more applications and grow the geospatial industry here, providing more jobs for those with skills in this area, said Mr Hoong.

The three-day event at the Suntec Convention Centre, the first time the eight-year-old event has been held in Singapore, attracted about 800 participants and exhibitors from about 30 countries.

SG-Space to be a one-stop data exchange platform
Today Online 19 Aug 09;

A SUPER-ACCURATE interactive map of Singapore is in the making, thanks to the Government earmarking $27 million - to be spent over five years - to build the infrastructure and develop the collaborative environment for the sharing of national spatial or geographic data.

A crucial component of SG-Space - the national spatial data infrastructure - is the setting up of a one-stop data exchange platform for geospatial information for government agencies. It has been spearheaded by Singapore Land Authority and the Infocomm Development Authority since last April.

SG-Space (Singapore Geospatial Collaborative Environment) will give users access to all kinds of geographical information, from weather forecasts to the movement of soil to illegal dumping.

In a survey of 65 government agencies - which will be the first authorised users - 83 per cent said they rely on spatial data within the Government to support or enhance their operations.

Senior Minister of State for Law and Home Affairs, Ho Peng Kee, who announced the initiative at the first Map Asia conference yesterday, said it will not only benefit inter-government activities but ultimately extend to the private sector, and to the individual.

It will be a launch pad for all public agencies to build their own geospatial services using a common and consistent map, as well as the gateway for the private sector to mesh content from various sources with their own collection of geospatial information. For individuals, the map could be used for day-to-day social activities, such as guiding friends to a dinner location.

The three-day Map Asia Conference saw about 800 local and international delegates from 28 countries meet over location-based solutions for land planning, climate change, disaster management, transportation, e-city and utilities. 938LIVE


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Taiwan tanker on fire in the Straits of Malacca

Straits Times 19 Aug 09;

KUALA LUMPUR - A TANKER carrying 58,000 tonnes of naphtha was involved in a collision with a cargo ship late on Tuesday in the Strait of Malacca, leaving nine crewmen from the oil vessel missing, a Malaysian maritime official said.

Oil traders said on Wednesday the Cargill-chartered tanker, Formosaproduct Brick, was shipping the naphtha cargo from the United Arab Emirates to Daesan and Yosu in South Korea.

The origin of the naphtha was likely from Abu Dhabi National Oil Co (ADNOC), with whom US trading firm Cargill has a term contract to lift around 100,000 tonnes for an unspecified period, traders added.

The official from the Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency (MMEA) said there was no danger of oil spill from the Liberian- registered tanker with 25 crew, which was on fire hours after the collision with the Ostende Max, a British-registered bulk carrier.

But shipping in the busy waterway was not disrupted, he added.

However, a Reuters cameraman near the scene said the fire appeared to have been put out and the tanker did not seem to be listing or at risk of sinking.

Traders said the naphtha was slated to be supplied to South Korean end users - Honam Petrochemical, LG Chem and Yeochun Naphtha Cracking Centre (YNCC).

'The barrels were meant to arrive in South Korea in second-half August, but I doubt there will be any major impact.

Inventory is not that low (in South Korea),' said a Northeast Asian trader. 'Additionally, there are still some September cargoes that traders had not sold.' Most petrochemical feedstock buyers have completed their September purchases, and are looking to replenish first-half October stocks.

'As far as we know, Cargill has not indicated what they will do next,' another trader said.

Asian naphtha supplies were tight after Europe choked off exports on refinery run cuts, and strong demand for the light fuels for petrochemical and gasoline production.

Cracks spreads - premiums or losses from refining Brent crude into naphtha - hit a near six-month high last week at US$114.85 (S$165) a tonne. But unexpected spot exports from Saudi Arabia and China helped to plug most of the void left by Europe, sending the cracks down to US$97.73 a tonne on Tuesday. -- REUTERS

Tanker Catches Fire After Colliding With Bulk Carrier Off Port Dickson
Bernama 18 Aug 09;

SEREMBAN, Aug 18 (Bernama) -- A tanker caught fire after colliding with a bulk carrier in the Melaka Strait, about 20 nautical miles off Port Dickson near here Tuesday night.

The flames could be seen from the beaches in Port Dickon and the heat from them prevented rescuers from approaching the vessel.

Port Dickson police chief Supt Mazlan Othman said the tanker was from Liberia and the bulk carrier from Britain and that each had a crew of 25.

"The crew from the tanker are safe and are on their way to shore while no one on the bulk carrier was injured," he told reporters at the Port Dickson jetty.

He added that the bulk carrier was reported to have sustained only slight damage and had continued with its journey to Singapore.

Mazlan said the tanker was still in flames and was waiting for fire-fighting boats from Port Klang to arrive.

He said the Fire and Rescue Department was notified at 9.15pm and it is believed a major oil spill had occurred.

He said police had relayed the information to the Department of Civil Aviation to warn of heavy smoke which might affect flights going to and coming from the KL International Airport.

The jetty has become a hive of activity with hordes of journalists as well as boats from the Marine Department, the police's Marine Operations Force, Fire and Rescue Department and the Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency, which are participating in rescue and spillage containment efforts.

-- BERNAMA

Tanker Collision: Maritime Agency Activates Rescue Ops Centre
Bernama 19 Aug 09;

KUALA LUMPUR, Aug 19 (Bernama) -- The Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency (MMEA) has activated its search and rescue operation centre following the oil tanker-bulk carrier collision in the Strait of Melaka, off Port Dickson, last night.

MMEA public relations officer Faridah Shuib said the agency deployed its assets from Linggi, Port Klang and the Subang Air Base late last night to help put out the fire onboard the fuel tanker, MT Formosa Product Brick, and to rescue the crewmen.

"Initial reports showed that the MT Formosa Product Brick, laden with 58,000 tonnes of naftar oil (a component of crude oil) was on its way from the United Kingdom to Singapore and collided with the bulk carrier MV Ostende Max which was coming out of Port Dickson Port heading for Singapore," she said in a statement.

Faridah said the MMEA's assets involved were four speed boats and two N3 Dauphin helicopters.

The agency also coordinated assets from other agencies such as the Marine Operations Force, an aircraft from the police air wing and two more from the Port Klang Marine Department.

She said that the Malaysian navy deployed KD Jerai and KD Laksamana Hang Nadim from Lumut to assist in the operation.

A tugboat, Sam Son Mariner, is assisting the Fire and Rescue Department to put out the fire on the tanker.

"A merchant ship, Nordspring which was passing by the area had also assisted in the rescue operation," she said.

Sixteen crew members were rescued at about 3am today while nine others are still missing in the 9pm incident.

Meanwhile in PORT DICKSON, MMEA's search and rescue operation director First Maritime Admiral Tan Kok Kwee said the operation covered an area approximately 50 sq km.

Speaking to reporters here, he said, the operation, which was called off at about 4.30am, resumed at 7am today.

The MV Ostende Max, which was only slightly damaged in the incident, is now in Port Dickson for investigations.

"We are now towing the MT Formosa Product Brick which is adrift 18km from its original location and is now in Sepang waters. So far, there is no oil spill detected," he said.

Negeri Sembilan police chief Datuk Osman Salleh said police would take statements from both captains to facilitate investigations.

-- BERNAMA

Naphtha tanker burns, leaks fuel off Malaysia
Reuters 19 Aug 09;

KUALA LUMPUR (Reuters) - A tanker carrying 58,000 tons of naphtha was still burning on Wednesday, nearly 24 hours after a collision with a cargo ship in the Strait of Malacca, and had started to leak fuel, Malaysian officials said.

Officials feared the possibility of a spill of naphtha, saying firemen were cooling the ship's storage tank to prevent an explosion.

The search continued for nine of the tanker's 25-member crew. The others have been rescued.

Oil traders said the Cargill-chartered tanker, Formosaproduct Brick, was shipping the cargo of naphtha, a petrochemical feedstock, from the United Arab Emirates to Daesan and Yosu in South Korea.

The origin of the naphtha was probably the Abu Dhabi National Oil Co (ADNOC), with which U.S. trader Cargill has a term contract to lift around 100,000 tons for an unspecified period, traders added.

The police chief of Port Dickson in central Malaysia told Reuters that the Liberian-registered ship was listing but there was no immediate danger that it would sink.

"Our biggest concern now is the possibility that the cargo could spill," said Mazlan Othman.

A spokeswoman from the Malaysia Maritime Enforcement Agency (MMEA) said the vessel was drifting and still ablaze, nearly 24 hours after the collision with the Ostede Max, a British- registered bulk carrier.

"The shipping lanes are not affected now because we pulled the tanker away," she told Reuters. "There is still no word about the nine crew members."

CARGO BOUND FOR S.KOREA

Traders said the naphtha was destined to be supplied to South Korean end users -- Honam Petrochemical, LG Chem and Yeochun Naphtha Cracking Center (YNCC).

"The barrels were meant to arrive in South Korea in second-half August, but I doubt there will be any major impact. Inventory is not that low (in South Korea)," said a Northeast Asian trader. "Additionally, there are still some September cargoes that traders had not sold."

Market sentiment was edgy following the collision, sending crack spreads -- premiums or losses from refining Brent crude oil into naphtha -- up by $10.67 to $108.40 a barrel on Wednesday.

But this was still lower than August 11, when cracks hit a near six-month high at $114.85 a metric ton, as unexpected spot exports from Saudi Arabia and China helped to plug most of the void left by a fall exports from Europe.

Asian naphtha supplies were tight after Europe choked off exports due to refinery run cuts and strong demand for the light fuels for petrochemical and gasoline production.

Most petrochemical feedstock buyers have completed their September purchases, and are looking to replenish first-half October stocks.

"As far as we know, Cargill has not indicated what they will do next," another trader said.

The collision occurred at 10:00 p.m. (1400 GMT) in international waters in the Malacca Straits bordering Malaysia and Indonesia, another MMEA official said, adding that the tanker was towed 33 km offshore from Port Dickson.

The MMEA spokeswoman earlier said the cargo ship was empty when it sailed from Port Dickson for Singapore at the time of the collision and the slightly damaged bulk carrier had been directed to return to the west coast Malaysian port for investigations.

(Reporting by Razak Ahmad, Yoong Chee Weng and Niluksi Koswanage; Additional reporting by Seng Li Peng and Yaw Yan Chong in Singapore; Editing by Anthony Barker)

Tanker ablaze off Port Dickson
Straits Times 20 Aug 09;

KUALA LUMPUR: A Taiwanese oil tanker carrying 58,000 tonnes of naphtha fuel was ablaze yesterday after it collided with another ship in the Strait of Malacca the night before.

Nine Chinese crew members were missing after the tanker collided with a Greek-managed bulk carrier vessel, the Ostede Max.

'The MT Formosa Product Brick is on fire and is now listing on its left side. We fear it may sink,' local marine police chief Rizal Ramli told news agency Agence France-Presse.

'The collision happened last night in clear weather off Port Dickson. We have rescued 16 crew members, mainly of Chinese nationality,' he said.

He added that two of the rescued crew were Taiwanese, and a search was being conducted for the remaining nine of the 25-man crew.

The oil tanker was heading for South Korea via Singapore when the collision occurred.

Some oil was spilt, and dozens of maritime officials in 11 boats and two helicopters were involved in battling the blaze, according to Negeri Sembilan police chief Osman Saleh.

Stricken Oil-Product Tanker Towed to Malaysian Port (Update2)
Yee Kai Pin, Bloomberg 19 Aug 09;

Aug. 19 (Bloomberg) -- An oil-product tanker that caught fire after colliding with a bulk carrier in the Straits of Malacca is being towed to Port Dickson, Malaysia, Bernama reported.

The Formosaproduct Brick, a 70,000-deadweight ton Liberian- flagged vessel, is carrying naphtha, a light oil product usually used as petrochemical feedstock, according to Bruce Blakeman, a spokesman in Singapore for charterer Cargill Inc. The company can’t immediately confirm who owns the cargo.

Sixteen crew members were rescued by a passing container ship after the collision late yesterday, while nine others are missing, Bernama said, citing police spokesman Mazlan Othman. The incident occurred about 20 nautical miles off Port Dickson, and no oil leaks have been sighted, the Malaysian national news agency reported.

The Malacca Strait is the shortest sea route between the Persian Gulf and Asia, with more than 50,000 vessels passing through every year, according to the U.S. Energy Department. It’s 1.7 miles (2.7 kilometers) wide at its narrowest point, “creating a natural bottleneck, as well as potential for collisions, grounding, or oil spills,” the department’s Web site said.

Ship Ablaze

The ship was listing to port and was ablaze near the stern, in front of the bridge, based on an Associated Press picture published earlier today by the British Broadcasting Corp.

Cargill is seeking to establish the identity of the owners of the naphtha, Blakeman said.

“The cargo on the boat -- that’s a very complex question - - it moves through different stages at different points through the shipping” journey, he said. “The destination was South Korea and it was going to totally discharge at South Korea.”

South Korean petrochemical makers Honam Petrochemical Corp. and LG Chem Ltd. each were to receive 25,000 metric tons of naphtha from that tanker and Yeochun NCC Co. Ltd. the remaining 8,000 tons, two traders familiar with the transaction said. Calls to Honam Petrochemical, LG Chem and Yeochun NCC outside of office hours weren’t answered.

The tanker, built in 2005, is registered by a company known as Formosa Brick Marine Corp., according to data compiled by Bloomberg. It has a double hull, a design meant to prevent oil leaks or flooding beyond the outer compartment.

The rescued crew members including the captain were picked up and taken to Port Dickson at 3:30 a.m. local time today, and a search for nine others resumed at 7 a.m., according to the Bernama report.

Both vessels were heading to Singapore at the time and the bulk carrier, Ostende Max, has docked at Port Dickson for investigations, Bernama said.

Fire on naphtha tanker put out
Business Times 21 Aug 09;

(KUALA LUMPUR) Malaysian authorities have put out most of the fires on a tanker carrying 58,000 tonnes of naphtha after it was involved in a collision with a cargo vessel in the Strait of Malacca, a Malaysian official said yesterday.

A Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency (MMEA) official said that there were still no signs of a spill of naphtha, and that search efforts were continuing for nine of the tanker's 25-member crew.

The rest were rescued by a passing vessel soon after the collision on Tuesday.

'Reports from firefighters on site as of 5.30am (2130 GMT) said most of the fires are out, so the focus now is ensuring the cargo doesn't leak,' the official told Reuters.

The official added that the ship, though listing, was not in any immediate danger of sinking.

Oil traders said that the Cargill-chartered tanker, Formosaproduct Brick, was shipping the cargo of naphtha, a petrochemical feedstock, from the United Arab Emirates to Daesan and Yosu in South Korea.

The origin of the naphtha was probably the Abu Dhabi National Oil Co (ADNOC), with which US trader Cargill has a term contract to lift around 100,000 tonnes for an unspecified period, traders added.

The official said that a report from the tanker's captain, who was among the 16 rescued crewmen, noted the possibility that the nine missing crew did not manage to abandon ship after the collision with the Ostende Max, a British-registered bulk carrier.

Faridah Shuib, a spokeswoman for the Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency, said that the thick smoke may have prevented the crew from leaving the the stricken ship.

The maritime agency on Wednesday deployed seven boats to the scene, off the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, to help with the rescue after the collision two days ago. The ship can't be towed to port because of the risk to other vessels, according to Ms Faridah.

The last person to leave the vessel couldn't see anyone on board or leaping from the decks, she said.

The ship, delivered to its owner in 2005, has a double hull designed to prevent leaks or flooding beyond the outer compartment, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.

The Straits of Malacca is part of the shortest sea route between the Persian Gulf and Asia, with more than 50,000 vessels passing through every year, according to the US Energy Department. It's 2.7km wide at its narrowest point, creating a natural bottleneck, as well as potential for collisions, grounding, or oil spills.

South Korean petrochemical makers Honam Petrochemical Corp and LG Chem Ltd were to receive 25,000 tonnes of naphtha each from the tanker and Yeochun NCC Co Ltd the remaining 8,000 tonnes, two traders familiar with the transaction said\. \-- Reuters, Bloomberg


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Protection plan deep-sea coral reefs considered

Brian Skoloff, Associated Press Yahoo News 18 Aug 09;

FIFTY MILES OFF CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Deep beneath the crystalline blue surface of the Atlantic Ocean off the southeastern U.S. lies a virtual rain forest of coral reefs so expansive the network is believed to be the world's largest.

A 23,000-square-mile area stretching from North Carolina to Florida is just part of that entire reef tract now being proposed for protection from potential damage by deep-sea commercial fishing and energy exploration.

So far, it's been relatively untouched by man because of its largely unreachable depths, providing scientists a unique opportunity to protect an ecosystem before it's destroyed.

"Most of the time, science is trying to catch up with exploitation," said Steve Ross of the Center for Marine Science at the University of North Carolina at Wilmington.

Ross is leading a four-part research cruise that began Aug. 6 aimed at studying these deep sea environments, hoping to find new species of fish, crab and corals that could lead to scientific and medical discoveries.

Environmentalists say crab pots and bottom trawling for shrimp are the most immediate threats.

Margot Stiles, a marine scientist for Oceana, an international environmental advocacy group, said other deep water reefs off the U.S. have been severely damaged by trawlers.

"In this case, we have 23,000 square miles of known deep sea corals, and it's not too late to protect them," Stiles said. "This particular reef is to the deep sea what the Great Barrier Reef is for the world."

The South Atlantic Fishery Management Council is pushing the proposal to protect the region, about the size of West Virginia, in depths down to 2,500 feet and below, creating the largest deep water coral protected area off the Atlantic Coast.

Specifics on regulations and restrictions are still being reviewed, but if approved by the U.S. Commerce Secretary, the plan could take effect by next year.

"As far as we can tell, there's relatively little damage," Ross said. "That's very different from other parts of the world. In Scotland and Ireland ... there's been significant damage mostly from fishing and now those reefs are being protected."

While fishermen have for centuries dragged up corals from the deep sea, it wasn't until the early 1900s that scientists discovered these extensive cold-water reefs existed. And it wasn't until the 1970s that researchers were able to use submersibles and cameras to reach the sea floor to document them. It had long been thought coral reefs only formed in shallow, warm waters.

Deep water reefs and pinnacles are much more slow-growing and can take several million years to form. Ross said science is only now beginning to understand these underwater "frontier zones."

Out on the research ship, scientists gather corals, sponges and fish samples by sinking deep to the ocean floor in a four-man submersible about the size of a Volkswagen Beetle. The team is comprised of researchers from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Florida Atlantic University, the U.S. Geological Survey and others.

"We've barely seen the tip of the iceberg in terms of new species out here," Ross said. "We'll find out five or 10 years from now that we made an amazing discovery and we just didn't realize it ... A lot of our pharmaceuticals come from a tropical rainforest environment. The same people are looking for these in the deep sea, and there are expectations that there will be drugs made that could potentially provide cures for some types of cancer.

"There is just a great deal of concern that once these habitats are gone, the potential for realizing those discoveries are eliminated," Ross added.

The deep water reefs also are seen as indicators of the ocean's overall health; because they are so remote, it takes longer for phenomenon like climate change to affect them.

"Science is questions, it's not answers," said Liz Baird of the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, cautioning that it may be years before researchers realize the full potential of the reefs.

Most in the fishing industry agree that protecting these reefs is good for business, said Steven Wilson, owner of International Oceanic Enterprises in Alabama. Wilson has been shrimping in the Atlantic for 30 years and has been working with officials preparing the protection plan.

While law enforcement says some fishermen will drop crab pots or drag nets near fragile corals to score big catches, regardless of the damage, Wilson said it's mostly accidental.

"We can't make any money trawling over coral. In fact, we lose money," he said, noting that it destroys the nets.

Woody Moore, a commercial fishermen out of Jacksonville, Fla., has been trawling for shrimp in the Atlantic for three decades and also has been helping develop the deep reef protection proposals.

Moore puts it simply: "We don't want any closures but you gotta give them something or they'll take it all. You gotta play the game."

___

On the Net:

Daily logs and information from the research cruise:

http://fl.biology.usgs.gov/DISCOVRE/cruise(underscore)plan(underscore)2009.html

http://naturalsciences.org/microsites/education/deepsea/index.html

South Atlantic Fishery Management Council: http://www.safmc.net/

Oceana: http://www.oceana.org

New Marine Protected Areas Declared in Mexico
Three new preserves will protect 795,000 acres of Mexico's oceans
The Nature Conservancy 18 Aug 09;

COZUMEL, QUINTANA ROO, MEXICO — June 2009— As part of World Environment Day celebrations hosted this year by Mexico, President Felipe Calderón announced the creation of three new marine protected areas, including Mexico’s first deep sea marine protected area. The Guaymas Basin and Eastern Pacific Rise Hydrothermal Vents Sanctuary, the Lobos-Tuxpan Reef System Flora and Fauna Protected Area, and the Whale Shark Biosphere Reserve will together help protect 795,000 acres of Mexico’s oceans.

The Guaymas Basin and Eastern Pacific Rise Hydrothermal Vents Sanctuary will actually protect 360,000 acres of benthic (deep sea) habitats around two underwater hydrothermal vent systems in the Gulf of California and in the Pacific Ocean west of the Baja California Peninsula. The sanctuary will protect the water column from the sea floor up to approximately 1,650 feet below the water’s surface, which means the fisheries industry will not be affected.

The Guaymas Basin polygon in the Gulf of California measures approximately 118,000 acres, with hydrothermal vents located at a depth of approximately 5,900 feet. The Eastern Pacific Rise polygon in the Pacific Ocean measures approximately 242,000 acres, with hydrothermal vents located at a depth of approximately 8,500 feet.

Hydrothermal vents are fissures in the Earth's crust that emit water heated from below the surface. Above ground, hydrothermal vents often take the form of hot springs and geysers, but on the ocean floor, these vents form columns of water much hotter than the surrounding ocean water. Some of these under-sea vents—known as black smokers—create black, billowing flues when the heavy concentrations of sulfur and other minerals in these super-heated jets come in contact with the cold water of deep seas. Black smokers are present in the Eastern Pacific Rise portion of the new sanctuary.

Other-worldly animal communities of giant tube worms, mollusks and crustaceans thrive on bacteria that feed on sulfur and other chemicals dissolved in the vent fluids. At least 41 species of invertebrates and two vertebrate species occur in these two new protected areas. Of these, eight are endemic to Mexican hydrothermal vents, such as the tube worm Ridgeia piscesae. These creatures represent ideal models for studying how animals adapt to extreme environments.

The Nature Conservancy’s Mexico Program—together with Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Guaymas Unit—provided technical support and data to Mexico’s National Protected Areas Commission in developing the justification study used in the creation of this new sanctuary.

Not only is this sanctuary a first for Mexico, but it also is a new strategy for deep-sea conservation and a successful model that can be expanded to other deep-sea habitats where fisheries interests might prevent the protection of the entire water column.

The other two marine protected areas announced by President Calderón in celebration of World Environment Day will also preserve important ocean habitats. The 75,500-acre Lobos–Tuxpan Reef System Flora and Fauna Protected Area adjacent to the state of Veracruz will protect the country’s northernmost Gulf of Mexico reefs, and the 360,000-acre Whale Shark Biosphere Reserve will shelter one of the world’s largest concentrations of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus). The Nature Conservancy supports local organizations already doing whale shark research in this zone where the nutrient-poor Caribbean Sea meets the much richer Gulf of Mexico, and data will be shared with the new park’s managers to help ensure the protection of the species.


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"Walking Wetlands" Help Rare Birds, Boost Crops

John Roach, National Geographic News 18 Aug 09;

The request struck Dave Hedlin, a farmer in Washington's fertile Skagit Valley, as particularly odd: Conservationists wanted him to voluntarily flood his fields.

"Most of us have spent our entire lifetimes trying to keep water off the land," said Hedlin, whose farmlands are nestled among inlets, bays, and estuaries in the shadow of the snowcapped Mount Baker volcano.But he decided to take part in a pilot project run by the Nature Conservancy, which temporarily floods agricultural fields to restore shorebird habitat.

The flooding would be part of his farm's regular crop rotation, and in theory would pay for itself by filling the fields with natural fertilizer, drowning disease-causing bacteria in soil, and boosting crop yields.

In turn, the wetlands would again become a rest and refueling station for migratory shorebirds between their Arctic breeding grounds and southern winter retreats.

Of the 53 shorebirds that breed in North America, more than half are at grave risk, according to the U.S. Shorebird Conservation Plan, a program run by a coalition of public and private organizations.

After three years, early results suggest that the project is working: Fifteen shorebirds have returned to the restored wetlands.

So far, three participating farmers have been happy with the experiment, including Hedlin, who said that he has not suffered financially.

Changing Tides

Before the valley was converted to agriculture at the beginning of the 20th century, its wetlands had teemed with crustaceans, fish, and bugs.

But since the wetlands became farmlands, most of the 50,000-some birds that visit each year feed in the nearby estuaries instead.

"We've totally changed this landscape," said Julie Morse, an ecologist with the Nature Conservancy in Mount Vernon, also in the Skagit Valley.

"It used to be tidally influenced, but now it is very much a diked system, and there are just not the wetlands that there used to be."

The Skagit Valley project is modeled after a decade-old "walking wetlands" concept in the Klamath Basin of southern Oregon and northern California, where farmland within a wildlife refuge is placed on a wetland rotation.

Laura Payne, a wildlife ecologist based at the University of Washington in Seattle, called the project an innovative collaboration between farmers and conservationists.

"This idea has the potential for wide application, and I think it is absolutely relevant," Payne said.

If the project is successful, the Nature Conservancy plans to replicate the walking wetlands concept on farms throughout migratory-shorebird flyways, which extend from the Arctic to Central and South America.

(Read about more sustainable-agriculture projects here.)

"Loss of wetlands in coastal areas for farming has happened all around the world, so it could be implemented anywhere," the Nature Conservancy's Morse said.

Temporary Wetlands

The three Skagit Valley farmers, including Hedlin, who signed up to participate in the project have also helped shape it.

"They asked for advice first off, instead of telling us what they wanted to do," Hedlin said.

The team hatched a plan to flood select fields with a thin sheet of water—no more than four inches (ten centimeters) deep, an ideal level for shorebirds—for three years. The plots stayed flooded for the entire experiment.

Doing so required the farmers to build berms to prevent water from flooding their neighbors' land.

Early Results

Preliminary results of the first three years suggest a partial success.

In the first year 15 species of shorebirds used the flooded fields, and only 2 shorebird species used the grazed and greenchop fields—pointing to a possible ecological benefit of the flooded parcels.

The Nature Conservancy team has no data on how many shorebird species historically visited the wetlands, Morse said, and only about three species had been spotted after the conversion to agriculture. So the team was pleased to see 15 species return, Morse said.

But by the second year, cattails in the flooded fields were more than 15 feet (5 meters) tall, which proved too difficult for the shorebirds to navigate. That year only eight shorebird species visited the fields.

"It is pretty amazing that you let nature go and it [returns to a native state] that quickly," the Nature Conservancy's Morse said.

The conservationists are now considering plans to actively manage the flooded fields to keep them primed for shorebirds.

Financial Benefit

Farmers also saw a financial benefit: Nitrogen levels in the flooded fields increased on average by 50 pounds (23 kilograms) per acre (0.4 hectare), which means that farmers may have spent less money on fertilizer.

Hedlin, the farmer, said he used the three-year flood to transition his field to organic, as fields have to sit fallow for three years for organic certification.

"We had a positive experience and didn't go backward financially," he said.

The Nature Conservancy's Morse is now comparing how much money is gained on a grazed field versus a greenchop field versus a flooded field.

"The big thing that we are doing that they haven't done in the Klamath is really trying to quantify how much value it provides to the farmers and how much [shorebird] habitat it provides," Morse said.

"And we're comparing the ecological benefits of those three habitats as well," she added.

Links in a Chain

Mark Colwell, a wildlife biologist at Humboldt State University in Arcata, California, praised the project's innovation.

But helping migratory shorebirds bounce back is not easy, Colwell said.

Habitats such as the Skagit Valley and the Klamath Basin can be thought of as links in a chain along the migratory-shorebird flyway.

"You can do stuff at a series of links in the chain up and down the flyway, but if at one site there's a serious problem there, well, the whole population could plummet."

Nevertheless, Colwell added, enough of these projects spread out along the flyway could help birds find enough food over the courses of their annual migrations.

The University of Washington's Payne noted that migratory shorebirds are opportunistic, particularly along inland flyways where wetland conditions are unpredictable.

They know a good habitat when they see one, such as a normally dry area that floods in a particularly wet year, Payne said.

Alternative habitats such as temporarily flooded fields, she said, "suits this group of species."


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Australia's ecology in for a shock

ScienceAlert 19 Aug 09;
Australian National University

The authors of a report released today by Peter Garrett MP have warned of the dangers posed by climate change on Australia’s biodiversity and eco-systems.

The report – Australia’s Biodiversity and Climate Change: Summary for Policy Makers – was launched this morning by Mr Garrett, Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts.

It was written for the Federal Government by a team of eight experts led by Professor Will Steffen, Director of the ANU Climate Change Institute and including Professor David Lindenmayer and Professor Pat Werner of the Fenner School of Environment and Society at ANU.

Professor Steffen said the report takes a comprehensive view of the future of Australia’s biodiversity under a rapidly changing climate and came to some important conclusions.

“First, with unabated climate change, the rate of extinctions will rise sharply,” he said. “We will indeed be facing an even more serious biodiversity crisis than we are today. With a worst-case scenario, our ecosystems would face a shift in climate equivalent to the transition from the last ice age to the present warm period. That transition took thousands of years; this one would occur in just 100 years.

“Second, in terms of biodiversity, climate change is operating on anything but a clean slate. We have already seen massive changes to our biotic fabric in the last 200 years. Most of the existing stressors – land fragmentation, invasive species, altered disturbance regimes – continue to operate. Indeed, many will be exacerbated by climate change. Thus it is essential that we continue to deal with these existing stressors.

“Third, biodiversity intrinsically has low adaptive capacity to rapid change. The most appropriate approach to minimising biodiversity loss is to make space for ecosystems to self adapt. This means a continuing focus on national parks and other protected areas as reservoirs of well-functioning ecosystems, but it also means an increasing emphasis on off-reserve conservation.

“Finally, Australians may well need to change our fundamental views of the natural world around us. Species may no longer exist in places we expect them to; some of our most valued ecosystems and biomes will change; and novel ecosystems will develop. Surprises will abound. But above all, we’ll need to invest much more in our natural environment if we are to maintain our essential ecosystem services, which ultimately depend on diverse and well-functioning ecosystems,” he said.

Original news release.


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Saving Australia's 'Yoda' marsupial: Bringing back the bilby

Anthony Paul, The Straits Times 19 Aug 09;

JOURNALISM of the past half century has too often been about death. The word 'war' registers 825 million references in Google; 'peace', only 259 million. For once, let's celebrate life.

On a 29 sq km patch of land in a remote, semi-arid corner of Australia, a strange little, furry, long-eared marsupial that might have been designed by Stephen Spielberg or a Disney cartoonist is edging back from the brink of annihilation.
The endangered creature is the bilby - also known as the rabbit-eared bandicoot. Bilby fans say it reminds them of Yoda, the floppy-eared Star Wars character.

Before white settlers arrived in Australia in 1788, many millions of bilbies lived alongside Australia's other idiosyncratic native marsupials, kangaroos, wallabies, wombats and koalas. But by the late 1990s, the bilby population that was once spread across some 70 per cent of the continent had dwindled to almost nothing.

The first of those settlers were British convicts and their guards. Gold discoveries later attracted many thousands from North America and Asia.

The immigrants brought with them animals that quickly became the bilby's enemies. Deadliest by far have been imported cats. Foxes, imported by English military officers and landed gentry, also found the bilby tasty.

The carnage first wiped out the bilby's relative, the lesser bilby, believed to have gone extinct in about 1950. But over the past decade, dedicated naturalists working on slender budgets believe they may have halted yet another extinction.

The headquarters of the bilby's comeback is a fenced-off acreage in the Currawinya National Park, 670km north-west of Brisbane. Though the bilby cannot yet be considered really safe, there is growing optimism about its future.

One of the main reasons, perhaps, is the bilby's mating habits. Given half a chance with its love life, this weird little grey and white creature has to be one of the randiest in the animal kingdom.

Bilbies are sexually mature at six months and breed all year round. The female is pregnant for just 12 to 14 days before a baby (called a joey) appears.

There are usually up to three in a litter. One bilby-fancier describes the newborn as 'a baked bean with legs'. The mother keeps them in her pouch.

They are well catered for inside: The pouch has eight nipples. After about 80 days, the fully formed bilby appears, ready to forage for insects and wild onions - and, after about another 100 days, to begin mating.

In a year of good weather and abundant food, a female bilby can produce up to eight young. A sexually active two-year-old female can be a great-great-great-grandmother.

A couple of dedicated conservationists are given much of the credit for improving the bilby's prospects: Mr Peter McRae and Mr Frank Manthey.

Mr McRae, a zoologist with Australia's National Parks and Wildlife Service, first got involved in 1988 when he was asked to make an initial survey of the Queensland bilby population. 'But after 12 months of setting traps and using spotlights at night to locate the nocturnal animals, we found nothing,' Mr McRae told The Straits Times.

Fearing the worst, he turned for help to a friend and fellow ranger Mr Manthey, who had formerly made a living shooting the bilby's bigger cousin, the kangaroo.

Mr Manthey, whose wife had recently died, was looking for something to put meaning in his life. At first, he had little interest in the bilby. But one night in 1998, after joining Mr McRae with a spotlight trying to locate bilbies - and, he said, 'after a few glasses of snake juice' - the bilby's round eyes, large twitching ears and irresistibly cute manner turned him into a passionate bilby fan.

Mr Manthey spoke recently to Australian Story, a government TV programme, about his bilby fixation. 'Bilbies were mythical to me,' he said, 'like Santa Claus or tooth fairies. You hear about them, but, really, do they exist?

'But when you see one at the end of the spotlight, you see the colour and how graceful and beautiful it is, you start to realise that they were once all over Australia, and now we're down to this little, tiny pocket.

'That really gets to me. Why are we letting something like this disappear from our planet?'

With help from the Environmental Protection Agency and Wildlife Preservation Society, Mr Manthey and Mr McRae, who became known as 'the Bilby Brothers', launched a nationwide Save the Bilby fund.

The men took sample bilbies to schools to enlist schoolchildren in the conservation effort. Costume jewellers designed bilby necklaces and other trinkets to be sold through the fund's website. Candy manufacturers produced chocolate bilbies, offering them in place of chocolate bunnies for Easter.

The media took up the story. The fund announced that each A$20 (S$24) would buy a section of Currawinya's planned predator-proof fence. By 1999 they had more than A$300,000, enough to start building.

The drive continues: There is now a National Bilby Day (second Sunday in September). To date the fund has collected A$800 million (S$953.4 million).

Why save the bilby? Mr Manthey has a response that's hard to argue with:

'If you wake up one morning and there's not a bilby left, Qantas will fly, the banks and post office will open, you'll still pay tax. All I'm saying is that it's going to be a sadder world without them.'


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Besieged island bird species recovers

ScienceAlert 19 Aug 09;
Scoop NZ

Scientists surveying endangered Chatham Islands parea (Chatham Islands pigeon) last week were were surprised to find that the population had increased to around 500, from a population low of 40 in the late 1980s.

Protection of their habitat through fencing, predator control and covenanting has reversed the decline of parea. The positive survey results could see its threat status being lowered when it is next assessed, Department of Conservation scientific officer Ralph Powlesland said.

“The speed of recovery has been impressive. While parea will still need active protection, we’re feeling a lot more positive about their long-term security,” said Dr Powlesland, who undertook the survey with DOC’s Wellington Hawke’s Bay Conservancy technical support officer Lynn Adams and other New Zealand-based fauna experts Ian Flux, and Peter Dilks, supported by the Chathams Area office.

“Habitat has been improved by the active management of browsers and predators and it’s still improving.”

Mainly confined to broadleaf forests of southern Chatham Island, parea are surveyed every five years to gauge the success of management. The surveys are undertaken during the breeding season, when the birds sit in prominent locations and undertake dramatic, and highly visible, display flights. The scientists sit on hilltop vantage points to count them and estimate the number of breeding territories.

“We were ecstatic when we returned to survey the birds last week to find such a huge increase in the population,” said Ms Adams,

“It’s a 66 per cent increase in the past four years. We counted 234 birds in the core area of the forest (compared with 141 during the previous survey in 2005). When we extrapolated the information we collected over the full area of protection we realised the population was around 500.”

Predation of parea eggs, nestlings and adults by feral cats, and the degradation of some favoured parea food species, such as hoho (Pseudopanax chathamicus), through feeding by feral stock and possums led to a decline in parea numbers during the 1980s.

But their population increased dramatically over the next 20 years, after the forest was protected by fencing to exclude stock, possum and cat populations were controlled to low levels, and forest patches were covenanted by landowners; the Tuanui, Seymour, Holmes and Day families.

“We acknowledge, in particular, the significant personal input that the Tuanui family have made by way of predator control.

“While parea are still endangered, we’re more optimistic that the population will recover, and that has a lot to do with protection that landowners are giving to their land,” Ms Adams said.

She said that with the recent covenanting and fencing in the southern forest we could expect greater parea numbers in future as the forest recovered from browsing.

Original news release.


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Invasion of the 'island snatchers'

Matt Walker, BBC News 18 Aug 09;

Almost 400 invasive plant species have set up home as weeds on some of the world's most distant oceanic islands.

About half now dominate their new habitat, and hundreds more species are expected to invade these once pristine islands in the coming years.

So says the most comprehensive survey to date of invasive plants on island archipelagos.

Worse, people are mainly to blame, having repeatedly introduced these weeds into their farms and gardens.

Non-native plants and animals can be extremely destructive.

But while it is undisputed that many invasive animals such as rats and cats pose a major threat to biodiversity, it is less clear what role invasive plants play in changing native habitats.

So botanist Dr Christoph Kueffer of the University of Hawaii in Honolulu and colleagues across Europe analysed how many species of invasive plants have become established on island archipelagos.

They collected data from 30 island groups across four oceanic regions, including the Atlantic, Caribbean, Pacific and Western Indian Ocean.

In total, they found 383 species of spermatophyte, or seed-bearing plant, had invaded at least one of the 30 island groups studied, with between three and 74 species invading each archipelago.

Of those, 181 species or about 50% had become the dominant species of a habitat on at least one island.

If this rate of invasion continues, the researchers calculate that between 500 and 800 spermatophyte plants will become weeds on islands lying at latitudes between 35 degrees North and 35 degrees South.

Of those 250 to 350 will become dominant on at least one island.

Lost islands

Hawaii has been particularly inundated by invasive weeds.

"For Hawaii alone, it is said that 10,000 non-native plant taxa have been introduced to the islands," says Kueffer.

While most have remained as ornamentals in people's gardens, 47 have become a significant weed, dominating parts of the Hawaiian landscape.

Other badly affected islands include Reunion in the Indian Ocean, where 35 weeds dominate certain habitats, and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, which is now home to 22 dominant weeds.

One particular surprise to come out of the survey was how difficult it is for a plant to invade many different islands, and to do so naturally without help from people.

Conversely, the study revealed the extent to which people are to blame for the problem.

"A particular challenge is to predict which non-native plant species may become a problem, in order to prevent [their] introduction to a new place," says Kueffer.

So as part of the analysis, the research team examined which characteristics best predicted whether a weed would take hold, including aspects of the plant's biology, the isolation, geography and ecology of the islands or the extent of human development.

The Gross Domestic Product per capita of an island best predicted whether it would be overrun by invasive weeds, the researchers report in the journal Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics.

An island's GDP is strongly linked to the amount of development that has taken place, and that in turn is linked to how often people bring non-native plants onto the island either for agricultural or horticultural reasons.

"Human action is a predominant factor in driving invasive species patterns on islands," says Kueffer.

"A vast majority have been deliberately introduced and planted."

In the past this happened most often when people tried to restore deforested areas by planting new seeds.

But today the horticultural trade is mainly to blame.


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Bee-eating Chinese hornets spread through France

Reuters 18 Aug 09;

PARIS (Reuters) - France is facing an invasion of bee-eating Chinese hornets which could hasten the mysterious decline in the honey-bee population and threaten bee-keepers' livelihoods, researchers said on Tuesday.

Colonies of Asian hornets, or Vespa velutina, have spread rapidly in southwestern France, a region popular with tourists, and are likely to reach other European countries soon.

"More and more of them are coming and they're colonizing France," Quentin Rome, a researcher at the National History Museum in Paris, told Reuters.

The three centimeter-long insects, recognizable by their orange heads and yellow feet, probably arrived in France on a boat carrying ceramic goods from China, researchers believe.

The first hornets were observed in France in 2004, and the most recent study recorded 1,100 nests across the country. The hornet is now firmly established near Bordeaux and has advanced as far north as parts of Brittany in northwestern France.

"They multiply quite quickly, and they settle in a new department every year," Rome said.

The hornet is not yet present in other European countries, but will probably spread across the continent, he added.

Last week six people were hospitalized after being stung near a nest in the Lot-et-Garonne department in southwest France, prompting local authorities to warn allergy sufferers to be on their guard.

Although the hornets are not more aggressive or dangerous for humans than their European cousins, the size of the colonies, inhabiting nests measuring up to one meter in height, means the risk of attacks is higher, Rome said.

Bee-keeper Francoise Romanzin said there had been a marked rise in attacks by Asian hornets on beehives in August.

"It's going to get worse until mid-September," she said: "In three or fours years they'll be everywhere in France -- it's an invasion."

Three or four hornets can wipe out an entire beehive in 48 hours, but bee-keeping associations do not yet know how serious a threat the hornets pose for their industry, which is already facing a mysterious decline in bee numbers worldwide.

"When bee-keepers find nests nearby, their hives are destined for destruction," General Secretary of the National union of Bee-keepers Yves Vedrenne said. "We don't have the means to get rid of them."

"We don't know what kind of problems they could cause," Vedrenne said. "The problem of the Asian hornets is not the worst problem for bee populations but it adds to the difficulties bee populations are already facing," Romanzin said.

Scientists have already expressed alarm at the mysterious and rapid decline in the number of bees, which could seriously harm agriculture because of the reduction in pollination of numerous crops.

(Reporting by Joseph Tandy, editing by Tim Pearce)


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Ruling on Longline Fishing Aids Turtles

Cornelia Dean, The New York Times 19 Aug 09;

When a federal panel that regulates fishing in the Gulf of Mexico voted last week to limit the use of longlines to catch grouper because the lines can snag and drown threatened loggerhead sea turtles, no one was completely satisfied with the decision.

But some people close to the issue say the dissatisfaction is a positive sign, an indicator of the growing efforts among fishermen, conservationists and regulators to seek consensus and abandon the rancor that for decades has marked their interactions.

“Nobody got exactly what they wanted,” said Roy Crabtree, Southeast regional administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which oversees the panel, the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council. “But everyone felt we had come up with a reasonable compromise.”

Longlines are miles of metal cable strung with thousands of baited hooks, which fishermen deploy along the ocean bottom, including on coral reefs and rocky “hardbottoms” where red and black grouper forage. Loggerhead sea turtles forage there, too, and if they are snagged on the hooks, they may drown before the lines are hauled back to the surface.

The council, which regulates fishing in federal waters from Texas to the west coast of Florida, voted to close some areas to longlining, and only about half of the approximately 125 boats now using the gear will be allowed to continue. Fishermen will be allowed to catch grouper using vertical lines, which are dropped overboard.

In general, experts say, fishermen bring in bigger catches using longline gear, and some add that it is somewhat easier to use at sea.

Glen Brooks, president of the Gulf Fishermen’s Association and a participant in the rule making, said the process was “stressful.” But, Mr. Brooks said, “years ago the commercial fishermen did not talk to the environmentalists, we did not talk to the recreational fishermen and the council members kind of looked down on us. Now we have a pretty good relationship with the environmental groups, the recreational sectors, and we have a pretty good rapport with the council members.”

Dave Allison, who manages turtle conservation efforts for Oceana, an environmental group that also participated in the rule making, called the new ruling “probably the best that the sea turtles could have hoped for from an organization called the fishery management council.” But “it’s a good start,” Mr. Allison said. According to Dr. Crabtree, recent research suggests that the lines snag far more loggerhead sea turtles than had been thought, perhaps 600 a year, and that most of them die. Conservationists say longline gear also damages corals and other important habitat on the sea bottom, threatening both the turtles and the fish.

Dr. Crabtree said that turtles sometimes snagged on vertical line hooks, too, but that because those lines were usually hauled up relatively quickly few of them died as a result. Loggerhead turtles can stay underwater for up to an hour.

The Gulf of Mexico supplies much of the grouper served on American tables. Dr. Crabtree said it was too soon to know if the rule change would significantly affect prices for the fish.

Adult loggerheads typically have shells about three feet long — “bigger than a wheelbarrow but smaller than a Volkswagen,” as Mr. Allison put it. Though females may lay 100 eggs or more on the region’s sandy beaches, scientists estimate that fewer than one in 1,000 of the tiny turtles who hatch and crawl into the waves live to age 30 or 35, when they are ready to reproduce. NOAA scientists are studying whether still more restrictions may be needed to protect loggerhead sea turtles, which are listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act.

Though he is among those who think more must be done to safeguard the turtles, Mr. Allison praised council members, who, he said, “showed a great deal of courage” in pushing for fishing restrictions sure to be unpopular in some quarters.

In a way, Mr. Brooks said the same thing.

The ruling “has its pros and it’s got its cons,” he said. “We did not get everything we wanted; the environmental groups, the agency, they did not get everything they wanted. But we all walked away with something.”


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Giant Robotic Cages to Roam Seas as Future Fish Farms?

Brian Handwerk, National Geographic News 18 Aug 09;

In the future, giant, autonomous fish farms may whir through the open ocean, mimicking the movements of wild schools or even allowing fish to forage "free range" before capturing them once again. Already scientists have constructed working remote control cages.

Such motorized cages could help produce greener, healthier, and more numerous fish, just when we need them most.

The world's growing population is devouring seafood as quickly as it can be caught and has seriously depleted the world's wild fish stocks, experts warn.

The UN's Food and Agriculture Organization says 70 percent of all the worlds' fisheries are exploited—that is, barely able to replenish themselves at current catch rates—overexploited, or depleted. (Learn more about sustainable agriculture.)

Aquaculture, or fish farming, currently produces about half of the fish eaten worldwide and seems destined to play an even bigger future role. The UN organization estimates world seafood demand will spike 40 percent by 2030.

"We've got doctors and nutritionists asking us to eat more seafood because of the healthy benefits," said Michael Rubino, manager of the Aquaculture Program at the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

"We're doing a better job of ending overfishing of our wild stocks," Rubino said. "But most people agree that even if we can do that, most of the increase in consumption is going to have to come from aquaculture."

Free-Floating Farms on Horizon?

Traditional fish farms typically consist of cages submerged in shallow, calm waters near shore, where they are protected from the weather and easily accessible for feeding and maintenance.

But raising fish in such close quarters can contribute to the spread of disease among the animals, and wastes may foul the waters. Cages must be moved to keep the waters clean and the fish healthy.

Deepwater cages offer cleaner, more freely circulating ocean water and natural food, which can yield tastier fish. But the deep-sea cages must be built to withstand the rigors of the deep ocean. And because they are harder for humans to access, "smarter," self-sufficient cages could be key.

That's one reason that Cliff Goudey, director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Offshore Aquaculture Engineering Center, is building cages that can move under their own power.

Goudey has equipped an Aquapod cage, produced by Maine-based Ocean Farm Technologies, with a pair of 2.4-meter [8-foot] diameter propellers, which can be steered easily by controllers on a boat to which the cage is tethered.

Aquapods are composed of triangular panels covered with vinyl-coated, galvanized steel netting and come in sizes from 8 to 28 meters in diameter (26 to 92 feet in diameter).

Goudey's technology gives fish farmers a way to rotate cage locations without towing cages behind boats.

Fish Farming 2.0

Someday such automated cages could herald an entirely new form of fish farming.

They might be turned loose to mimic natural systems by following carefully chosen ocean currents. The robotic fish farms could help lead to larger, healthier crops of farmed fish far from crowded coastal areas, where farmed fish both suffer from poor water quality and, by producing waste, add to water woes.

Cages might even generate their own electricity by harnessing solar energy, wave energy, or other forms of renewable power.

"Why don't we just go with the flow and behave more like the way a large school of fish behaves?" Goudey asked. "I think most people would agree that would have a far less negative impact on the environment."

"I think the idea of mobile operations will be a natural evolution."

Goudey currently uses a small boat to carry a generator that powers the cage's propulsion, but the power source could easily be made smaller and placed in a buoy for more automated operation.

"The idea of a cage towing a buoy, with the buoy in radio contact with the shore, is quite feasible," he said. "It's a little futuristic for today's industry, but we could have a sensor on the cage which gives its heading and a GPS system to report its effective speed over the ground.

"From those two pieces of information, we could control it without actually being there."

Closer to Market

Brian O'Hanlon, founder of Snapperfarm, Inc., and Open Blue Sea Farms, saw Goudey's cage in use last year at his offshore aquaculture operation in Culebra, Puerto Rico.

"My long-term vision is to be farming off the coast of major markets," he said. "The idea is to bring the farms closer to market, and offshore technology with automated systems is one of the ways we can do that."

O'Hanlon explains that—given crowded coastal waters, environmental concerns, and high operating costs—it's not practical to create large-scale farms near many major markets—but the answer could lie with locations just over the horizon.

Not incidentally, the concept could produce a far better quality of fish for consumption.

"The further we go with cage technology, the deeper and further offshore we can go," he explained, "and that opens up areas with untapped resources.

"Every part of the ocean has variables, and every species has their ideal conditions. With mobile pens it's feasible to keep the fish in the most optimal conditions throughout their growth cycle," O'Hanlon said.

"I don't think anyone is putting out a mobile farm tomorrow, but I think we need to keep working on this."

Fishing With 'Dinner Bells'

Scott Lindell of the Massachusetts-based Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory is exploring a different technology, creating a cage that could actually coax fish to "catch themselves."

Last summer Lindell's team installed half of an Aquapod sphere, an "Aquadome," on the floor of Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. Some 4,200 quarter-pound (hundred-gram) black sea bass were placed in the cage and trained over five weeks to gather whenever a "dinner bell" sound was played through a speaker.

Previously, aquarium-based tests had proven that the fish not only associated the sound with food, they also remembered that association for up to four weeks.

Later, with the seafloor dome left open, the fish became "free range" animals. They could hide and forage in nearby natural habitat, but they still returned to the cage after the dinner bell had rung.

"The first week we had a successful demonstration that fish were able to swim in and out of the cage and still responded to the acoustic feeding stimuli," Lindell explained.

Trouble soon arrived, however, in the form of schooling 8- to 10-pound (3.6- to 5.4-kilogram) bluefish. The voracious predators quickly discovered the dome and circled it day and night to feast on Lindell's subjects.

The bass took the hint and went into hiding.

"We quickly reached a point where no enticement with the sound or the release of food would induce them to risk their lives to come back to the cage," he said. "They would stay out of harm's way."

Despite the setback, however, Lindell believes the dinner-bell concept holds promise. He notes that other, less vulnerable species like flounder or cobia might fare better. If so, the technology could provide fish farmers with a valuable tool to help satisfy the world's growing seafood appetite.


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Electric car industry boost as leading developer plans production of tens of thousands of vehicles a year

Carmaker developing three models with Renault for sale in Denmark and Israel, with plans to expand scheme further
Gwladys Fouché, guardian.co.uk 18 Aug 09;

The electric car industry received a boost yesterday after a leading developer of low-emission vehicles said it would produce of tens of thousands vehicles a year from 2011. Better Place, which will run the scheme with Renault, plans to market them initially in Denmark and Israel.

The French carmaker is developing three models: a saloon, a compact city car and a van. In Denmark, a car will cost up to 200,000 kroner (£23,080).

"We expect the production of electric vehicles to be in the tens of thousands per year for the Danish market from 2011," said Jens Moberg, chief executive of Better Place Denmark, the Danish subsidiary of the transport company developing the lithium batteries fitted in the vehicles.

Electric car drivers will need to sign up for a monthly subscription with Better Place to get access to the batteries. "It will be like signing up for a mobile phone contract," said Moberg.

He declined to say how much a subscription would cost but said the battery would cost €8,000 (£6,900) to manufacture in 2011-12. "I expect the cost to come down afterwards as production expands," he said.

Drivers can recharge the batteries at home, which would take several hours, or switch batteries at a "swap station", taking three to five minutes – less time than it takes to fill a petrol tank.

In Denmark, close to 100 battery swap stations will be available around the country, with plans to expand further.

Drivers will also be able to top up their batteries at charge spots installed at car parks and on the streets. Copenhagen is working to install up to 60 by the time of the UN climate change summit in December, when world leaders will attempt to broker a worldwide deal to reduce carbon emissions.

A number of electric Renault cars will also be available to drive during the conference. Those trying out the cars will not have to worry about parking, as it is already free to park an electric car anywhere in Copenhagen.

Moberg said Better Place was in discussion with a number of European countries, including France, about expanding the scheme further from Israel and Denmark.


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How to turn seawater into jet fuel

Kurt Kleiner, New Scientist 18 Aug 09;

Faced with global warming and potential oil shortages, the US navy is experimenting with making jet fuel from seawater.

Navy chemists have processed seawater into unsaturated short-chain hydrocarbons that with further refining could be made into kerosene-based jet fuel. But they will have to find a clean energy source to power the reactions if the end product is to be carbon neutral.

The process involves extracting carbon dioxide dissolved in the water and combining it with hydrogen – obtained by splitting water molecules using electricity – to make a hydrocarbon fuel.
Syngas process

It uses a variant of a chemical reaction called the Fischer-Tropsch process, which is used commercially to produce a gasoline-like hydrocarbon fuel from syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen often derived from coal.

Robert Dorner, a Naval Research Laboratory chemist in Washington DC and first author of a new paper on the technique, says that CO2 is rarely used in the Fischer-Tropsch process because of its chemical stability.

But CO2's abundance, combined with concerns about global warming, make it an attractive potential feedstock, Dorner says. Although the gas forms only a small proportion of air – around 0.04 per cent – ocean water contains about 140 times that concentration, he says.
Iron catalyst

The navy team have been experimenting to find out how to steer the CO2-producing process away from producing unwanted methane to produce more of the hydrocarbons wanted.

In the conventional Fischer-Tropsch process, carbon monoxide and hydrogen are heated in the presence of a catalyst to initiate a complex chain of reactions that produce a mixture of methane, waxes and liquid fuel compounds.

Dorner and colleagues found that using the usual cobalt-based catalyst on seawater-derived CO2 produced almost entirely methane gas. Switching to an iron catalyst resulted in only 30 per cent methane being produced, with the remainder short-chain hydrocarbons that could be refined into jet fuel.

Heather Willauer, the navy chemist leading the project, says the efficiency needs to be much improved, perhaps by finding a different catalyst.
Appealing source

"The idea of using CO2 as a carbon source is appealing," says Philip Jessop, a chemist at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

But to make a jet fuel that is properly "green", the energy-intensive electrolysis that produces the hydrogen will need to use a carbon-neutral energy source; and the complex multi-step process will always consume significantly more energy than the fuel it produces could yield. In addition, each step in the process is likely to add cost and problems.

"It's a lot more complicated than it at first looks," Jessop says.

A paper on the navy research was presented at the American Chemical Society annual meeting in Washington DC on Sunday.


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Sunlight Not the Solution for Clean Water -- New Study

Ker Than, National Geographic News 18 Aug 09;

A popular method of disinfecting water with sunlight, used in more than 30 countries worldwide, may be far less effective in real-world settings than it is in the lab, a new study finds.

An estimated 1.8 million people die every year from diarrheal diseases, mainly by drinking or coming into contact with dirty water. The majority of those nearly two million people are children under the age of five living in developing countries.

Household solar drinking water disinfection, or SODIS, is a simple, low-cost method that involves filling clear plastic bottles, such as old soda bottles, with water containing diarrhea-causing microbes and exposing them to direct sunlight for several hours.

Ultraviolet radiation from the sun and a temperature increase inside the bottles inactivate pathogens, making it safe to drink.

SODIS is currently promoted worldwide by various public health agencies and organizations.

The new study, which appears online this month in the journal PLoS Medicine, suggests that introducing SODIS into communities did not significantly reduce diarrhea rates in rural villages in Bolivia.

Until additional real-world studies of the effectiveness of SODIS are conducted, agencies should "hold off" on new promotion campaigns for the method, said study leader Daniel Mausezahl, a senior health advisor at the Swiss Tropical Institute in Basel, Switzerland.

Clean Water Solutions

Mausezahl and colleagues found that children in families that used the SODIS method had on average 3.6 episodes of diarrhea per year, compared with 4.3 annual episodes in the control group.

The result is not statistically significant enough to show that the small reduction was due to the SODIS method, the authors say.

The problem is not SODIS, which undoubtedly works, Mausezahl said.

"SODIS is effective," he said. "If you are in dire straits, you can take a SODIS bottle and put river water in it, expose it to the sun for at least six hours, and you can drink it."

Rather, the issue appears to be compliance—getting people to consistently use the SODIS method.

The authors note, for example, that while nearly 80 percent of the households reported diligent SODIS use, field-worker observations suggested that only about a third of them actually did so.

There are several reasons why people might slack on SODIS use, Mausezahl said.

For one, they may be too busy. Mausezahl also said he suspects there is a stigma associated with its use.

"People do not want to put a SODIS bottle that is basically reused wastewater on their roofs. It's a signal to everyone else in the community that you don't have money for proper chlorination or a proper water supply."

Nurturing Habits

Meierhofer Regula, a scientist at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology who was not involved in the study, noted that compliance is a problem common to all intervention programs that aim to change human behavior, such as hand washing or condom use.

Instead of scaling back, SODIS promotion should be ramped up, said Regula, so that people become more familiar and comfortable with it.

Kevin McGuignan, the coordinator of the European Union research project SODISWATER, also thinks global SODIS promotion should not be curbed.

"Further research is urgently required in order to gain a clearer picture of why compliance is so low and how it can be improved," he said.

Study author Mausezahl thinks the current global rollout of SODIS is a prime opportunity to conduct exactly this type of research.

"The moment SODIS goes out of the lab something goes wrong. Either we do not communicate properly about it or were applying it in the wrong setting," he said.


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Water policies suffer sinking feeling

Brian Richter, BBC Green Room 18 Aug 09;

Rising populations, improving lifestyles and changes to the global climate are all increasing the pressure on the planet's water resources, says conservation expert Brian Richter. In this week's Green Room, he explains why there is an urgent need for the world to embrace new ways in which it uses water.

More than one billion people lack access to safe, clean drinking water and more than half of the hospital beds in the world are occupied by people afflicted with water-borne diseases.

More than 800 million are malnourished, primarily because there isn't enough water to grow their food.

Fish and other freshwater species are among the most imperiled on the planet, in large part because of the ways that we have polluted and exploited their habitats.

The theme of this year's World Water Week, currently underway in Stockholm, is therefore quite fitting: Responding to Global Changes: Accessing Water for the Common Good.

What global changes, you might ask? Let us start with our global population, expected to rise from nearly seven billion to nine billion in just a few decades. That is why more than half the world's population will be living in areas of high water stress by 2030.

At the same time, in populous nations such as China and India, improvements in living standards and personal incomes are linked to greater consumption of clothing, meat, and water.

It takes 140 litres of water to produce one cup of coffee; 3,000 litres to make a hamburger; and 8,000 litres to create a pair of leather shoes. All of these processes require a vast amount of water to grow crops, feed cows, or produce leather.

On top of that, climate change will bring less rain to many regions, and cause it to evaporate more quickly almost everywhere.

Accordingly, the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has concluded that "the proportion of the planet in extreme drought at any time will likely increase".

These are the nightmares that keep me awake at night.

Just the tonic

These global forecasts wouldn't look so daunting if we were doing a great job of managing water today. But over-extraction of water for farms and cities is already causing even large rivers such as the Yellow, the Ganges and the Rio Grande to repeatedly run completely dry.

Remarkably, we also continue to foul our preciously scarce water supplies with too much human waste. More than 200 million tonnes of it each year go directly into our rivers and lakes without treatment.

So yes, the challenges we face are vast, but there's something brewing in Stockholm that is helping me sleep a little better.

While most governments have proven themselves incapable or unwilling to manage water sustainably, a group of non-governmental and professional water organisations is stepping up to lead the way.

You may have heard of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) that certifies sustainably-harvested wood products, or the Fair Trade movement for consumer products, yet no such scheme yet exists for water.

At World Water Week, a group of leading business, social development and conservation organisations will gather as the "Alliance for Water Stewardship" to advance a new voluntary global water certification program that will recognize and reward responsible corporations, farming operations, cities, and other water users for their sustainable use of water resources.

By developing best practice standards for managing water in a way that enables economic development in an environmentally friendly and socially responsible manner, the Alliance aims to certify "water users" who are taking major steps to minimise their water footprint and protect healthy watersheds.

Participants, otherwise known as "water users", can range from large international companies to local water utilities to agricultural industries.

The Alliance will bring together the largest water players from around the world in Stockholm to launch a "global water roundtable", a two-year dialogue among global water interests to seek agreement about the problems created by unsustainable water use, and to build consensus around the best-practice standards that will underpin the certification programme.

It is a huge undertaking, but the water crisis is urgent, and we desperately need a new, transparent rulebook for managing our water resources more sustainably.

So why would a large company or city to want to play by these new rules? A rapidly growing number of consumers are buying goods from companies with environmental and social credentials, giving certified products ranging from produce to beverages to clothing a competitive edge in the marketplace.

In this increasingly water-scarce world, companies are also becoming painfully aware of their vulnerabilities to water shortages, not just in their own business operations but throughout their supply chains. If barley farmers in northern China run out of water, breweries and beer drinkers throughout Asia will feel the pain.

Many companies are realising that if they can save water in their manufacturing or growing processes, they can save a lot of money, making them more profitable.

Similarly, cities save costs for water treatment when the watersheds that supply their residents are maintained in a healthy condition.

Interestingly, investors are increasingly screening loan requests from cities and companies on the basis of their sustainability scores, because behaving in an environmentally and socially responsible manner translates into reduced investment risk.

Perhaps most importantly, though, is the simple fact that we have no other choice but to move toward a new paradigm for water.

The maths simply do not add up any other way. We have only the same amount of water on this planet now as when life began. We cannot support seven billion, let alone nine billion, if we continue to waste and foul such a substantial portion of what we have.

Certification isn't likely to solve all the world's water problems, but it very well could set us onto a sustainability trajectory that could give my nightmare a happy ending.

Brian Richter is director of the Global Freshwater Program at The Nature Conservancy, a US non-governmental organisation

The Green Room is a series of opinion articles on environmental topics running weekly on the BBC News website


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Global warming benefits to Tibet: Chinese official

Yahoo News 18 Aug 09;

BEIJING (AFP) – Global warming could prove devastating for the Tibetan plateau, the world's third-largest store of ice, but it helps farming and tourism, Chinese state media said Tuesday, citing a leading expert.

Qin Dahe, the former head of the China Meteorological Administration, made the comment in an otherwise gloomy assessment of the impact that rising temperatures will have on Tibet, according to the China Daily newspaper.

"Warming is good for agriculture and tourism. It has increased the growing season of crops," said Qin, now a researcher with the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

China is banking on tourism to help fund development in Tibet, one of its poorest regions, hoping that a railway to the region's capital Lhasa will boost visitor numbers.

From January to July this year, more than 2.7 million tourists visited Tibet, nearly triple the number in the same period of 2008, the Tibet Daily said recently.

While agriculture and tourism stand to benefit, Qin underlined a series of negative consequences that global warming will have in Tibet and surrounding areas.

Temperatures are rising four times faster than elsewhere in China, and the Tibetan glaciers are retreating at a higher speed than in any other part of the world, he told the paper.

"In the short term, this will cause lakes to expand and bring floods and mudflows," Qin told the paper.

"In the long run, the glaciers are vital lifelines for Asian rivers, including the Indus and the Ganges. Once they vanish, water supplies in those regions will be in peril."


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India must tread 'greener' path to growth: PM

Yahoo News 18 Aug 09;

NEW DELHI (AFP) – Prime Minister Manmohan Singh acknowledged India must tread a greener path on Tuesday, even as he blamed rich nations for expecting developing countries to pay for decades of environmental neglect.

"Our growth strategy can be and should be innovative and different," Singh told a meeting of state environment ministers in New Delhi.

"We can and we must walk a different road, an environment-friendly road."

India requires new technology to offset "multiple environmental crises," including drought, water shortages and pollution, he added.

India's carbon emissions are among the world's highest and it has been criticised for refusing to accept binding emission cuts as part of a new international climate treaty to replace the Kyoto protocol.

India argues that its per capita emissions are very low -- the average Indian produces one tonne of carbon dioxide per year to the average American's 20 tonnes.

It also insists that it is unfair for developing countries to be penalised for centuries of polluting industrial activity by wealthier nations.

"In dealing with the challenge of climate change and environmental degradation we face the unfair burden of past mistakes not of our making," Singh said.

"But, as we go forward in the march of development we have the opportunity not to repeat those past mistakes."

India and fellow emerging market heavyweight China have consistently opposed binding carbon emission reductions, arguing that countries such as the United States should first present sufficient targets of their own.

India Must Invest In Green Technology: PM Singh
Krittivas Mukherjee, PlanetArk 19 Aug 09;

NEW DELHI - India's prime minister said on Tuesday the country must invest in its own environmentally friendly technologies, the latest in myriad pledges from one of the world's biggest polluters to fight climate change.

Manmohan Singh's comments underlined how India was seeking to undercut demands by rich nations for it to do more to curb carbon emissions. New Delhi has constantly resisted emissions targets, saying it will take its own unilateral action to cut pollution.

Global negotiations for a new U.N. agreement on climate change are stuck on the question of how much cash or technology rich nations will provide the poorer countries.

Singh's comments also signaled that India, the world's fourth-largest polluter, was willing to put in money to develop expensive clean technologies to supplement what it might get from rich countries.

"Our growth strategy can be different. It must be different," the prime minister said, referring to the western world's decades of industrialization that is blamed for climate change.

He said India's energy use will rise sharply in the coming decades as it tries to lift a multitude out of poverty, but stressed a different development path must be walked.

"For this we need access to new technologies that are already available with developed countries. We must also make our own investments in new environment-friendly technologies," he told a national conference on environment and forests in New Delhi.

India has already announced several steps to fight global warming, such as ramping up solar power investment, expanding forest cover and bringing in domestic energy efficiency trading.

"In dealing with the challenge of climate change and environmental degradation we face the unfair burden of past mistakes not of our making," Singh said.

"However, as we go forward in the march of development we have the opportunity not to repeat those mistakes."

With about 500 million people, or about half the population lacking access to electricity and relying on dirty coal to expand the power grid, India's booming economy has huge potential to leap-frog to a low-carbon future.

But it says it needs a little hand-holding by rich countries to keep it on the right path.

(Editing by Alistair Scrutton and Alex Richardson)


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El Nino development slows: Australia

Reuters 19 Aug 09;

SYDNEY (Reuters) - The development of a potentially damaging El Nino weather pattern has not intensified in the past two weeks, though the odds remain in favor of 2009 being an El Nino year, Australia's Bureau of Meteorology said on Wednesday.

In its fortnightly review, the bureau said the coupling between the ocean and atmosphere which amplifies and maintains El Nino events has so far failed to eventuate.

The bureau had said on Tuesday that the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) for the 30 days to Aug 15 was minus 4, down from minus 2 the previous week and pointing to a strengthening El Nino weather pattern.

The SOI is a major indicator of an El Nino. A consistently negative SOI points to the development of an El Nino weather pattern which can bring drought conditions to Australia and weaken Asian monsoons, damaging crop and livestock production.

The SOI measures the pressure difference between the Pacific island of Tahiti and the Australian city of Darwin.

For the bureau's full report see: www.bom.gov.au/climate/enso/

(Reporting by Jonathan Standing; Editing by Michael Perry)


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