Indonesia hosting global warming talks

Michael Casey, Associated Press, Yahoo News 2 Dec 07;

At best, analysts believe, Bali could lead to a two-year negotiation in which the United States under a new administration, the Europeans and other industrial nations commit to deepening blanket emissions cuts.

Government leaders started arriving Sunday for what are expected to be lengthy and contentious negotiations on how to fight global warming, which could cause devastating sea level rises, send millions further into poverty and lead to the mass extinction of animals.

Delegates from more than 180 nations will attempt to jump-start talks during the Dec. 3-14 meeting on how to replace the Kyoto Protocol, which expires in 2012. They also will consider whether cuts in carbon emissions should be mandatory or voluntary, how to reduce deforestation, and ways to help poor countries, which are expected to be hardest hit by worsening droughts, floods and violent storms.

"There is a very clear signal from the scientific community that we need to act on this issue," said Yvo de Boer, the general secretary of the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change. "We have to turn the trend of global emissions in the next 10 to 15 years ... The political answer has to come now."

The Kyoto pact signed one decade ago required 36 industrial nations to reduce carbon dioxide and other the heat-trapping gasses emitted by power plants and other industrial, agricultural and transportation sources. It set relatively small target reductions averaging 5 percent below 1990 levels by 2012.

A new agreement must be concluded within two years to give countries time to ratify it and to ensure a smooth, uninterrupted transition.

De Boer said industrialized nations, which have pumped the lion's share of greenhouses gases into the atmosphere to date, should take the lead in reducing emissions. So far the United States, the No. 1 offender, says it will refuse any deal that calls for mandatory reductions.

"Since developing countries are just beginning to grow their economies, it's not reasonable at this stage to ask them to reduce their emissions," he said, referring in part to China and India, which oppose caps and any other measures that will impinge on efforts to lift their people from poverty.

"They can be asked to limit their growth."

The European Union wants Kyoto's replacement to limit global temperature rises at 3.6 degrees above the levels of the preindustrial era. The EU, Canada and Japan have endorsed a 50 percent emissions reduction by 2050 to meet that goal and avoid the worst effects of global warming.

The United States, which along with Australia refused to sign Kyoto, said ahead of the Bali talks that it was eager to launch negotiations and sought to deflect criticism Washington was not doing enough.

President Bush said a final Energy Department report showed U.S. emissions of carbon dioxide, a leading greenhouse gas, declined by 1.5 percent last year while his economy grew.

"Energy security and climate change are two of the important challenges of our time. The United States takes these challenges seriously," Bush said in a statement. "This puts us well ahead of the goal I set in 2002."

Still, the United States will find itself isolated at the conference, given that Australian Prime Minister-elect Kevin Rudd, whose party swept to power in general elections just one week ago, immediately put signing the Kyoto pact at the top of his international agenda.

Last month in Spain, a Nobel Prize-winning U.N. network of scientists issued a capstone report after six years of study saying that carbon and other heat-trapping "greenhouse gas" emissions must stabilize by 2015 and then decline.

Without action, they said, temperatures will rise, changing the world.

The Arctic ice cap melted this year by the greatest extent on record. Scientists say oceans are losing some ability to absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide, the chief industrial emission blamed for warming. And the world's power plants, cars and jetliners are spewing out carbon at an unprecedented rate.

At best, analysts believe, Bali could lead to a two-year negotiation in which the United States under a new administration, the Europeans and other industrial nations commit to deepening blanket emissions cuts. And they say major developing countries could agree to enshrine some national policies — China's auto emission standards, for example, or energy-efficiency targets for power plants — as international obligations.

Bali talks to seek global climate deal in 2009
Alister Doyle and Gerard Wynn, Reuters 2 Dec 07;

BALI, Indonesia (Reuters) - Delegates from about 190 nations gathered in Bali on Sunday to try to build on a "fragile understanding" that the fight against global warming needs to be expanded to all countries with a deal in 2009.

The U.N.'s top climate change official told thousands of delegates that the eyes of the world would be on their Dec 3-14 talks in an Indonesian beach resort, saying time was running short to avert ever more droughts, heatwaves and rising seas.

"We're already seeing many of the impacts of climate change," Yvo de Boer, head of the U.N. Climate Change Secretariat, told a news conference on the eve of the meeting in the tightly guarded venue. "We are on a very dangerous path."

The Bali meeting, of senior officials with 130 environment ministers attending the final days, will try to launch formal negotiations ending with a new U.N. climate pact in 2009 that will include outsiders led by the United States and China.

So far, only 36 industrialized nations in the Kyoto Protocol have caps on greenhouse gas emissions, mainly from burning fossil fuels, running to 2012. Most governments agree on a need for more action but disagree about how to share out the burden.

"More discussions will be needed to build on this fragile understanding and explore how it can be put into practice," according to a U.N. report to be submitted in Bali.

The report, summing up two years of talks about new ways to fight climate change, said some countries were willing to make deeper cuts in emissions, others said existing promises should be kept and still others wanted incentives to join in.

"We heard no dispute that developed countries need to keep taking the lead," wrote Howard Bamsey of Australia and Sandea De Wet of South Africa, the authors of the report.

OPENNESS, FLEXIBILITY

Prospects for a global deal have been boosted by a decision by President George W. Bush for the United States to take part beyond 2012. Bush opposes Kyoto as a threat to U.S. economic growth and said it unfairly excluded goals for poor nations.

"We'd like to see consensus on the launch of negotiations. We want to see a Bali roadmap," said Paula Dobriansky, U.S. Under Secretary of State for Democracy and Global Affairs.

"We will go to Bali with openness, flexibility."

The United Nations wants a new global pact to be agreed at U.N. talks in 2009 in Copenhagen, giving good time for governments to ratify before Kyoto's first period ends in 2012.

De Boer said Bali's goal was simply to agree to negotiate a successor to Kyoto, leaving details for later. "Millions of people around the world...will be focusing their attention on what is going to be the response of the politicians," he said.

Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao told U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in a phone conversation on Sunday that China would adopt an "active, responsible and constructive" approach in Bali. But he urged rich nations to help.

"While taking the lead in greatly cutting emissions, developed nations should also help developing nations improve their ability to respond to climate change," the foreign ministry Web site paraphrased Wen as saying.

"Developing nations should adopt relevant policies in accordance with their capability, in order to make as much of a contribution as they can to combating climate change," it said.

Rich nations want developing nations at least to brake the rise of their emissions -- China is opening a new coal-fired power plant at the rate of more than one a week.

And developing countries will push for a new system of credits to help slow the rate of deforestation. Trees store carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, when they grow.

(Extra reporting by David Fogarty and Adhityani Arga, Chris Buckley and Emma Graham-Harrison and Jason Subler in Beijing, Editing by David Fogarty)

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India to tell West to shoulder climate change burden

Jonathan Allen, Reuters 2 Dec 07;

NEW DELHI (Reuters) - India is likely to stick by its pledge to keep its carbon emissions per person lower than those of the rich world at next week's climate change talks in Indonesia, according to policy advisers.

It might seem like an easy promise to make for now: the average American emits 20 times more carbon than the average Indian, not least because more than 600 million Indians still live in homes without so much as a lightbulb, according to government data.

But the pledge is the closest India has come -- and is likely to come for now -- to agreeing to measurable targets, underlining its emphasis on the idea that polluting, industrialized nations must shoulder the greater burden in reducing emissions.

The absence of such targets for developing nations like India and China has long been a sticking point with the United States, and was one reason it remained outside the Kyoto Protocol, which binds 36 rich nations to cut greenhouse gas emissions.

India is expected to negotiate from this position as it meets with about 190 nations in Bali this month to begin a two year process to find a new agreement to succeed the Kyoto Protocol.

"The prime minister has said that we will make our development path in such a careful way that 20, 30 years down the line we still don't cross the per-capita emissions of the developed world," Jayant Mauskar, a senior environment ministry official, told Reuters.

India's widely awaited climate change strategy is yet to be published, but Mauskar said this idea remained the "bedrock" of India's position.

"It provides a challenge to the developed countries," said Rajendra Pachauri, an Indian scientist and member of the prime minister's climate change council.

"If they want India to reduce or limit its emissions, they need to ensure that they provide the bar that must never be crossed."

CHALLENGE FOR INDIA

Pachuari, who was jointly awarded this year's Nobel Peace Prize as the head of the U.N. climate change panel, said it could prove a meaningful commitment in the long-term.

"If some countries are talking about emission cuts of up to 80 percent by 2050 then it really could become a challenge for India," he said.

Looked at from one angle, India is the world's fourth largest emitter of the greenhouse gases believed to be the cause of climate change. But India prefers to think of itself as representing about a sixth of humanity, yet responsible for only about a twentieth of global emissions.

Most other countries agree with this view, and accept that India must be allowed to burn more energy as it tries to lift hundreds of millions of its citizens out of poverty.

This gives India a strong position in Bali from which it can demand greater action from rich nations, environmentalists say.

India also deserves some praise for leading the developing world in introducing clean-development policies, said Shruti Shukla of environmental group WWF, even if the policies are sometimes slow in becoming ground realities.

Climate change is expected to have an especially disastrous impact on India. Exacerbated droughts and floods would hurt the two-thirds of Indians who depend on farming for a living.

"I don't know why everybody's hung up on mitigation," said the environment ministry's Mauskar. "Adaptation is the first thing we have to tackle."

He repeated India's claim that it is forced to spend around 2 percent of its gross national product -- or 12 percent of its annual budget -- on dealing with the effects of climate change.

But many people see these figures as over-inflated, as they include its spending on things like anti-malaria and anti-poverty programs, which India would have to deal with regardless of climate change.

(Editing by Krittivas Mukherjee and Jerry Norton)

Rich countries urged to come clean on climate change
Ingrid Melander, Reuters 2 Dec 07;

BRUSSELS (Reuters) - Rich countries must clean their own act to convince developing countries to join the fight against climate change, Nobel Peace Prize winner Rajendra Pachauri said on the eve of the international Bali conference.

Delegates from about 190 nations are gathering in Bali on Monday for to try to launch new negotiations on a long-term agreement to fight climate change.

"The first thing that the rich countries should do is set their own house in order and start reducing emissions," Pachauri, the chairman of the U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change told Reuters.

"Secondly they have to find means by which they can assist the developing countries ... there has to be a serious effort to transfer technology."

The Indian scientist, whose committee shared the Nobel Peace Prize with former U.S. Vice President Al Gore this year, said developed countries needed to prove that they were ready to take up more responsibility than poorer ones on global warming.

"China and India are feeling that what the developed countries were supposed to do has not been done," he said. "At this point in time, given that China and India have much lower per capita emissions, they are certainly not going to agree to any restrictions."

Pachauri expected the United States -- which has not ratified the Kyoto protocol on emissions caps -- to take a constructive approach in Bali.

"I have a feeling that the Unites States will allow the negotiations to proceed smoothly, and this will be true of all the other countries as well," he side in the sidelines of a conference in Brussels, before heading to Bali.

Pachauri said the European Union was taking the lead in the fight against climate change and also commended Australia's prime minister elect Kevin Rudd's decision to ratify Kyoto.

The Bali meeting, with 130 environment ministers attending the final days, will try to launch formal negotiations ending with a new U.N. climate pact in 2009.

"The outcome would be satisfactory in my view if it comes up with the decision to negotiate an agreement and comes up with a timetable for the negotiations," Pachauri said.

(Editing by Giles Elgood)

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Bangladesh says needs aid to adapt to warmer world

Ruma Paul, Reuters 2 Dec 07;

DHAKA (Reuters) - Disaster-prone Bangladesh, battered just weeks ago by a cyclone that devastated its low-lying coast, needs aid from big polluting nations to help it adapt to powerful storms, floods and rising seas, a government adviser says.

The United Nations Development Programme in its latest report last month said Bangladesh is among the countries most vulnerable to climate change and could face water shortages and mass displacement of people.

"The life and livelihood of millions of people in Bangladesh are exposed to already visible and impending dangers of climate change," the government's adviser for the environment, C.S. Karim, told Reuters in an interview on Saturday.

"We will propose the installation of a centre here for wider research on adaptation and mitigation strategies."

Bangladesh has suffered a double blow in the past few months, first from devastating monsoon floods in July-Sept and then two weeks ago when the worst cyclone since 1991 killed about 3,500 people and displaced millions.

"We will call upon developed countries to help us in adapting to climate changes ... will also try to make them realize that it is for them we, the poor nations, are suffering and it is their moral duty to help us," Karim told Reuters.

Bangladesh's recommendations would be placed before United Nations climate talks being held in Bali, Indonesia, from Dec 3-14.

"The whole world must be prepared for the adverse impact of the climate changes. Countries like Bangladesh need support in the form of resources as well as technology to cope with the impacts," said Ainun Nishat, country representative of the World Conservation Union (IUCN).

"As of today, allocation of funds for adaptation is meager. And for that there should be equity in distribution of the resources available for adaptation," he told Reuters.

Environment specialist K.B. Sajjadur Rasheed said: "For encountering the enormous problem of sea level rise in Bangladesh, the country should receive adequate funds from global sources to take measures to protect the coastal population."

He said a sea-level rise of 40 cm (16 inches) in the Bay of Bengal would submerge 11 percent of the country's land area in the coastal zone and displace between 7 and 10 million people.

With only 15 percent of the world's population, rich countries account for nearly half of all global carbon dioxide emissions, with the United States leaving a carbon footprint that is more than 100 times larger than Bangladesh's.

"But the stark reality is that the country needs sufficient funds to respond to the crisis, and the developed countries, in addition to their reducing the carbon emissions content, could contribute towards that end," Rasheed, a former Dhaka University professor of geography and environment, told Reuters.

"Apart from coaxing the developed countries for reducing carbon emission, the two large developing countries -- India and China -- should also be persuaded to reduce their carbon emissions. Ironically both countries are reluctant to do so."

(Writing by Anis Ahmed, editing by David Fogarty)

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Threatened Malaysian wildlife moving higher up into the mountains

Elizabeth John, New Straits Times 2 Dec 07

SEREMBAN: Threatened by logging, land clearing and poachers, wildlife like the gaur and wild dog are moving higher up into the country's mountains. Camera traps set up by the Wildlife and National Parks Department have recently captured images of these animals in mountain forests between 1,500 and 1,700 metres above sea level.

These species usually roam lowland forests and their presence in places about the same elevation as Cameron Highlands is considered unusual and worrying.

The department's surveys, conducted between 2005 and this year, covered 4,120 square kilometres of the peninsula's main range.

In the assessment, the department found that much of the forested land below 1,000 metres had been opened up.

Habitat degradation caused by logging and forest areas converted for agriculture, plantations and housing schemes were recorded in almost all the survey areas below 350 metres.

Signs of encroachment, including dozens of wire snares, were also recorded.

These would have forced animals like the gaur, previously recorded in the lowlands of Taman Negara and the Royal Belum State Park, to move up to safer and less disturbed areas.

Some animals like the wild dog could also have migrated to higher ground, following their prey -- deer.

The results of the surveys were presented by the department's principal assistant director of conservation, Abdul Kadir Hashim, at the National Biodiversity Seminar 2007 earlier this week.

The migration would also have meant a change of diet and behaviour in these wildlife species, which needed further study, he said.

The assessment team also found tracks and traces of the critically endangered Sumatran rhinoceros in the area but camera traps captured no images of the animal.

A prized target among poachers, the rhino has not been sighted in the wild in Peninsular Malaysia for many years.

Their find of footprints, faeces and a wallow has given the department some hope that there are rhinos in the area.

The teams also recorded a high diversity of large mammals -- 17 species representing 852 individuals.

In the surveys, at least 270 sightings of elephants were recorded during a 10- to 12-day period.

Large numbers of wild boar and white-handed gibbon were also recorded.

Cameras traps captured images of tigers, panthers, sun bears, tapir and several species of ungulates.

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Rare Sumatran rhino sighting in Malaysia

Yahoo News 2 Dec 07;

A Sumatran rhinoceros has been photographed in peninsular Malaysia in the first sighting for more than a decade, raising hopes the animal can avoid extinction, a report said Sunday.

The New Straits Times said the image, captured by a camera trap, snapped just a small part of the rhino but experts declared the wrinkly and folded thigh was unmistakable.

Rhino footprints were last found in southern Johor state in 2001 but it was only in 1994, when a stray animal wandered out of a forest in northern Perak, that the animal was last sighted in the wild, according to the newspaper.

The report did not reveal where the rhino was snapped, but said the photo was taken in a wildlife corridor targeted by the Wildlife and National Parks Department which also spotted elephants, sun bears and the bison-like gaur.

"We're going back to areas where the rhinos were once recorded, looking for more signs and taking samples," said Siti Hawa Yatim, head of the department's biodiversity conservation division.

"We're also looking for doomed animals -- individuals alone in a vast area which cannot survive without companions."

World Wildlife Fund Malaysia announced earlier this year that it had captured video footage of the extremely rare Borneo sub-species of the critically-endangered Sumatran rhino.

The footage, taken in a forest in Malaysia's Sabah state on Borneo island, showed a rhino eating, peering through jungle foliage and sniffing the automatic video camera equipment used to shoot it.

The Sumatran rhinoceros is one of the world's most endangered species with only small numbers left on Indonesia's Sumatra island, Sabah and peninsular Malaysia, according to the WWF.

The Bornean sub-species is the rarest of all rhinos, distinguished from other Sumatran rhinos by its relatively small size, small teeth and distinctive shaped head.

WWF says scientists estimate there are only between 25 and 50 of the Bornean sub-species left.

Rare sighting of the Sumatran rhinoceros
Elizabeth John, New Straits Times 2 Dec 07;

KUALA LUMPUR: The skin's coarse, folded and wrinkled but this flash of thigh has some hearts in the wildlife fraternity racing. It belongs to the elusive and critically endangered Sumatran rhinoceros.

Although just a fleeting glimpse of skin, it is the first ever camera trap image of the animal in Peninsular Malaysia.

Rhino footprints were last found in Johor in 2001 but the animal was never spotted.

One stray rhino was captured in 1994 when it wandered out of a forest in Perak but elsewhere, the animal has not been sighted in the wild here since the mid 1990s.

Rhinos were long thought to be on the path to extinction in the peninsula, but the slightly hazy snapshot retrieved from camera traps on the main range has raised hope that there are still some in the wild.

The Wildlife and National Parks Department's eight cameras, camouflaged and strapped to trees, also shot dozens of other animals passing through a 10-square metre clearing.

It turned out to be a wildlife highway of sorts as the cameras snapped pictures of elephants, sun bears, tapir and even the rarely photographed gaur.

But it was the picture of grey-brown folds that stood out among the hundreds of others taken.

It was later compared to old close-up shots of rhinos previously held in captivity and verified by the department's veterinarians as that of the rhino.

The department was first led to the area when an inventory team surveying the main range discovered fresh footprints, a wallow and bones of a long-dead rhino, explained Siti Hawa Yatim who is head of the the department's Biodiversity Conservation Division.

In August, officers set up the cameras that were left in the area for one to three months.

The results showed just how rich the area was with wildlife.

Apart from the small area covered by the cameras, the department surveyed a forested area almost six times the size of Singapore.

This resulted in the recording of 852 animal signs of 17 mammal species.

The most frequently recorded were elephants, wild boar and white-handed gibbons.

Right now, several surveys are being carried out in protected areas in Perak, Pahang, Kelantan, Terengganu and Kedah.

"We're going back to areas where the rhinos were once recorded, looking for more signs and taking samples.

"We are also looking for doomed animals -- individuals alone in a vast area which cannot survive without companions."

As a result of the photo, the department is sending more people to the area and setting up extra camera traps.

The idea, according to Siti Hawa, is to establish the numbers and to decide, what steps, if any, should be taken to protect them.

"There is concern for their safety as there is logging being carried out near the area the photograph was taken."

Next year, the department will mobilise all the Rhino Protection Units which it set up in 1995 and will be buying and setting up more camera traps.

"We're hoping that there'll be more finds."

The department has also recently acquired the technique of extracting DNA from dung samples.

Once survey teams return with samples of rhino dung, they will be able to conduct the tests and compare them to rhino DNA in international databases for a final confirmation.

Siti Hawa said the department had made this a priority project.

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Second-Hand Goods Dealers Act kicks in

Channel NewsAsia 2 Dec 07;

SINGAPORE: The Second-Hand Goods Dealers Act has kicked in.

From 1 December, sellers of second-hand goods like cellphones, scrap metal, watches and other electronic items must register with the Police.

As of 19 November, some 200 dealers have already done so. Under the new Act, details of the buyer and seller of every transaction must be recorded, including the price and information on the second-hand product sold. Such details must be made available to the Police for five years.

The Act aims to make it more difficult for stolen goods to be sold in the second-hand market.

But second-hand dealers Channel NewsAsia spoke to, said they are facing a loss in business.

They said few people want to provide such details.

More than 1,000 cases of scrap metal theft were reported in the first nine months of this year, a 25 percent increase from the same period last year. - CNA/ir

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Best of our wild blogs: 2 Dec 07

The Malay Lacewing
butterfly of the month on the butterflies of singapore blog

Drongo taking insects on the wing
Stunning photo on the bird ecology blog

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Coral Reefs Living In Sites With Variable Temperatures Better Able To Survive Warm Water

Science Daily 29 Nov 07

ScienceDaily (Nov. 29, 2007) — Finally, some good news about the prospects of coral reefs in the age of climate change. According to a new study by the Wildlife Conservation Society, corals may actually survive rising ocean temperatures in 'tough love' seas with wide-ranging temperatures.

Researchers discovered that coral reefs in sites with varying seasonal temperatures are more likely to survive the 'hot pulses' of Climate Change. Conversely, reefs living in environments with stable but higher temperatures are more susceptible to "bleaching," a global phenomenon where beneficial algae are "evicted" by corals, ultimately leading to the reef's demise.

The study, which appears in the journal Ecological Monographs, presents the results of an 8-year study on the reefs of East Africa.

"This finding is a ray of hope in a growing sea of coral bleaching events and threatened marine wildlife," said Dr. Tim McClanahan, Senior Scientist working for WCS' Coral Reef Programs and lead author of the study. "With rising surface temperatures threatening reef systems globally, these sites serve as high diversity refuges for corals trying to survive."

Coral reefs are composed of tiny creatures that live in colonies in mostly tropical and subtropical waters. Corals are home to beneficial algae, which gives reefs their stunning colors. During prolonged, unusually high surface temperatures, many coral species bleach, discharging the algae and leaving the reefs white and sickly.

The study examined temperature variations and coral bleaching events off the coast of East Africa between the years of 1998 and 2005.

The researchers also discovered that the coral reefs in sites with the most temperature variation were in the 'shadow' of islands, protected from the oceanic currents that reduce temperature variations in reef ecosystems. According to the authors of the study, the results suggest that corals in these locations are better adapted to environmental variation. Consequently, they are more likely to survive dramatic increases in temperature.

"The findings are encouraging in the fact that at least some corals and reef locations will survive the warmer surface temperatures to come," added McClanahan. "They also show us where we should direct our conservation efforts the most by giving these areas our highest priority for conservation."

On a broader scale, the Wildlife Conservation Society engages in coral reef conservation on a global scale, with projects on reef systems in Belize, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, and Madagascar. All of these nations are island environments that may have similar persistence across the global warming crisis.

Adapted from materials provided by Wildlife Conservation Society.

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Ill beluga whale at US aquarium dies

Associated Press, International Herald Tribune 1 Dec 07;

ATLANTA: A female beluga whale that had fallen ill at an Atlanta aquarium, died early Saturday morning, aquarium officials said.

The female whale, Marina, died about 2 a.m. Saturday, said Jeff Swanagan, the president and executive director of the Georgia Aquarium, touted as the world's largest.

"She was showing increased disorientation in her swimming behavior. Then she stopped swimming and stopped breathing," he said.

Officials do not know why the whale died. Swanagan said the aquarium would conduct a necropsy on Saturday to determine the cause of the whale's death, focusing on the whale's central nervous system.

The whale had stopped eating on Nov. 22 and had become disoriented, injuring her chin. She had been kept under 24-hour watch by aquarium staff and veternarians. About 16 staff members and volunteers were in her pool when she died, he said.

Marina was the second-oldest of four beluga whales at the aquarium. She was one of three whales that were transferred in November 2005 from Wildlife Conservation Society's New York Aquarium.

"We are saddened by the death of Marina," officials from the New York Aquarium said in a statement. "Georgia Aquarium's staff worked very hard to care for Marina during this critical time."

The three other beluga whales at the Georgia Aquarium — Nico, Maris and Natasha — are eating normally, the aquarium said.

Another beluga whale, Gasper, was euthanized at the Atlanta aquarium on Jan. 2 after a long battle with bone disease and a weakened immune system.

Two whale sharks — among the aquarium's first stars when it opened in 2005 — died in June and in January. A chemical used to treat their exhibit is believed to have led the whale sharks — named Ralph and Norton — to lose their appetites and eventually die, said aquarium spokesman Dave Santucci.

"We have to accept the whole life cycle here as biologists and our public does, too — while you have all these births you also have deaths," Swanagan said. "It's part of the living collection. It's hard on us."

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Another Whale Falls Ill At Georgia Aquarium
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50 years on: The Keeling Curve legacy

Helen Briggs, BBC News 1 Dec 07;

It is a scientific icon, which belongs, some claim, alongside E=mc2 and the double helix.

Its name - the Keeling Curve - may be scarcely known outside scientific circles, but the jagged upward slope showing rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere has become one of the most famous graphs in science, and a potent symbol of our times.

It was 50 years ago that a young American scientist, Charles David Keeling, began tracking CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere at two of the world's last wildernesses - the South Pole and the summit of the Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii.

His very precise measurements produced a remarkable data set, which first sounded alarm bells over the build-up of the gas in the atmosphere, and eventually led to the tracking of greenhouse gases worldwide.

The curve set the scene for the debate over climate change, and policies, sometimes controversial, that address the human contribution to the greenhouse effect.

"It wasn't until Keeling came along and started measuring CO2 that we got the evidence that CO2 was increasing from human activities," says Professor Andrew Watkinson, director of the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research at the University of East Anglia (UEA), UK.

"The graph is iconic from a climate perspective."

Dr Alistair Manning of the UK Met Office agrees. "It was the first real indication that CO2 levels were rising," he says. "That therefore started scientists thinking about the impact such a change would have on the climate."

'Tireless work'

Back in the 1950s, when Keeling began his experiments, no-one knew whether the CO2 released from the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil/petroleum and natural gas) would end up in the atmosphere or be fully absorbed by oceans and forests.

"The goal behind starting the measurements was to see if it was possible to track what at that time was only a suspicion: that atmospheric CO2 levels might be increasing owing to the burning of fossil fuels," explains biogeochemist Dr Andrew Manning, also from the UEA, who worked with Professor Keeling in the 1990s.

"To do this, a location was needed very far removed from the contamination and pollution of local emissions from cities; therefore Mauna Loa, high on a volcano in the middle of the Pacific Ocean was chosen.

"Without this curve, and Professor Keeling's tireless work, there is no question that our understanding and acceptance of human-induced global warming would be 10-20 years less advanced than it is today," adds Dr Manning.

Sleepless nights

Professor Keeling discovered that carbon dioxide was rising continuously and that there were annual fluctuations in carbon in the atmosphere (the little squiggles on the line), caused by seasonal variations in plant growth and decay.

When he started his measurements in 1958, CO2 levels were around 315 ppmv (parts per million by volume - that is 315 molecules of CO2 for every one million molecules in the air); by the year 2005 they had risen to about 378 ppmv.

Yet despite the importance we place on climate change research today, Professor Keeling, known as Dave to friends and colleagues, struggled to secure funding for his monitoring efforts.

"Dave Keeling suffered many sleepless nights, even as late as in the 1990s, being forced again and again to justify continued funding of his programme," recalls Dr Manning.

"The fact that we are celebrating 50 years now is due purely to his incredible perseverance, courage and optimism."

He says the technical, analytical and logistical challenges of the work are enormous.

"To measure such tiny changes in the composition of the air, high on a remote mountain top in the middle of the Pacific Ocean is extremely challenging even today in the 21st Century," he explains.

"That Dave Keeling was able to successfully begin and continue such highly demanding measurements in the 1950s is a tribute to his brilliance."

Detailed monitoring

Today, carbon dioxide levels are sampled weekly at about 100 sites around the world.

Flasks filled with air are taken to a laboratory, where they are analysed for carbon dioxide, other greenhouse gases and pollutants.

Aircraft collect similar samples at higher altitude, while space-borne sensors detect some gases remotely throughout the atmosphere.

"Putting together detailed monitoring like this often takes quite a lot of vision and faith in what you are doing," says Professor Watkinson.

"[The Keeling Curve] is even more valuable today in many ways even though the measurements have become more sophisticated."

Charles Keeling died in 2005, aged 77. He continued his research into carbon dioxide at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego, US, until his final day.

By then he had authored nearly 100 research articles and had received the National Medal of Science - the US's highest award for lifetime achievement in scientific research.

His son, Professor Ralph Keeling, also a geochemist at Scripps, continues his work.

TIMELINE: carbon monitoring

1957 : Charles David Keeling starts work monitoring CO2 at the South Pole and Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii

1958 : Keeling starts first direct continuous atmospheric measurements of CO2

Early 1970s : The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Noaa), a US federal agency, starts monitoring CO2 worldwide

1995-2003 : Noaa's Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) at Boulder, Colorado, develops and maintains the world's standard references for CO2 and other greenhouse gases.

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Has Singapore gone to the dogs?

Shuli Sudderuddin, Straits Times 2 Dec 07;

# They splash around unleashed at beaches
# They sit and eat at cafes

Dog ownership has risen, with some owners being accused of 'insensitive' behaviour towards others

EVERY dog has his day and for Bobo and Mia, that day is Saturday when they enjoy a splash-about at Sentosa's Tanjong Beach with their owner Lai Soon Leung.

The business manager unleashes the schnauzers before their swim despite a law that says dogs should be leashed in public.

Mr Lai, 43, shrugged and said: 'It's important for dogs to enjoy some freedom. My wife and I keep an eye on them and make sure they don't disturb anyone.'

That attitude has left some people barking mad, and others accusing pet owners of being irresponsible. The issue has become a bone of contention recently, partly sparked by an incident in September when an unleashed Siberian husky attacked a three-year-old girl at Tanjong Beach.

Matilda Sail required surgery on a partially torn ear and suffered other scratches and bruises.

In the past two months, the Forum pages of The Straits Times have published at least eight letters about unleashed dogs on Sentosa or dogs sitting on chairs at eateries.

Mr Stephan D�rrenberg complained on Oct 7 about 10 unleashed dogs on Tanjong Beach.

And on Nov 25, business development manager Ng Kwong Yee criticised the 'unhygienic' practice of letting dogs sit on coffee-shop chairs.

Even condominiums have not been spared the debate.

In October, residents of Richmond Park in Bideford Road shot down a management committee proposal that dogs should be put in trolley cages if taken outside.

Committee chairman David Chan said a Muslim cleaner had quit because pet owners failed to clean up after their dogs.

The angst over dogs in public spaces can also be put down to the fact that there are more dogs now, with the number of dog licences rising from 42,700 in 2004 to about 53,000.

And growing affluence means owners pamper their dogs more. Ms Eirene Phua, the owner of a two-year-old shih tzu, said: 'Pets have become a lifestyle. It is so common to see dogs and owners in public places nowadays.'

Owners know they could be fined up to $5,000 if they unleash their dogs in public but many feel some leeway should be given so pooches have space to run in Singapore's concrete jungle. Last year, AVA fined 150 dog owners for not leashing their pets.

Then there is the question of being sensitive to other cultures.

Ms Siti, a 21-year-old interior designer, says: 'My mother and I are scared dogs will run up to sniff us. It's also really insensitive when dog owners wash their dogs in open shower stations meant for humans.'

Owners have also been flouting a law that bars animals from establishments without licences for pets. The Sunday Times found three dogs seated on chairs in Holland Village at lunchtime last Saturday.

Businessman Frankie Chin seated his schnauzer in the alfresco section of Ya Kun Kaya Toast. The pooch, Bobby, also dines on an egg yolk placed in its own dog dish each time it visits.

Mr Chin, 51, said Bobby's feet were clean as it had been wearing shoes before being seated. But Mr Chin avoids halal eateries as he is mindful of Muslim sensitivities.

But 40-year-old banker Chris Chew, who owns a retriever, said putting a dog on a coffee-shop chair is inconsiderate.

Owners who flout the no-pets rule at establishments can be fined up to $2,000.

Forum letter writer Ng Kwong Yee thinks this is not enough. He wrote in demanding that the law also disallow pets within a certain distance of eateries. He said: 'I have nothing against pets but certain health and hygiene standards must be maintained.'

shulis@sph.com.sg

Run, Spot, run! Places for dogs off leashes

# Bishan Park Dog Run, Bishan Park 2.

# West Coast Park Dog Run, off West Coast Highway.

# Katong Park Dog Run, off Meyer Road.

# The Animal Resort Dog Run, off Seletar West Farmway 5.

# Pet Movers Dog Run, off Pasir Ris Farmway 2.

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Indonesia's Papua scarred by vanishing forests

Nabiha Shahab, Yahoo News 2 Dec 07;

Twenty-five years ago, Papuan tribal leader Ananias Muit was sent from his jungle home to Indonesia's Sumatra island by the local government to learn about lucrative palm oil, and bring it back.

A new short film, "Defenders of the Tribal Boundaries", tells how the arrival of a state-owned plantation company soon afterwards devastated Muit's community in the Arfak mountains of Papua's Bird's Head region.

"'Give us the land and we will give the money to plant,' they said. 'We will bring a palm oil plantation,'" Muit says, repeating the government's promise.

Instead, the forests were cleared, but factory effluent polluted the local river, making the water supply unusable.

"The promise was sweet, but now it is bitter," he laments.

"We were not compensated for our land or even thanked. Now we are really suffering, and we regret it."

The film, one of four locally-made shorts that highlight the shocking impact of deforestation in remote Papua, will be featured at a UN climate change conference on the Indonesian resort island of Bali, which begins next week.

The 10-minute clips, shot by aid workers using handheld digital cameras over the past three months, demonstrate the impact expanding palm oil plantations and other destructive logging is having on local communities.

Indonesia is losing its forests at the world's fastest rate, with some two million hectares (4.9 million acres) disappearing each year, according to environmental watchdog Greenpeace.

Up to 80 percent of logging in Indonesia is estimated to be illegal -- due to a lack of political will to crack down as well as negligible law enforcement -- but the films demonstrate that even legal logging has far-reaching and negative consequences.

In "Tears of Mother Mooi", the people of Sorong issue an impassioned call to the government to revoke the licenses of two palm oil companies operating on their ancestral land.

Startling images of the devastated remnants of formerly forested areas, clear-cut for plantations, hammer home their plea.

Ronny Dimara, a resident in the community and director of Triton, a local non-governmental organisation that produced the film, said most of the footage had to be recorded secretly.

Much of Papua is closely monitored by Indonesia's military, who stand accused by activists of human rights abuses. Journalists require special permission from the Jakarta government to visit the region.

"We played the film in front of about 20 tribal leaders and they said the problem (of the two companies) needed to be addressed soon," Dimara told a press briefing in Jakarta after the films were screened.

"Early next year we will meet again in a bigger group to decide whether we still want the companies in our area."

The third film, "Gaharu: Disaster or Blessing?", shows how the profitable agarwood industry -- known locally as gaharu -- has brought a myriad of social problems to one Papuan district.

Father Dicky Ogi, who leads an organisation working to offer locals better education, said that along with higher incomes came gambling, prostitution and the spread of HIV/AIDS.

"Education is key, so the people can judge the benefits of selling their land," he told reporters.

The final piece, "Destiny... My Land", explores how external investors exploited the forests of a local community that had previously lived off the land for generations.

"These films may be local stories but they are very relevant to the national and the international level, so we urge people to watch these films," said Jago Wadley from the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA), an independent campaigning organisation that helped the local groups produce the films.

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