Indonesia: Elephant found dead in Aceh may have been poisoned or electrocuted

The Jakarta Post 11 Aug 18;

The East Aceh Police and Aceh Natural Resources Conservation Agency (BKSDA) are investigating the death of an elephant that was found on Friday in Cek Mbon village in Aceh province.

The elephant still had its tusks when it was discovered by a villager.

The BKSDA’s medical team has conducted an autopsy on the carcass and found that the liver, spleen, heart and lungs had darkened, which suggests poison.

However, the BKSDA and East Aceh Police also found electrical wires installed on the fence owned by locals not far from where the elephant was killed, which does not rule out the possibility that the animal had been electrocuted.

The elephant’s tissue samples will be sent to a forensics laboratory in Medan, North Sumatra, where they will be examined to determine a cause of death.

“The results will take one to three months,” Sapto Edi, head of the Aceh BKSDA, said on Thursday as reported by kompas.com. “It was a male elephant, about 15 years old. Its tusks were 76 centimeters long.

A Cek Mbon villager named Herman found the elephant on Friday. He reported his finding to the village head, who then went to the East Aceh Police. (sau/ahw)


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Best of our wild blogs: 11 Aug 18



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Pulau Ubin thrives amid shifting sands

Deborah Wong Channel NewsAsia 11 Aug 18;

SINGAPORE: “$30, $33, $36,” he counted under his breath, thumbing through the wad of notes in his hand before cramming them into his waist pouch.

The passenger roll call was rudimentary at best – for a boat with a maximum capacity of 14, including two crew members.

Satisfied, Vincent Chew settled into his worn leather seat and gunned the engine, with the ease of a man who has done this his entire life.

But it’s only been seven years since Vincent took the helm. The former islander previously ran a provision shop on Pulau Ubin, and commuted weekly to the mainland to bring in his stock.

“It takes years before you will really know how to handle a boat,” he confessed, explaining that most of the 33 other Pulau Ubin boatmen have decades of experience under their belts.

Even so, he says the route is direct enough, come night or day.

“This line? Even with my eyes closed, I know the direction. When a big ship comes at night, we need to see where the red and green lights are to know how wide the ship is,” Vincent said, explaining that the lights are navigational aids required for visibility in the dark.

His boat, which is varnished in orange and grey, is distinct among the bobbing fleet at Changi Point Ferry Terminal, with a large fishing net slapped across the roof.

“Sometimes when we drive in the middle of the sea, we can see wild boars swimming. Other times you can see big fishes. So I keep a fishing net on my boat. But depends on whether you're lucky or not,” he said.

As someone who grew up on the shores of Pulau Ubin, amongst fishermen and boatmen, sailing came naturally to Vincent, even though he entered the profession late.

But steering a boat takes more than keeping an eye out for choppy waves, it also means adapting to the elements.

“Just imagine, every day the tide is different. The wind is different, so when you want to come alongside a jetty, you must see how the current runs and where the wind blows. If you don't know how to read the tide and the wind, big problem for you,” Vincent said.

Kit Kau Chye, 70, is a veteran who has plied the waters for over 50 years. He is now the chairman of the Changi Point Ferry Association.

The former islander has a wiry frame, and is quick on his feet, side-stepping over tangled mooring ropes to add his boat number to the growing row of digits on the makeshift board.

The boatmen here take turns to ferry passengers across to the island, and the list serves as a queue of sorts.

“Some come down as early as 4am, just to be first in line,” Mr Kit said, even though the passenger service officially starts at 6am.

He’s been sailing ever since he picked up the trade at 18.

“When the boat moves, we need to see how to park. Last time there was no proper structure, no teachers to guide us, we had to observe and learn by ourselves,” Mr Kit said.

“No choice, if you don't have much of an education then you have to pick up a skill, a trade, to live by. Last time when we were young, we were quite carefree - we plucked fruits, climbed trees - and the older folk criticized us and told us to learn something to survive,” he chuckled.

Mr Kit had to commute daily to the mainland for classes.

“Those of us who grew up in the 40s and 50s on Pulau Ubin, attended a primary school on the island. But once we graduated, we had to take a boat to the mainland, before taking a bus to secondary school. For those who live further away, they need to wake up at 5am to cycle to the docks or walk,” he said.

Today, getting around the island is much faster, with a taxi service and bicycle rental shops at the entrance of the jetty.

Island taxi driver Azman Hamid is among a handful to own a Pulau Ubin-registered van. Vehicles registered for island use are identified by PU on the license plate.

“Last time when we started, there were around 17 vehicles, but now there's only nine left. So we just rotate automatically. No need for queue numbers anymore,” Mr Azman said.

A round-island tour costs up to $35 an hour, while a short trip amounts to about $6. But the biggest payday for the drivers is when film productions take place on the island. The vans, Mr Azman revealed, would be booked on a long-term basis to ferry the crew to various locations.

With no car repair shops on the island, these drivers have to do everything themselves – until they hit a particularly bad bump on the road.

“If it's something minor like changing the engine oil, we will do it ourselves. There is also a friend who can do help with it. But when it comes to major things such as the replacement of the air-conditioning system, we have to bring in a mechanic from the mainland,” he explained.

Bicycle shop owners like Koh Bee Choo echo the same sentiment.

“If any bicycles are defective, we repair them ourselves. When you stay here, you need to do everything yourself. The carpentry job, the mechanical job, those electrical problems, we need to know them all. We must know how to take care of the property and the land here,” she said.

Her shop is the first visitors see as they stroll towards the town square. Quirky signboards touting road safety are nailed into the wooden frames that prop up the shop’s exterior.

Ms Koh was born on Pulau Ubin, and counts among the remaining few who still live on the island.

“I moved to the mainland for a period. But the atmosphere is totally different. In the urban area, so many buildings are taller than the trees. On Pulau Ubin, the trees are taller than the houses,” she said.

“This has been my shop for the last 24 years, and my life for as long as I can remember. I know everyone here, so why should I leave?”

The population on the island peaked around 2,000 in the 1970s, but it has since dwindled to just over 30 today.

Yet the community continues to thrive, kept on their toes by some 300,000 visitors annually.

“Life is good here, easy to earn money, not tough. When we have nothing to do, we will just chit chat. No need to be so stressed out working non-stop like you. We will walk around, rest and wait for our turn to drive the boat,” Mr Kit said.

His weather beaten hands are lined with callouses, from years of sailing.

But for islanders like him, it's also a mark of a self-made person, and a promise – that no matter how the tides turn, their ties to the island will never fade.

Source: CNA/mn


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‘Cacophony’ of mynah birds a headache for some Potong Pasir residents

CYNTHIA CHOO Today Online 9 Aug 18;

SINGAPORE — Some residents who live in a few condominiums in Potong Pasir have been putting up with noisy neighbours for the last two years and they cannot do much against the nuisance.

That is because the “troublemakers” are the javan mynahs, a species of small black birds with yellow beaks that are common in Singapore. They go “home” to roost in the trees less than 50m away from the residents’ apartments every evening and create a din.

A 60-year-old resident at Sennett Residences condo, who wanted to be known only as Mr Tay, said that the noise is “horrible” in the mornings and late at night.

“Whenever there is a public announcement from the MRT station nearby, or a driver honks his car horn, that is when it will set off a cacophony (of loud bird calls).”

Mr Tay, who works in the services line, said that he has seen the birds fly together in “big flocks” on several occasions. “It has been troubling my son. We moved in two months ago, and he’s complaining about how the birds wake him up before his alarm every day.”

While Mr Tay has raised the issue to his condominium’s management, he decided against bringing it up to the constituency’s grassroots leaders, saying that his priority is to first settle down in his new neighbourhood.

The disturbance is irritating residents living at two other nearby condos as well, the San Ritz Condominium and the Venue Residences and Shoppes.

Mr Sitoh Yih Pin, Member of Parliament (MP) for the Potong Pasir ward, told TODAY that he has received email messages from these residents over the last one-and-a-half years, and he has been “on the ground” speaking to them about the birds.

“The noise is definitely loud, so I understand when my residents say they get woken up before their alarm clocks ring and are not able to hear the sounds from their television sets.”

The innumerable complaints he received led him to file a Parliamentary question, which was addressed by Minister for National Development Lawrence Wong on Monday (Aug 6).

Mr Wong said that the Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority (AVA) has worked with the National Parks Board (NParks) to prune the trees to discourage birds from roosting in the neighbouring Upper Serangoon Road area.

The javan mynahs, common in Singapore, go “home” to roost in the trees less than 50m away from the residents’ apartments every evening and create a din. PHOTO: Koh Mui Fong/TODAY

AVA also conducted a four-day laser trial in September last year. Laser beams are aimed around the birds to scare them away and disperse them.

However, an AVA spokesperson told TODAY that the method worked only when officers were “present daily” to point the lasers during the time periods that the mynahs returned to roost. “It was also possible that the mynahs would become desensitised to the lasers following repeated application,” she added.

When TODAY visited the area on Tuesday, about 50 birds began to flock to the trees across the Sennett Residences at around 7pm. They began squawking, but the noise started to abate at around 7.30pm. By 7.45pm, it was all over.

TRIAL AND ERROR

Noise from mynahs has been bothering many residents across the island for years. From Clementi to Yishun, Changi Airport to Orchard Road, there have been complaints about the racket and droppings from these and other birds such as crows.

In the case of the shopping belt at Orchard Road, when buildings were redeveloped and trees were cut down, the mynahs had to seek new places to rest.

In various areas and at different times, sonic devices, tree pruning, hot gel applied to tree branches, repellents, lasers and even a hawk on loan from Jurong Bird Park to sacre away the mynahs have been used by the authorities to deter birds from roosting. In areas around Bukit Timah Plaza, for instance, the AVA tried using chemical deterrents.

It is bothersome enough for MPs to raise the matter at parliamentary sessions occasionally. In January this year, Mr Gan Thiam Poh, MP for Ang Mo Kio GRC, reported on behalf of his constituents that the mynahs were “noisy” and raised the suggestion of planting another species of trees.

In response, Mr Koh Poh Koon, Senior Minister of State for National Development who was speaking on behalf of Mr Lawrence Wong then, said that “it is not about deploying more and more technology”, adding that no scientific method will deter birds from going back to sources of food.

Using technology may mean extra spending by the town councils managing the housing estates, which means conservancy charges paid by residents would have to be taken into account. In the long run, “it is more cost-effective and durable” to deter “uncivil behaviour”, Mr Koh said then.

For the longest time, the AVA has said that improper food disposal at eating establishments, uncovered rubbish dumps, littering, and irresponsible feeding of birds and stray cats can attract mynahs and strengthen their presence. This was the finding from a study on mynahs that it commissioned previously.

While NParks will continue with regular tree pruning, AVA said that the public can play a part by maintaining the overall cleanliness of their environment and not feed wild birds.

BIRDS NEED A HOME, TOO

Research data from 2016, published by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, which compiles a comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species, estimated the javan mynah population to be 168,000 in the year 2000.

While the species is abundant in Singapore, its numbers have plummeted in neighbouring regions such as Java and Bali in Indonesia, and it is listed as “vulnerable” on the IUCN List.

Some residents at the Potong Pasir condos such as Ms Vasmi Priya said that while the birds do “sing” — sometimes “badly” — the noise is bearable and the birds should not be chased away.

“They are birds, and the trees are their homes, too. Honestly, I think the noise from the traffic is much worse,” the 28-year-old housewife said.

Mr Sitoh is aware of this other source of noise pollution and said that he has notified the Land Transport Authority about it and they will continue to work out solutions together.

The noise from traffic was also flagged by residents in the Venue Residences and Shoppes, about 300m away from Sennett Residences. These condos are located close to the Pan-Island Expressway.

As for the mynahs, the AVA said that bird-related issues are “often complex” and there is no standalone solution. It involves the joint efforts of town councils, government agencies and members of the public to mitigate and manage such issues.

It will therefore continue to work with the relevant stakeholders to find effective measures in managing this matter.


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Malaysia: Ban on large-scale oil palm plantations in Sarawak stays

Mohd Roji Kawi New Straits Times 9 Aug 18;

KUCHING: The Sarawak government continues to ban the development of large-scale oil palm plantations in the state, except on communal and NCR (native customary rights) lands.

Chief Minister Datuk Patinggi Abang Johari Abang Openg said the decision was made three years ago by his predecessor, the late Tan Sri Adenan Satem, fondly known as Tok Nan.

“The move was to protect our forests from further destruction. Thus, we will continue this policy,” he said.

Speaking at the Sarawak Oil Palm Berhad (SPOB) 50th Anniversary Dinner here on Wednesday, Abang Johari urged oil palm industry players to ensure that their plantations are managed in a sustainable manner.

“The policy introduced by Tok Nan remains effective today, as it was among the state’s efforts to conserve the forest and we will prevent any activity that could pose a threat to our natural resources,” he added.

Also present at the celebration were the Sarawak Yang Di-pertua Negeri Tun Abdul Taib Mahmud and wife Toh Puan Ragad Kurdi Taib.

SPOB was the first company to develop an oil palm plantation in the state in 1968 and continues to be a pioneer in the industry.

Abang Johari said the state government is also committed to ensuring that 80 per cent of forest reserves are planted with quality logs, which will be the source of raw materials for the timber industry.

“Rain or water catchment areas located in the heart of Borneo will also be extended from 2.1 million hectares to 2.7 million hectares,” he said.

The catchment area could provide an alternative water supply for dams in Bakun, Baleh, Murum and Batang Ai, he added.

Apart from that, the Sarawak government plans to gazette six million hectares as permanent forest estate; while totally protected areas (TPAs) will be increased from 788,000 hectares to one million hectare.


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Indonesia to cap number of visitors to Komodo National Park

Ivany Atina Arbi The Jakarta Post 9 Aug 18;

The government plans to limit the number of visitors to Komodo National Park in East Nusa Tenggara in a bid to maintain the ecosystem’s stability following a fire that razed hectares of savanna in the famous tourist destination.

The park, which has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, has welcomed a growing number of tourists both from Indonesia and overseas. However, the influx had caused several environmental problems impacting the natural landscape of the park, the Environment and Forestry Ministry’s director general for natural resources and ecosystems, Wiratno, said, adding that the fire was one of them.

Piles of garbage left behind by tourists also caused damage to the national park, he added.

Ministry data show that 10,250 people, 95 percent of them being foreigners, visit the Komodo National Park monthly. That number stands in stark contrast to the 130 people assigned to manage and monitor the park.

“More than 10,000 visitors every month is very much. We will limit it to 5,000 per month, probably,” Wiratno said, adding that he would issue a directorate general decree regulating the matter by the end of this year, after conducting some studies.

Once the new regulation is in effect next year, people planning to visit the park will need to register online, with signups limited by a daily quota.

A fire, allegedly caused by a cigarette tossed by a visitor, burned 10 hectares of the savanna vegetation of Gili Lawa Darat on Aug. 1. The West Manggarai Police has questioned 11 people over the blaze. (rin)


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New Zealand to ban single-use plastic bags

Marty MELVILLE AFP 10 Aug 18;

New Zealand became the latest country Friday to outlaw single-use plastic shopping bags, with Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern saying they will be phased out over the next year as a "meaningful step" towards reducing pollution.

New Zealand uses "hundreds of millions" of single-use plastic bags each year, many of which end up harming marine life, Ardern said.

"We need to be far smarter in the way we manage waste and this is a good start," she said.

"We're phasing-out single-use plastic bags so we can better look after our environment and safeguard New Zealand's clean, green reputation."

Ardern said her coalition government, which includes the Green Party, was facing up to environmental challenges and "just like climate change, we're taking meaningful steps to reduce plastics pollution so we don't pass this problem to future generations."

Single-use plastic bags are among the most common items found in coastal litter in New Zealand and the environmental group Greenpeace welcomed the decision to outlaw them.

"This could be a major leap forward in turning the tide on ocean plastic pollution and an important first step in protecting marine life such as sea turtles and whales, from the growing plastic waste epidemic," Greenpeace Oceans Campaigner Emily Hunter said.

A United Nations report in June said up to five trillion grocery bags are used globally each year, which is nearly 10 million plastic bags per minute.

"If tied together, all these plastic bags could be wrapped around the world seven times every hour" and like most plastic garbage barely any is recycled, said Erik Solheim, head of UN Environment.

The UN said more than 60 countries had introduced bans and levies on single-use plastic items like bags.

But better waste management, financial incentives to change consumers' buying habits and research into alternative materials were needed to make any real change, it added.


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‘Some people think I’m crazy’: What makes Singapore’s ant-man tick

When the sun goes down, Zat Low collects creatures the rest of society considers to be pests. To him, keeping ants isn’t only a hobby, but a source of solace that’s provided much more.
Desmond Ng Channel NewsAsia 9 Aug 18;

SINGAPORE: The night-time is when this muscular man, sporting tattoos and an ear stud, goes hunting around void decks. He lives in Hougang but goes to HDB estates round the island, even those more than an hour away.

Mr Zat Low is especially likely to make a catch when it rains. That is when a queen ant would emerge from its nest to mate, and it would typically fly towards a lighted place such as a void deck.

Armed with a laminated card and a test tube, the 34-year-old tattoo artist would be all smiles when he spots his prize, like the time he found a queen crawling inside a lift.

He is not the only one hunting ants after night falls. Singapore Ants, a Facebook group of ant lovers and collectors he helped to start, has about 1,640 members. That is four times the group’s membership in June last year.

Unlike most other ant-keepers, however, he has even gone into forested spots to lure ants with a light box. But more than that, he likes the time alone.

“I love the night life because everything is so quiet. Everybody is asleep” he said.

I’m not scared of being in the forest alone. I think humans are much scarier.

His is one of the stories featured in the documentary Singapore After Dark, about people who come to life at night.

They include emergency call dispatchers, paranormal investigators and wildlife enthusiasts as well as an insomniac who prowls cemeteries to find sleep, and a joss paper maker who burns his goods for wandering spirits. (Watch the show here.)

In the case of Mr Low, his hobby has given him more than a unique perspective of Singapore by night, it has also given him a renewed purpose in life, “a lot of truth” and “joy”.

AN IDEA HATCHED FROM EGGS

It started some three years ago when a friend, a bird enthusiast, showed him a bag of ant eggs he bought to feed his birds.

Mr Low figured that it could be a good business opportunity and decided to catch queen ants – recognised by their wings and swollen bottoms – to harvest their eggs as bird feed.

But after half a year, he found it too tedious, even though he reckoned that he and a partner who was doing the sales were each making S$4,000 a month.

From what he had learnt online, ant-keeping seemed more interesting – even former United States president Bill Clinton has two ant farms – so he decided to start his own colonies instead of selling the eggs.

But it was such a niche hobby in Singapore that he had to do more online research and get tips from ant-keeping communities worldwide.

For instance, it may take up to a month for a queen ant to lay its eggs. If it does not, it may not be fertilised, and he would release it.

He also learnt to build his own formicariums (ant nests) and now has more than 100 colonies.

Some of them are crammed into his room, while others are looked after by his friends from the ant-keeping community, whose members range from students to housewives to working professionals like lawyers and doctors.

They share tips about caring for their colonies and where to hunt for rare finds. Different HDB estates attract different ant species because of their location near different forested areas, explained Mr Low.

We’d never know what we’d find. We’re like Pokemon Go players.

His parents were initially sceptical about his hobby but now even wander into his room to admire his collection: Formicariums of different shapes and sizes surrounded by walls adorned with some of his favourite tattoo art pieces.

He is a favourite of his young nieces and nephews and cousins, who are curious about and in awe of his pastime.

Mr Low's room is adorned with tattoo art pieces on the walls.

ANTS SAVED HIM

Ant-keeping is more than just a hobby for him, however – it helped to save his life.

Three years ago was also when he was at the lowest point in his life. He used to have bad mood swings, which affected his relationship with his family and close friends.

“I used to be a very arrogant person. I had hurt a lot of people, both emotionally and physically,” disclosed Mr Low, a former gang member.

He became depressed, partly because he had also lost friends who had taken their own lives. But after he came to terms with his past actions and personal losses, he began to rethink his life.

“I found that life was kind of meaningless, but I didn’t want to spiral downwards to that,” he said.

Then I looked at ants, and I realised that they’re so small and are fighting for survival. What (about) me then?

His ants kept him busy, and helped to keep him from feeling depressed, even though some of his friends and relatives thought it was a “lame” hobby at first. Some people still do.

“Some people think I’m crazy. They say, ‘Why ants?’ But I find ants an enigma to me,” explained Mr Low, who remains fascinated by their social behaviour, hierarchy and caste systems, as well as the similarities between humans and ants.

Ants invented farming – 60 million years ago – he pointed out, noting that some ant species still farm fungus to sustain their colonies.

Ants also operate within a highly developed division of labour: Some ants are in charge of foraging, some defend the nest while others tend to the queen.

“Ants have remarkable capabilities. For example, some enslave other ants while others can show the highest levels of altruism,” said Mr Low, citing a species of self-sacrificial ants from Borneo that can explode themselves to cover intruders with toxic goo.

Today, he can rattle off the scientific names of ant species in Singapore – like the Polyrhachis beccarii (the golden ant) and the Dinomyrmex gigas (giant forest ant) – and their characteristics with ease.

HOPING TO HELP OTHERS

Mr Low got out of his rut after about two years, through his ants and regular exercise, and is now focused on sustaining his ant colonies and building formicariums, some of which he sells.

These formicariums are typically made of acrylic plastic or aerated cement; the elaborate ones are decorated with crystals. He even has one with a music box inside.

A formicarium can be set up for as little as S$5 and can sell for as much as a four-digit figure, depending on the craftsmanship involved and crystals used.

It costs him less than S$50 a month to feed his ants, with a concoction of chicken, flour and multivitamins, among other things, that he formulated himself. For the ants’ “carbohydrate needs”, he gives them the blackcurrant drink Ribena.

He used to sell his ants but stopped doing so, even though a rare queen Dinomyrmex gigas can cost €1,000 (S$1,580) on the European black market.

He preferred to concentrate on acquiring and sharing knowledge about ants with the local community, including children.

He thinks that by educating more people about ant-keeping, he can “give people a glimpse of hope when they feel hopeless or helpless”, like how it helped him to rediscover himself and the natural world.

“My main purpose in starting an ant community is to make people understand that ants can be a pet too, not just pests,” said Mr Low, who now views ants as “sacred creatures” for saving him.

“I also have great ambitions for the ant industry, whether harvesting its eggs for food (a delicacy in Thailand and Mexico, for example), formicarium-making or making ant presentations to school. We can venture into a lot of things.”

Watch the webisode Antman of Singapore here. The documentary Singapore After Dark airs on National Day, at 10.30pm.

Source: CNA/dp


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Man jailed for trying to smuggle magpie-robins into Singapore in a bag

Channel NewsAsia 8 Aug 18;

SINGAPORE: A 25-year-old man was on Wednesday (Aug 8) sentenced to six weeks' jail for trying to smuggle two magpie-robins into Singapore in a bag.

Loly Herianto Tampubolon was also given six weeks' jail for causing unnecessary suffering to the birds. Both sentences will run concurrently, the Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority (AVA) and the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority (ICA) said in a joint statement.

Loly was stopped by authorities on Jul 23 at the Singapore Cruise Centre when ICA officers found the two birds concealed inside his bag.

"AVA found that the manner of transportation was unsuitable and had caused unnecessary suffering to the birds," the statement said. The birds were seized and placed under the care of Jurong Bird Park.

Loly also did not have an AVA import licence.

Those convicted of smuggling animals and birds into Singapore may be fined up to S$10,000, jailed for up to 12 months, or both.

"Animals that are smuggled into Singapore are of unknown health status and may introduce exotic diseases, such as bird flu, into the country," the statement said.

"AVA would like to remind travellers against the illegal import of live animals, birds and insects into Singapore to safeguard public and animal health."

Source: CNA/na(ra)


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Reflecting sun's rays would cause crops to fail, scientists warn

Research shows geoengineering method intended to combat climate change would have adverse effect on agriculture
Fiona Harvey The Guardian 8 Aug 18;

Proposals to combat climate change by reflecting the sun’s rays back into space would cause widespread crop failure, cancelling out any benefits to farming from the reduction in warming, according to new research.

By examining the effects of volcanic eruptions on agriculture – which has a similar effect to proposed artificial methods of scattering solar radiation through aerosols – scientists have concluded that such methods could have unintended consequences.

“[The research was to] find a way to examine the side effects of geoengineering without experimenting on the climate,” said Jonathan Proctor of University of California, Berkeley, lead author of the published in the peer review journal Nature. “[We found] potential adverse effect on agricultural production.”

But he said there could be other positive effects that were less easy to capture.

The findings deal another blow to proposals to use to reduce or delay global warming, which some scientists think may be necessary to stave off the worst effects of rising greenhouse gas emissions.

Spraying or injecting tiny airborne particles into the stratosphere has been regarded as one of the prime possibilities for geoengineering, by reflecting some of the sun’s rays back into space before they can warm the Earth.

Facebook Twitter Pinterest Solar geoengineering aims to cool the Earth by injecting reflective particles, shown in blue, into the high atmosphere. Photograph: Jonathan Proctor and Solomon Hsiang/Nature
The scientists studied the eruption of El Chichón in Mexico in 1982 and the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, both of which caused large quantities of sulphate particles to enter the stratosphere. This created a “veil” which reduced the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface.

In the study, the researchers examined the aerosol levels, solar radiation and crop yields. The deflection of sunlight had a negative effect on the yields of many staple crops, including rice, wheat and maize. They concluded that the impacts on crops of sending particles deliberately into the stratosphere would probably be similar, and that the beneficial effects on crop yields from the resulting cooling would be “essentially negated” by the loss in crops due to the reduction in sunlight, failing to remove the threat climate change poses to agriculture and food security.

Hugh Hunt, reader in engineering at Cambridge University, who was not involved in the research, said solar radiation management [SRM] was “no magic bullet”, but the effects should be compared with doing nothing. “We may well decide to use SRM to slow or reverse the melting of Arctic sea ice and to preserve the Greenland ice sheet. We will then be glad to have saved valuable land and the homes of millions of people from rising sea levels. Moreover, in an SRM world, agriculture will be sustained by a more stable and predictable climate,” he told the Guardian.

“SRM, rather like chemotherapy, is not something one would wish on a healthy planet. The Earth is sick and it is likely that any cure such as SRM will have unpleasant side effects. What we really ought to be doing is to halt the rise of atmospheric greenhouse gases, not just sometime in the future but now.”

Matthew Watson, of the school of Earth sciences at Bristol University, added: “It’s worth noting that this research only states that SRM would not necessarily improve crop yields and that there are other potential co-benefits and risks that must be carefully considered.”

Previous research has shown that the use of aerosols for geoengineering could have a substantial impact on weather patterns, for instance on the frequency and intensity of hurricanes, or could cause changes in rainfall such as droughts in vulnerable regions.

In the UK, the Spice (stratospheric particle injection for climate engineering) project was set up as a government-funded university collaboration in 2010 to examine the possibilities of aerosol-based geoengineering. It ended in 2015 and is understood to have queried the potential positive impacts of geoengineering, though findings have not yet been published. An experiment to mimic the effects of such a programme was abandoned.

Durwood Zaelke, president of the Institute for Governance and Sustainable Development in the US, who was not involved in the research, pointed out that the effects of sulphate particles can already be seen, as many coal plants which emit sulphates have been closed down. Cutting sulphates can produce a short-term warming effect, because the sulphates can deflect the sun’s rays, while cutting carbon dioxide emissions takes longer to have an effect.

He said: “There are other strategies for managing short-lived climate pollutants we should start with [including] cutting black carbon [soot, from fossil fuel burning], methane and HFC refrigerants. We need to think of climate change mitigation like a staggered race, where short-lived pollutants get a fast start and CO2 reductions eventually catch up and provide more and more cooling.” If these measures were taken, it could reduce temperature rises by up to 0.6C by 2050 and by 1.2C by the end of this century.

The research showed, he concluded, that “maybe we can keep geoengineering on the bench a bit longer while we figure out how to manage it safely”.

Stephen Salter, emeritus professor of engineering design at Edinburgh University, and an advocate of an alternative geoengineering method spraying the air to whiten clouds and increase their reflectivity, said: “The message is that we should not expect great agricultural improvements from stratospheric sulphur but negative results will be moderate. People who are hostile to geoengineering – there are lots of them – will argue that we are stuck with the results of stratospheric sulphur for a year or more and that there might be another Pinatubo or even something like the 1815 Tambora event, which gave the year without a summer.”


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