The menace of mass tourism

A major industry, global tourism is now nothing short of a planet-threatening plague, says ELIZABETH BECKER
Business Times 4 Sep 08;

From Asia to Africa, look-alike resorts and spas are replacing and undermining local culture, and the international quest for vacation houses is forcing local residents out of their homes.

DID you find someplace for your vacation this summer where you could get away from it all and immerse yourself in nature, or whatever it is that you like to do with a free week or two? I didn't think so.

It's getting harder and harder. The world has shrunk - and the tourist legions have exploded. The streets of Paris and Venice are so crowded that you can barely move.

Cruise ships are filling harbours and disgorging hordes of day trippers the world over.

Towering hotels rise in ever-greater numbers along once pristine and empty beaches.

Thanks to globalisation and cheap transportation, there aren't many places where you can travel today to avoid the masses of adventure or relaxation-seekers who seem to alight at every conceivable site. I used to love going back to my old haunt in a Himalayan hill station where, as a student in India in 1970, I climbed those steep, silent paths and watched langur monkeys swinging in the trees outside my window. No longer. Now, Mussoorie is chock-a-block with tourist lodges, garbage and noise; the monkeys are fleeing.

This problem goes far beyond a veteran traveller's complaint that things aren't the way they used to be, or annoyance at sharing the Eiffel Tower or the Taj Mahal with thousands of other photo-snapping tourists loudly asking questions in languages the locals don't understand. What's happening today is of another magnitude.

The places we love are rapidly disappearing. Global tourism today is not only a major industry - it's nothing short of a planet-threatening plague. It's polluting land and sea, destroying wildlife and natural habitat and depleting energy and natural resources. From Asia to Africa, look-alike resorts and spas are replacing and undermining local culture, and the international quest for vacation houses is forcing local residents out of their homes.

It's giving rise to official corruption, wealth inequities and heedless competition. It's even contributing to human rights violations, especially through the scourge of sex tourism.

Look at Cambodia. The monumental temples at Angkor and the beaches on the Gulf of Thailand have made that country a choice destination, especially for Asians, who spent US$1 billion there last year. But the foundations of those celebrated temples are in danger of sinking as the 856,000 tourists who every year crowd into Siem Reap, the nearby town of 85,000, drain the surrounding water table.

Meanwhile, Cambodia's well-connected elite has moved to cash in on the bonanza, conspiring with police and the courts to evict peasants from their rural landscape, which is being transformed by high-end resorts catering to wealthy visitors.

Cambodia's League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights is compiling files that bulge with photographs of thatched-roof houses being burned down while police restrain their traumatised owners. And at night along the riverfront in the capitol of Phnom Penh, the sight of ageing white men holding hands with Cambodian girls young enough to be their granddaughters is ugly evidence of the rampant sex-tourism trade.

All this came as a shock to me. I've been writing about Cambodia for more than 35 years, but I never considered tourism there a serious subject. But when I went back last November, I couldn't avoid the issue. In three short years, tourism had transformed the country. In every interview, the conversation wandered towards tourism, its potential and its abuses. When I went up to Siem Reap, I found the great hall temple of Angkor as crowded, as a colleague said, as a department store sale. Forget tapping into any sense of the divine.

I began researching the global tourism industry and why journalists have allowed it to fly under the radar. Newspapers, the Web and the airwaves are filled with stories celebrating travel; few examine the effects of mass tourism. As Nancy Newhouse, the former New York Times travel editor, told me: 'We never did the ten worst (places to visit), only the ten best.' Most people can't imagine that tourism could be a global menace.

Travel has always been surrounded by an aura of romance. For centuries, beginning with the first tourists on holy pilgrimages, travel has been about adventure and discovery and escape from the pressures of daily life. It wasn't until the end of the 20th century that tourism was added to the list of industries measured in the US gross domestic product.

And the results were a revelation: About US$1.2 trillion of the US$13 trillion US economy is derived from tourism.

Tourism has become the stealth industry of the global era. According to the United Nations, the international tourist count in 1960, at the dawn of the modern era of air travel, was 25 million. By 1970, the figure was up to 165 million. Last year, about 898 million people travelled the globe, and the international tourism industry earned US$7 trillion. (Figures don't include people who vacation in their own countries.)

The UN World Tourism Organization was established as a special agency five years ago with the twin goals of keeping track of the tourism industry and figuring out how poor countries, in particular, can take advantage of the tourist boom without causing their own ruin.

Geoffrey Lipman, the assistant secretary-general of the new organisation, has spent his life studying the industry. 'Tourism,' he told me, 'is arguably the largest cluster of industrial sectors in the world' and needs to be included in any international discussions about eliminating poverty or protecting the environment. If properly conducted - maintaining respect for a country's environment and culture, providing local jobs and a market for local goods - tourism, the United Nations believes, is easily the best way for a poor nation to earn foreign currency.

There are several promising examples of this philosophy at work. The non-profit British National Trust offers tourist rentals in restored cottages and historic mansions and then uses the money to buy more land and properties to preserve and protect. The African nation of Namibia, meanwhile, has created what it calls 'community-based tourism', which manages more than 10 million hectares of wildlife preserves, opening much of the land to tourism - hunting or photo safaris, birding and white-water rafting - that employs local residents and has dramatically reduced poaching.

Most of the tourism industry, however, is heading in the opposite direction. Tourism is now responsible for 5 per cent of the world's pollution, according to a recent study.

Cruise ships are one of the biggest culprits. These floating hotels create three times more pollution per passenger mile than aeroplanes. Years of cruises have helped spoil the water of the Caribbean, which, according to the UN, absorbs half the waste dumped in the world's oceans. Now these ships are venturing into already fragile polar waters. Last year, Norway banned all cruise ships from visiting its region of the Arctic Circle.

Beach erosion has been swift. After the South Asian tsunami in 2004, fishermen were told to move their homes away from the beaches, but luxury hotel chains with clout were allowed to rebuild near the water's edge. In the US, the upswing in violent hurricanes hasn't put a dent in the number of vacation homes being built by the sea.

'Essentially every tropical island is in danger,' the National Geographic Society's Jonathan Tourtellot told me. In poorer nations, unregulated tourist developments have put unbearable strains on scant resources, especially water. High-end tourists often waste more water in a day with frequent showers and toilet flushes than some local families use in a month.

Then there's the fear that over time, major tourist destinations will become virtual ghost towns. Residents of Venice went on strike last spring to block licences for more hotels; the city of canals is now so expensive that many locals have been pushed out, helping cut the permanent population nearly in half.

This summer, the British government issued a report on rural living that included a serious warning that the rich were buying so many vacation homes in the countryside that many local residents couldn't afford to live in their villages any more.

But of all the ills brought on by mass travel, none is as odious as sex tourism. The once-hidden trade is now open and global, with ever- younger girls and boys being forced into prostitution. The US Department of Justice estimates that sex tourism provides from 2 to 14 per cent of the gross national incomes of countries such as Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines.

The US has taken a lead in attempts to eliminate sex tourism, but otherwise, it has stayed out of the tourism debate, mostly viewing tourism as a private matter.

Don't be surprised if the next international agreement on climate change mentions the role of tourism, or if some countries start regulating tourism along with the environment, because the two go hand-in-hand.

In fact, you'd better hope that they do - if you ever again want to find that cool vacation spot where you can get away from it all. -- LAT-WP

Elizabeth Becker, the author of 'When the War Was Over: Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge Revolution', studied media coverage of tourism at Harvard's Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy