How Fast Can Microbes Clean Up the Gulf Oil Spill?

New research suggests bacteria in the deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico may be eating oil plumes quickly
David Biello Scientific American 24 Aug 10;

These are boom times for oil-eating microbes in the deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico, thanks to BP's Deepwater Horizon accident that has added some 600 million liters of hydrocarbons to those waters. And now research published online in Science on August 24 shows that an array of new and unclassified oil-eating bacteria are feasting on the newly rich resource of hydrocarbons.

Microbial ecologist Terry Hazen of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and his colleagues used two ships to collect 200 samples from 17 deep water locations between May 25 and June 2. The samples revealed a broad array of microbes, closely related to those of the Oceanospirillales family that includes such oil eaters as Oleispirea antarctica, Oceaniserpentilla haliotis and Thalassolituus oleivorans. These new microbes—led by one particular unusually long (20 microns), yet to be named species that made up more roughly 95 percent of the community responding to the spill—had consumed roughly 8 percent of the available oxygen in these cold, deep waters as they busily converted hydrocarbons into more microbial cells, limited only by a lack of iron. As a result, oxygen saturation at depth dropped from an average of 67 percent to 59 percent while microbial cell concentrations doubled to 5,510 cells per milliliter compared with just 2,730 cells per milliliter outside the plume. So far, no one has measured an impact on other ocean life from the drop in oxygen, which is unexpectedly small, a fact that Hazen ascribes to the dispersed nature of the oil plume. "Concentrations of oil in this deep plume are so low that we don't see oxygen depletion," he explains.

The microbes did this at extremely low temperatures—4.7 degrees Celsius—that slow ordinary bacterium's metabolism as well as under high pressures. And it was a group of roughly 16 gamma-Proteobacteria species doing the bulk of the work. Genetic testing revealed these microbes engaged the same cellular equipment as known oil-eaters, such as Alcanivorax borkumensis from the Oceanospirillales order, to break down the hydrocarbons. Large quantities of the various genes necessary to such oil-eating work were found in hydrocarbon-contaminated waters compared to untainted waters.

The scientists also found that the microbes were making quick work of many of the hydrocarbons in the deep sea plumes. Alkanes, for instance—a hydrocarbon easily digested by such bacteria—could be consumed in as little as a day. In fact, the alkanes in these samples lasted, at best, roughly six days in the presence of microbes. Hazen and his colleagues attribute that quick work to the large contingent of such volatile hydrocarbons that are readily biodegradeable in the Louisiana light sweet crude spilled as well as the breaking up of the oil into small particles by chemical dispersants.

"Microbes eat [hydrocarbons] like we eat at a buffet: they like some compounds better than others," explained marine chemist Chris Reddy of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution during an August 19 press conference announcing the existence of such oil plumes—though their findings also published in Science suggested microbes were consuming the plume slowly in late June due to low levels of oxygen depletion. "They leave behind a fingerprint of what they chose to eat," Reddy explained.

In fact, some scientists disagree with the analysis of the biodegradation rates by Hazen and his colleagues. "The microbiology is very convincing," but the extrapolation to the rate of hydrocarbon consumption "is potentially flawed and gives the wrong impression," says biogeochemist David Valentine of the University of California, Santa Barbara, who is also attempting to characterize the microbial response to the oil spewing from BP's Macondo 252 well in the Gulf of Mexico. "They are probably measuring the dilution time for the early plume, more so than the biodegradation rate." In other words, the microbes don't eat the alkanes in the hydrocarbon plume in less than a week; rather these compounds get diluted among all the trillions of gallons of seawater in the Gulf.

Hazen agrees that dilution is a factor. But "there's a lot of biodegradation going on. Clearly we've shown that in the changes in the hydrocarbon ratios," he argues. "The only way that can change is by biodegradation."

Hazen's work on the oil spill sprang from techniques developed as part of BP's $500 million grant to the Energy Biosciences Institute—a research and development joint effort between LBNL, University of California, Berkeley and the University of Illinois–Urbana-Champaign. "This is what enabled us to immediately tell BP we have this whole program, do you want us to come down and help," Hazen says. "They invited us down."

Continued sampling by Hazen and his team—who have been taking samples since late May and will continue to do so in coming weeks, including sediment cores near the well itself—reveals that the plume may now be gone, thanks to the microbes' work and dilution. "For the last three weeks, we haven't been able to find anything in the deep water," he says. "We can't detect anything. It's mostly biodegradation probably."

And scientists agree that one thing is clear: the microbes of the deep Gulf of Mexico were ready to handle an oil spill. Hazen, who has studied previous oil spill sites, notes that natural oil seeps in the region ensure a constant presence of such cold-loving oil-eaters. "There's the equivalent of an Exxon-Valdez worth of oil going into the Gulf every year and that's been going on for millions of years," Hazen says. "These microbes have evolved to take advantage of that and outcompete everybody else."

New bacteria degrades oil faster, in deep, cold water: study
Yahoo News 25 Aug 10;

WASHINGTON (AFP) – A new species of bacteria found in the Gulf of Mexico degrades oil faster at deeper and colder depths than expected, scientists said Tuesday in a study that could explain how the BP oil spill has mostly disappeared.

The bacteria not only speeds up the bio-degradation of crude oil, but does it without depleting vital oxygen levels in the water, said the scientists who analyzed in May a plume of oil at a depth of 1,000-1,200 meters (3,600-4,000 feet), extending 16 kilometers (10 miles) out from the broken BP wellhead.

"Our findings, which provide the first data ever on microbial activity from a deepwater dispersed oil plume, suggest that a great potential for intrinsic bioremediation of oil plumes exists in the deep-sea," said Terry Hazen, a microbial ecologist with Berkeley Lab's Earth Sciences Division and lead author of the study.

"These findings also show that psychrophilic (cold temperature) oil-degrading microbial populations and their associated microbial communities play a significant role in controlling the ultimate fates and consequences of deep-sea oil plumes in the Gulf of Mexico," he added.

The bacteria live in waters as cold as five degrees Celsius (41 Fahrenheit) in a relatively unexplored microbial habitat in the Gulf of Mexico, where the pressure is enormous and there is normally little carbon present.

Once the BP wellhead was plugged on July 15, nearly three months after an explosion unleashed the worst oil spill in US history, US government investigators said 74 percent of the more than four million barrels of oil that leaked had evaporated, biodegraded or was recovered by mechanical means.

The Berkeley study attributed the faster than expected oil degradation in such cold water, in part, to "the nature of Gulf light crude, which contains a large volatile component that is more biodegradable."

Other accelerating factors, the scientists added, may have been the chemical dispersant Corexit used by BP at the source of the leak -- at 1,500 meters (nearly 5,000 feet) -- which broke up the oil into smaller particles, as well as the low overall concentrations of oil in the plume studied.

"In addition, frequent episodic oil leaks from natural seeps in the Gulf seabed may have led to adaptations over long periods of time by the deep-sea microbial community that speed up hydrocarbon degradation rates," they said.

The study also dispelled some oceanographers' fear that the oil bio-degradation would deplete oxygen levels in the water, creating so-called "dead-zones" where life cannot be sustained.

The Berkeley study found that oxygen saturation outside the plume was 67-percent while within the plume it was 59-percent.

The study published in the online edition of Science magazine contradicts the results of a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution research published Friday by the same magazine that said oil degradation would be slower in the cold depths of the Gulf.

It also appears to refute a University of Georgia study from a week ago that said 80 percent the oil leaked into the Gulf was still drifting beneath the surface of the Gulf posing and slowly decomposing, posing a significant threat to ecosystems in the area.