Winged wonders of the forest on the wane

Seeds of dipterocarp trees not germinating, likely due to fragmented forests: NUS study
Carolyn Khew Straits Times 7 Apr 17;

Those old enough will remember the fruit of the kapur tree spinning as it falls gently to the ground.

The tree is from the dipterocarp family and four of its members are in danger of disappearing here. The Shorea macroptera and Dipterocarpus kunstleri are listed as internationally critically endangered, while Shorea pauciflora and Dipterocarpus sublamellatus are internationally endangered.

In the first conducted study of dipterocarp fruit production in Singapore, researchers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) found that one-third of the seeds produced by four species of dipterocarp trees in Singapore's nature reserves did not germinate.

Wings on the fruit of the dipterocarp, or "two-winged fruit" in Greek, cause it to spin. This helps it to stay in the air longer so it can be carried farther away from its parent.

With a great diversity of leaf forms and some 600 species in the region, dipterocarps can grow up to 80m tall. But many of these forests have diminished over the years.

Dipterocarps, once abundant in Singapore, have also disappeared because of deforestation. Less than 2 per cent of Singapore's original forests remain today.

This has led to fragmented forests and the NUS research suggests that it could be because of this that many of the dipterocarp seeds are not actually viable.

The research was featured together with other dipterocarp studies last month in a special issue in science journal Plant Ecology And Diversity.

"They showed no signs of damage - not eaten by rodents or insects. But they were found not to germinate at all despite repeated visits over three to five months," said Dr Chong Kwek Yan, a senior tutor at NUS' Department of Biological Sciences.

"They may not have been able to initiate germination because of inbreeding."

Conducted from July to August in 2014 following a dry spell a few months before, the study aimed to find out what would happen to seeds following a mass masting event, or mass fruiting.

Researchers set up seed traps, collecting more than 3,000 seeds around the MacRitchie forest and observed if they grew and what kind of predators ate them.

In pre-1800 Singapore, the main primary forest cover, aside from mangrove and freshwater swamp forests, was the lowland dipterocarp forest, said Dr Lena Chan, group director of the National Biodiversity Centre at the National Parks Board (NParks).

However, the primary lowland dipterocarp forest diminished over the years due to timber extraction and clearing of forest for gambier and pepper plantations.

"As dipterocarp trees have a slow natural reproduction and regeneration rate, they require a long period of time before they can become established in any adjacent secondary forest," said Dr Chan.

"Almost all remaining naturally grown dipterocarp trees are restricted to patches of primary forests in the nature reserves."

According to research centre Biodiversity International's website, systematic logging of the largest and most fruitful trees reduces the rate of seed production and increases the risk of inbreeding and diversity loss.

According to NParks, dipterocarps, also known as forest giants, are iconic trees that constitute the backbone of Indo-Malayan rainforests. A long-term plan is needed to conserve Singapore's natural heritage, said Dr Chong. This would involve nurturing seedlings in nurseries, for instance, before replanting them in the forest.

He added: "These forest giants remind me of our place, geographically, in the natural world. If they go extinct in Singapore, then we would have lost an important link with the rest of South-east Asia."


NParks' move to help native dipterocarp trees bloom again
Carolyn Khew Straits Times 7 Apr 17;

The National Parks Board (NParks) has made dipterocarp trees one of its priorities in its species recovery programme, said Dr Lena Chan, group director of NParks' National Biodiversity Centre.

Today, there are more than 24,000 dipterocarp trees across over 170 species (out of 386 species native to the region) planted along Singapore's streetscapes, parks, the Singapore Botanic Gardens and nature reserves.

Of these, nearly 7,000 can be found in the primary forests of Bukit Timah and Central Catchment Nature Reserves, said Dr Chan.

Seeds of various species are collected and propagated in NParks' Native Plant Centre in the Pasir Panjang Nursery.

More than 500 dipterocarp seedlings across 20 species have been propagated at the nursery. Some of these are critically endangered locally, such as Hopea sangal, said Dr Chan.

As part of conservation and education efforts, NParks also established Singapore's first Dipterocarp Arboretum in Yishun Park in 2008, which showcases more than 800 trees across some 70 species.

"Over the years, various species of dipterocarp trees have been introduced to our streetscapes and parks, such as the Southern Ridges' Sembcorp Forest of Giants, Fort Canning Park, Punggol Waterway Park and Woodlands Waterfront Park," said Dr Chan.

"Dipterocarp saplings such as Dipterocarpus caudatus and Dipterocarpus sublamellatus have also been collected from the forest, grown and planted back in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve as part of reforestation efforts."

Next year, visitors can look forward to the Gallop Arboretum in the Learning Forest at the Singapore Botanic Gardens. It will feature some 2,000 dipterocarp trees comprising about 200 species.

Carolyn Khew