Birth control to combat malaria

Bethany Bell, BBC News 15 Jun 09;

Mosquito bites can be deadly.

Anopheles mosquitoes carry the parasite that causes malaria, a disease which kills around a million people every year.

Traditionally mosquito populations have been controlled by pesticides.

But scientists at the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) are working on another method - using radiation to sterilize male mosquitoes.

The sterile insect technique (SIT) has worked well in reducing tsetse flies and some other insect pests, such as fruit flies.

The IAEA scientists are now trying to adapt the technique to the anopheles mosquito.

Birth control

Mark Benedict, a medical entomologist at the IAEA, says SIT is "birth control" for insects.

"The idea is to produce large numbers of male mosquitoes that are sexually sterile," he said.

"Those males will be released into the wild and find virgin female mosquitoes and they will mate with them."

A female usually only mates once in her life so if her partner has been sterilized none of the hundreds of eggs she lays will hatch.

Sterilization takes just a couple of minutes.

Mosquito pupae are gathered into a metal pot and are lowered into a machine, where they are exposed to radiation.

When they come out they are sexually sterile.

In the hot and humid laboratories at the IAEA, the team is trying to develop methods of raising male mosquitoes that are strong enough to survive the irradiation - and sexy enough to attract females out in the wild.

They are also working on ways to transport and release them in the wild.

Field project

Preparations for a pilot field project in Northern Sudan are underway to test the feasibility of SIT for mosquitoes.

The area is marked by extreme desert, but humans, livestock and wild mosquitoes live along the edge of the Nile River.

Despite a relatively small number of mosquitoes, there are high levels of malaria transmission there.

Mark Benedict says the sterilized pupae will be released along the river banks where the wild mosquitoes breed.

"That will give us a good idea of over what area we can release and what population densities we can see controlled" he says.

It is early days but Mark Benedict is optimistic about the prospects of SIT.

It is hoped that along with other tactics such as insecticide treated bed-nets, the technique can work as a tool in the fight against malaria.

The technique is "very well suited to elimination and eradication programmes."

"What we need to do now is get one or two projects off the ground, measure the potential and see where we can take it from there," he said.


Read more!

Sharks and shark fin soup

What will it take for the food to be outlawed?
David Canavan, The Bangkok Post 16 Jun 09;

A letter was published recently in the Bangkok Post's Postbag about shark fin soup and how the writer was disgusted with the fact that the Bangkok Post had previously mentioned that shark fin soup was available at various restaurants throughout Bangkok.

The writer thought that the Bangkok Post was advocating the sale of shark fin soup and was horrified that it would do such a thing. I confess I never read the article, but I do have very strong feelings on the matter.

Simply put, finning - the act of cutting off a shark's fins for the shark fin soup trade - is appalling. Not only is it barbaric, it is an eco-catastrophe of humongous proportions.

Finning for soup

There are around 50 million sharks killed by humans each year, but that may be a conservative estimate, given the existence of the illegal fishing trade. There may well be many more millions killed, especially for their fins.

When a shark is caught for its fins, it is hauled onto a boat, where its dorsal, pectoral and tail fins are removed. Then it is thrown back into the ocean, often alive, and left to bleed to death, drown or be eaten alive by other fishes. This is wanton brutality.

The worst thing about shark fin soup is that it is happening because of a status issue. Many Chinese eat shark fin soup as a sign of elitism, and it is often served at special occasions like weddings, birthday parties and business dinners. And the irony of it all is that it has no real taste!

The fin is cooked until it breaks down into its cartilaginous threads, a little like transparent noodles. It has flavour only because it is cooked in beef or vegetable stock.

Some people argue that a shark fin has medicinal value, but no scientist would ever confirm this. As is always the case with barbaric wildlife abuses, when the buying stops, the killing can too.

Evolutionary peak

Sharks and rays represent evolution at its finest. They are a branch of fish known as cartilaginous fish, as their support system is composed of cartilage, not bones, unlike the bony fish you may be familiar with.

There are over 360 known species of shark and they have been around in their modern form for about 100 million years. Based on fossil evidence, sharks and their ancestors have been on earth for around 420 million years.

All sharks are carnivorous, with most being streamlined and sleek for quick swimming when hunting. Although many people have a fear of sharks, arguably due to the Jaws movies, the vast majority of sharks are not harmful to humans.

The largest shark species is the whale shark, measuring up to an incredible 12m in length, making it the largest fish in the ocean. Yet despite its size, it eats tiny krill and other small invertebrates. The second-largest shark, the basking shark, is also harmless and is a filter feeder like the whale shark.

The largest predatory shark is the great white shark. It can grow to over 6m and has been known to kill people, but surprisingly, the number of deaths is much less than you would imagine. Other sharks that have been known to prey on humans include the oceanic whitetip shark, the tiger shark and the bull shark.

Despite these apparently ferocious animals living in our seas, oceans and, in the case of bull sharks, even rivers, there are only about four to five human deaths per year. Compare that to the over 50 million shark deaths caused by humans, and then ask yourselves who the real predators are.

Odd adaptations

With over 360 species, there is still a lot to be discovered about sharks. Some strange shark species include the dwarf lanternshark, which is the smallest known species, with adults rarely exceeding 20cm in length!

There is also the very odd-looking wobbegong shark, which lies motionless on the bottom of the sea, waiting for any passing fish to strike at. Although this doesn't quite fit the streamlined approach common to many sharks, it is still an efficient predator.

The 7m Greenland shark is a huge deep-ocean monster. Although not harmful to humans and very sluggish, it does feed on large mammals. Strangely, in all the Greenland shark adults, there is a parasitic copepod, a small crustacean, which attaches itself to the cornea of the eyes of the shark and feeds on the eye tissue! This makes the sharks nearly blind, yet they all have them!

A strange adaptation of sharks is that they don't have a swim bladder. This means that if they stop swimming they will sink! Many also have to constantly swim in order to obtain oxygen through their gills. Many beaches have shark nets to prevent sharks from getting to swimmers, and sharks that get caught in them often drown. It seems odd that you can drown a fish, but, sadly, it is true.

The skin of sharks is covered with teeth-like structures. If you rub a shark from head to tail, it will feel smooth, but if you stroke its skin in the opposite direction the skin will feel very rough and can even cut your hand! These dermal denticles reduce water resistance while the shark is swimming.

Shark's teeth constantly replace themselves throughout the life of the animal. They have many layers of teeth that rotate to the edge of their mouth, kind of like a conveyor belt. When the teeth get old or become worn out, the new rows of teeth behind simply roll forward and take their place. Therefore, sharks can have thousands of teeth in their lifetime, all of which are shaped and adapted to the kinds of food the shark eats.

Sharks have a sixth sense and are sensitive to electrical impulses. They have electroreceptor organs in their heads, allowing them to detect the movements of fish.

The most stunning example of an adaptation in the animal kingdom is arguably the hammerhead shark. It is the most sensitive animal in the world to electrical impulses. Its sensors are located all across the front of its oddly shaped head. It uses them to sense the impulses given off by a struggling fish.

The most bizarre feature of sharks is that if you turn them upside down, they go into a state of torpor, a kind of sleep!

Shark researchers often catch sharks and turn them upside down so that they can record information relating to the creatures without having to drug them. There are even people who try to do this with great whites, but it is not an easy task!

Dave Canavan has an MSc in Behavioural Ecology and is the Head of Secondary at Garden International School. Dave is fascinated by science and loves animals, especially the dangerous kind! You may contact Dave at davidc@gardenbangkok.com .


Read more!

Fishing net injury 'disables' minke whale

Matt Walker, BBC News 15 Jun 09;

An injured minke whale has provided a unique insight into the dangers posed to marine animals by fishing gear.

The minke whale was spotted off the coast of Quebec, Canada, with a huge scar around its throat thought to be caused by floating rope. What's more, it fed in a way never before recorded for minke whales, probably in response to its injury.

The sighting is one of the first to detail the handicaps that can be caused to animals that become entangled.

Earth News reports the development as part of a series of articles highlighting the dangers fishing nets pose to marine animals.

Previously, we described how

Now marine biologist Brian Kot of the University of California and colleagues working for the Mingan Island Cetacean Study non-profit research organisation have published details in Marine Mammal Science of a minke whale that has been badly scarred by fishing gear.

Spotted of the coast of Longue-Pointe-de-Mingan, Quebec, in the Gulf of St Lawrence, the minke whale had a deep laceration running the circumference of its feeding pouch, from near its throat up both sides of its head close to each eye.

The cut ran through the whale's skin and into its blubber, in parts exposing the muscle underneath.

"The width of the laceration was very similar to the ropes from crab pots that are set by fishermen in my study area," says Kot.

Crab pots set on the seafloor are baited and held by a rope leading up to the surface, which is attached to a buoy. Often a series of cages are connected by floating ropes that are thought to entangle whales.

Kot and his team observed and videoed the injured minke feeding on schools of capelin for over 80 minutes.

An analysis of the video showed that the minke, which lunged into the fish schools 50 times, had no problem accelerating into each lunge.

But the whale often breached in a way never before recorded among minkes.

On 18 of the 50 lunges, the whale breached at an angle of 30 to 45 degrees to the surface, feeding on its right side only, as can be seen in the picture above.

It would then rotate in the air to land upright on its chin. The researchers never saw the whale breach from its left side, or spin in mid air to land on its left. The whale was also unable to distend its feeding pouch as far as other healthy whales.

"The injury seemed to affect the expansion of the ventral pouch and I noticed a unique lunge-feeding behaviour that has not been previously described in the scientific literature," says Kot.

Despite often seeing the same whales repeatedly in his study area in the Gulf of St Lawrence, Kot has not seen the injured minke whale again, so he doesn't know what long-term impact the wounds had.

"We really don't know what happened to it. Perhaps the injured animal left the area and survived or perished some time in the future."

However, the sighting of the minke whale is valuable as it's "one of the first to show the effect of an entanglement-like injury in a live animal," says Kot.

By some estimates, fishing gear poses the greatest threat to whales.

Yet little is actually known about the impact fishing that gear has on the survival of these ocean giants.

In particular, almost nothing is known about the non-lethal impact caused by entanglement injuries.

"Cetacean entanglements involving various kinds of fishing gear have been a global concern for many years," says Kot.

"However, with the steadily increasing demand for food, fishing pressure in the world's oceans has increased the amount of gear that whales can potentially encounter."

And many coastal fisheries operate exactly where the smaller and more vulnerable species of whale and dolphin range.

"Some of the largest whales, such as blue or fin, can sometimes free themselves from entanglements due to their size and strength," Kot explains. "Smaller whales like minke likely don't have this ability."

And most small whales that do get trapped probably drown and sink, never to be found by anyone, including the fishermen who own the net, he says.


Read more!

Australia to oppose Japan coastal whaling plan

Rob Taylor, Reuters 15 Jun 09;

CANBERRA (Reuters) - Australia will oppose a compromise deal that would allow Japan to resume coastal whaling in return for scaling back its annual whale hunt near Antarctica, Environment Minister Peter Garrett said on Monday.

An International Whaling Commission (IWC) panel is seeking an agreement at its annual meeting next week to allow Japan to hunt minke whales off its coast in exchange for cutting back its controversial yearly "scientific" hunt.

"Australia and other countries have very serious concerns about this proposal," Garrett said in a speech at the Australian National University in the leadup to the meeting in Madeira, Portugal.

"Australia does not view trying to legitimize scientific whaling or simply shifting the killing of whales from one part of the world to another as solutions to the issues confronting the IWC or as a means to advance whale conservation," he said.

Australia, which has threatened international legal action against Japan, would push at Madeira for scientific whaling to be brought under the umbrella of the IWC, set up in 1946 in an attempt to preserve whale stocks near extinction, Garrett said.

Tokyo unilaterally introduced "scientific" whaling to skirt an IWC worldwide moratorium on commercial whaling in 1986, arguing it had a right to monitor the impact whales had on its fishing industry.

Japan will come under fresh pressure from anti-whaling nations including Britain and the United States in Madeira to abandon what it says is a cherished cultural tradition.

Environmentalists say the annual cull of close to 1,000 whales, some of them endangered species, is camouflage for commercial whaling, with most of the meat from the catch ending up on the dinner table.

Anti-whaling nations are also concerned by warnings from fisheries officials in South Korea that Seoul could consider resuming whaling off its shores if the IWC approves a plan for neighbor Japan to conduct coastal whaling.

Garrett said Canberra was holding open the option of a legal challenge to whaling in an international court, but was first seeking a diplomatic solution with its largest trade partner.

Both countries have exchanged diplomatic barbs over whaling in recent years, with Japan demanding Australia take stronger action to curb the protests of hardline anti-whaling activists, which have led to shipping collisions.

"The government's preference is for a diplomatic solution because we believe that at present greater progress can be made, and more quickly, through the IWC," Garrett said.

"We do not rule out the use of legal options if, at the end of the day, Japan does not join us."

(Editing by Dean Yates)


Read more!

Seventh Sumatran elephant killed in Indonesia

AFP 15 Jun 09;

JAKARTA, Indonesia (AFP) — Poachers may have used poisoned pineapples to kill an endangered Sumatran elephant for its valuable tusks, environmental group WWF said Monday.

The male was found dead in a pulp plantation in Riau province, Sumatra, last Friday with its tusks removed, WWF spokeswoman Syamsidar told AFP, the seventh recent suspected victim of poachers.

"Pineapple fibres were found in its stomach. The fruit could have been poisoned," she added.

Six other Sumatran elephants had been killed in Riau in the last two months and two were found with missing tusks, Syamsidar said.

"We believe it could be the work of poachers. Cut pieces of ivory could be sold for five million rupiah (495 dollars) a kilogramme and whole tusks for 25 to 30 million rupiah a kilogramme," Syamsidar said.

"We want the authorities to take firm action against the poachers because the Sumatran elephants are an endangered species and must be protected."

Conflicts between wild animals and humans are on the rise on Sumatra, where legal and illegal logging is rapidly reducing the tropical jungle.

There are about 2,400 to 2,800 Sumatran elephants in Indonesia, of which 200 to 250 are in Riau, she added.


Read more!

Code of conduct urged for Africa farm land grabs

Muchena Zigomo, Reuters 15 Jun 09;

CAPE TOWN (Reuters) - African countries may need to put in place a code of conduct to govern farmland purchases on the continent by foreigners, an agribusiness conference heard on Monday.

In a bid to overcome reliance on food imports, countries in Asia and the Gulf have been at the forefront of farmland purchases in the world's poorest continent, where millions survive on subsistence farming.

But these so-called "land grabs" have drawn sharp criticism from land activists -- who raised concerns of exploitation -- as well as some international donor agencies, the African Union and the European Union.

Marilou Uy, sector director for the World Bank's Africa Financial and Private Sector Development Department, said African states would need to set up rules to govern farm land purchases to protect themselves from possible exploitation.

"It is quite apparent that the upsurge in interest, especially among foreign investors and large scale enterprises in land acquisition might need a code of conduct," she said.

"This code of conduct might need to bring a clear understanding on a wide range of matters from land policy, social development...governance and transparency."

Idit Miller, vice-president and managing director of the European Marketing Research Center, said a code of conduct would likely be the only way to ensure that the benefit from farmland deals was mutual for both governments and investors.

"It starts with the governments and once they say 'these are the conditions tied to our land' then foreign investors will have no choice but to pay attention," she told Reuters.

Lobby groups have urged more caution from governments selling farm land to foreigners, warning that some of the deals could lead to social unrest.

The Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), led by former U.N. chief Kofi Annan, said last week governments needed to consult widely, especially with small farmers, before signing deals that may increase poverty.

International agencies report that since 2004 about $920 million has been spent to buy or lease nearly 2.5 million hectares (6.2 million acres) of farmland in five sub-Saharan African countries.

(Editing by Sue Thomas)


Read more!

Paul McCartney urges 'meat-free days' to tackle climate change

Martin Hickman, The Independent 15 Jun 09;

Chargrilled asparagus and lemon tart – that's the vegetarian menu for a glamorous cast of musicians, actors, writers and artists starting a mass movement today to limit meat eating and combat climate change.

With his daughters, Stella and Mary, Sir Paul McCartney is behind Meat Free Monday, which aims to persuade people to go veggie once a week to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the world's livestock, among the most serious contributors to global warming.

"We should care about climate change because if we don't, we are going to leave our children and their children in a hell of a mess," Sir Paul told The Independent, which has been given exclusive details of the launch.

The McCartneys have attracted support from across the worlds of showbusiness, science, business and the environment. The singer Chris Martin, Hollywood stars Kevin Spacey and Woody Harrelson, actress Joanna Lumley and Sir Richard Branson are advocating meat-free Mondays.

Support has also come from comedians Ricky Gervais, David Walliams and Matt Lucas, the poet Benjamin Zephaniah and Vogue editor Alexandra Shulman.

Another supporter, Sir David King, the Government's former chief scientist, said: "The carbon and water footprints associated with producing beef are about 20 times larger than maize production. Eating less meat will help the environment."

The UN and Britain are concerned about the environmental impact of livestock, although the Government has shied away from urging people to eat less meat. Vast swathes of the Amazon rainforest are being cut down to make way for cattle ranches and to grow soy for feed. Belching from cows emits vast amounts of methane, which has 21 times the greenhouse effect of carbon dioxide.

According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation, meat is responsible for 18 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions, more than transport's 13 per cent. Dr Rajendra Pachauri, the chairman of the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, has suggested one vegetarian day a week.

Sir Paul, a life-long vegetarian, said: "Many of us feel helpless in the face of environmental challenges, and it can be hard to know how to sort through the advice about what we can do to make a meaningful contribution to a cleaner, more sustainable, healthier world. Having one designated meat-free day a week is a meaningful change that everyone can make, that goes to the heart of several important political, environmental and ethical issues all at once."

Kelly Osbourne, Laura Bailey, Sharleen Spiteri and Zac Goldsmith, and more than 40 other celebrities will launch the campaign at Inn the Park in St James's Park, central London.

To make vegetarianism a more practical choice, the chefs Oliver Peyton, Giorgio Locatelli, Skye Gyngell and Arthur Potts Dawson are starting meat-free menus beside their usual ones on Mondays. The food writers Nigel Slater and Mark Hix have written recipes for the website, supportmfm.org. Stella McCartney, also a life-long vegetarian, said: "Whether you eat meat or not, you can be part of this decision to limit the meat industry destroying our planet's resources." Her elder sister, Mary, described the change as "an achievable goal."

Sir Paul, who has enlisted the support of George Harrison's widow, Olivia, denied he was using the environment to opportunistically support his vegetarianism. "We didn't start this idea," he said. "It was suggested in a report by the United Nations, who are presumably non-vegetarian. It would be a lot easier to not do this but the link has been established by many scientists and authorities on the subject and it seems wrong to simply ignore it. The issue won't go away."

Carnal knowledge The meat industry

*Meat is a "major stressor" on the world's ecosystems, according to a UN report

*Meat makes 1.4 per cent of global GDP but 18 per cent of greenhouse gases

*Forty calories of fossil fuel energy go into producing a calorie of beef, but 2.2 calories for one calorie of plant protein

*Livestock production uses 8 per cent of the world's fresh water

*One billion people are overweight, mostly in the West, where meat consumption is higher. Vegetarians tend to be slimmer

*The World Cancer Research Fund recommends eating 500g red meat a week

Source: United Nations, Meat Free Monday


Read more!

Food is the new fur for the celebrity with a conscience

Actors, designers, pop stars have all got behind the hot new ethical campaign: food. From saving species to investigating conditions for pigs, star quality is pushing it to the foreground

Jay Rayner, The Observer 14 Jun 09;

It is, by anybody's standards, an arresting image: a truly beautiful photograph of a luscious, radiant creature, all shiny eyes and silky skin. And Greta Scacchi, who is pictured clutching the cod to her naked body, doesn't look bad either. In the months and years to come, this picture, flashed throughout the British media last week, will doubtless come to be seen as the seminal image for a particular moment, when the gruelling, knotty business of campaigning around food issues finally became sexy.

The use of celebrity skin to push an ethical issue is nothing new, of course. In the 1990s, Peta - People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals - convinced a bunch of supermodels, including Naomi Campbell, to appear in the buff under the legend "I'd rather go nude than wear fur". But fur is just so passé. And, in any case, Campbell proved just how fickle the modern celebrity can be by soon deciding that actually, come to think of it, she would much rather wear fur than go nude, and did so on the catwalk in Milan.

Where celebrities are concerned, it seems, food is the new fur. The current set of images featuring Scacchi alongside actress Emilia Fox, director Terry Gilliam and actor Richard E Grant, were launched to back the cinematic release of The End Of The Line, a film about the threat of overfishing - but they are only a part of it. Tomorrow, Paul McCartney and his daughters Stella and Mary are launching a campaign to convince the public to go meat-free for one day a week. Another movie, Food Inc, which looks at the excesses and foul side-effects of industrial food production has just been released in the US and will shortly arrive here. Plus there is a major investigation by environmental campaigner Tracy Worcester into the dark underbelly of the global pig-rearing business which is about to be screened on digital channel More4. Food, and more importantly, really bad food, is hot.

What marks out these campaigns is their sophistication. It began a couple of weeks ago with the news that Nobu, the global high-end chain of Japanese restaurants favoured by the glitterati, was still serving bluefin tuna despite it being an endangered species. The restaurant had added a note to its menu pointing out the threat to the magnificent bluefin and inviting diners to ask for an alternative, but had refused to stop serving it, unlike big-name chefs such as Gordon Ramsay and Jamie Oliver.

This was an old story; it had first been reported in September. It reared its head again because it features in The End Of The Line, the film version of a book by respected journalist Charles Clover.

Cue a letter from a familiar roster of celebrities - Jemima Goldsmith, Trudie Styler, Elle Macpherson - demanding Nobu remove it from their menus so they could eat at the restaurant with a clear conscience. Stephen Fry took to twittering about the issue. "It's astounding lunacy to serve up endangered species for sushi," he later said. "There's no justification for peddling extinction, yet that is exactly what Nobu is doing in its restaurants around the world." For its part, Nobu has refused to change its policy; apparently it feels it can do without the custom of Trudie and Stephen.

The producers of The End of The Line weren't finished, though. Clover had been discussing how to publicise the film with Nicholas Rohl and Elizabeth Bennett, friends of his who run the highly regarded ethical London sushi restaurant Soseki and who have helped pioneer sustainable fishing methods. "It was they who suggested getting celebrities on board," Clover says. "It was basically using celebrities to shame other celebrities and I'm rather keen on that."

Nicholas Rohl, who as well as co-owning Soseki is a screenwriter, has long known Scacchi. "I contacted her and she opened up her address book," he says. "It took us two or three weeks to set up. We sent out hundreds of emails and made hundreds of calls, but eventually we got the names together."

The photographer Rankin agreed to take the shots. Richard E Grant, pictured bare-chested with two feet of lovely, silvery, long-snouted fish, says he was motivated to get behind the campaign by his 30 years of scuba diving. "Commercial sea-floor dredging is an abomination," he says. "And free celebrity endorsement is the cheapest way to publicise an issue without wasting valuable funds, which are better spent on the cause itself."

Clover agrees. "The fact is that if you want to put an issue into the popular mind you have to get it into Heat magazine," he says. Scacchi even appeared on the Today programme to argue the case. "She's much better suited for doing something like that than me, and catches people's attention in the way I can't," Clover adds. But isn't it frustrating that, because of the way the media work, an actress who knows almost nothing about the subject is favoured over the man who literally wrote the book? Clover says not. "When you start hearing what you've been saying for five years in the mouth of someone who didn't know anything about it until five minutes before, it's awesome. It blows your mind."

Food writer and television cook Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall, who has used his shows to argue for improvements in the way cheap chickens are raised in this country, sees nothing intrinsically wrong in non-expert celebrities getting involved. "What matters is how well they carry the message and whether they are in it for the long haul," he explains.

Nevertheless, there are bound to be some complications with celebrity-driven campaigns, not least the way they are, by habit, completely micro-managed. For example, Paul McCartney has sent letters to people in the media inviting them to a lunch tomorrow to launch his meat-free Monday campaign.

"Livestock continues to have a greater impact on climate change than the combined transportation sector," he writes. "This industry amounts to a huge 18% of the global warming effect - a terrifying statistic ... Help us to encourage the nation to reduce their meat intake by cutting it out just one day a week."

It sounds like an eminently sensible idea, but no more can be said about it, because the McCartneys have agreed an exclusive interview deal with another, unnamed newspaper and so will not talk to us, or anybody else for that matter, until tomorrow.

So why are all these campaigns happening now? Fearnley-Whittingstall believes the current burst of interest around food is a direct response to government inaction. "I certainly thought it was worth doing something like the chicken campaign, because government wasn't doing enough," he says. "If you want to save fish stocks or improve conditions for livestock, do you take it to politicians or do you take it to television and cinema? The latter seems the better way to work right now."

He credits Jamie Oliver with paving the way for campaigns like his, both by his efforts to improve school meals and his project to recruit jobless youngsters for his restaurants. "His shows marked a crossover for campaigning TV from dry documentary to more mainstream popular TV," he says. "The crunch question is to what degree the audience are converted."

It is a question Food Inc tries to answer. The feature-length documentary digs deep beneath the glossy, groaning piles of fresh produce in US supermarkets to reveal the less than appetising methods used to produce them - which have been held responsible for fatal outbreaks of e. coli and salmonella. The film is designed to be a wake-up call, its creators say. They include Eric Schlosser, author of Fast Food Nation, and Michael Pollan, author of In Defence of Food, who narrates the movie. "A lot of it is hard to watch," Pollan has said, "but I think people are ready to take a good, unflinching look at how their food is produced."

Naturally it comes with celebrity endorsement from the likes of US chef Alice Waters and lifestyle guru and sometime jailbird Martha Stewart, for no food campaign would be complete without that. But perhaps more intriguing is the 300-page book published alongside the film, full of essays on issues surrounding climate change, the environment and agriculture and offering advice on what consumers can do to make a difference.

"This is one of the most interesting social movements afoot right now," Pollan told Newsweek last week. "The politicians haven't quite recognised it yet. Hopefully this movie will be a part of the change."

Those who regard issues around food, which affect everything from the environment to healthcare and economic sustainability, as one of the greatest challenges currently facing the developed world will hope that he's right. They will also hope that no well-meaning celebrities have a Campbellesque change of heart and are caught feasting on bluefin tuna sashimi with a side order of baby panda rissoles any day soon.
They are what we eat

• Jamie Oliver has campaigned on many food issues. He caught public attention with his Jamie's School Dinners TV series in 2005 which campaigned to improve the standard of school meals. Jamie Saves Our Bacon this year highlighted the plight of many pigs reared in the UK and abroad.

• In 2008 Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall presented Hugh's Chicken Run in which he created three chicken farms, one intensive, one free range, and a community farm staffed by volunteers.

• Eric Schlosser examined the global influence of the US fast food industry in Fast Food Nation, published in 2001. The book was made into a 2006 film, including graphic footage from a slaughterhouse.

• American film-maker Morgan Spurlock demonstrated the health effects of McDonald's food in his documentary Super Size Me by eating nothing but the chain's meals three times a day, every day, for 30 days.

Caroline White


Read more!

An Unsightly Algae Extends Its Grip to a Crucial New York Stream

Anthony Depalma, The New York Times 15 Jun 09;

SHANDAKEN, N.Y. — The Esopus Creek, a legendary Catskill Mountain fly fishing stream that is an integral part of New York City’s vast upstate drinking water system, is one of the latest bodies of water to be infected with Didymosphenia geminata, a fast-spreading single-cell algae that is better known to fishermen and biologists around the world as rock snot.

Although officials had been on the lookout for spreading Didymo, as it is also called, since it was first confirmed in New York two years ago, they had not found it in the Esopus when they canvassed the area last fall. A fly fisherman told state biologists a few weeks ago that he thought he had seen the telltale gray tendrils of Didymo clinging to rocks on the bed of the Esopus here, about 120 miles northwest of Manhattan.

Investigators later confirmed that Didymo had spread along 12 miles of the Esopus from Shandaken to the Ashokan Reservoir. Biologists believe it is being transported by sport fishermen.

Didymo has a natural tendency to grow upstream in fast-moving rivers and creeks, but it can spread by clinging to fishing equipment, especially the felt-bottom waders that fly fishermen use to keep from slipping on river bottoms.

Didymo is considered native to parts of North America, where it was found in higher elevations with cold, nutrient-poor waters. But in the last 20 years, the single-celled diatom seems to have morphed into a more aggressive invasive species, spreading from British Columbia across the continent to New York.

Unlike other algae, which float on the surface, Didymo clings to rocks on the bottom of rivers, streams and lakes. At times it grows furiously in blooms that can cover a river bottom from bank to bank, smothering the stone flies, worms and other organisms that trout and other sport fish live on.

Didymo is not considered harmful to human health, but it can grow in mats so thick that they clog water intakes. And it is not called rock snot for nothing. It grows in long gooey tan, gray and brown masses that resemble wet toilet tissue or sludge. Despite its repulsive appearance, it is not slimy to the touch. Rather, it feels like wet cotton and does not break apart easily.

Didymo caught biologists’ attention in 2004 when it was discovered on South Island in New Zealand. There was no previous record of it in the Southern Hemisphere. But since being found there, it has spread to more than 120 rivers and streams on South Island. Blooms there have severely reduced fish populations and turned wild streams into sludge pits.

Scientists believe that a fisherman from North America who packed his damp waders in a bag might have flown to a remote stream in New Zealand with the tenacious Didymo piggybacking on his boots. Once back in water, it made itself at home.

In an effort to keep it from spreading to the North Island, Fish and Game New Zealand has banned the use of felt-sole waders and made it a crime punishable by up to five years in prison for anyone to knowingly transport Didymo from one stream to another.

In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency considers rock snot an invasive species, as do several states, although none have gone so far as to ban felt-soled waders. However, manufacturers have developed rubber-sole alternatives that have become increasingly popular with fly fishermen.

Sarah A. Spaulding, an ecologist with the United States Geological Survey in Boulder, Colo., who has studied Didymo extensively, said that among the traits of the microorganism is its ability to survive outside water for a day or more, making it easy for anglers to transport it as they move from river to river.

Even more worrisome, when kept in a cool, damp place — like the trunk of a car — Didymo can survive for 90 days in a felt sole, Dr. Spaulding said.

Didymo presents other mysteries. Its destructive blooms are not set off by excess nutrients in the water — often from human byproducts — the way other algae booms are. Didymo can bloom in waters that are nearly pristine.

Dr. Spaulding said that not enough was known about Didymo to say whether its recent geographic spread and more aggressive behavior were caused by environmental changes or genetic mutations, or were simply part of a natural cycle that had never been observed.

Biologists theorize that free-flowing streams are less habitable for Didymo than controlled waters connected to reservoirs because they are regularly scoured clean by raging floodwaters.

Didymo has been found in the waters of the Tennessee Valley Authority and in California. Michael J. Flaherty, regional fisheries director of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, said Didymo had been found on the east and west branches of the Delaware River, the location of two huge reservoirs in the New York City water system. The Esopus Creek also receives water from a New York City reservoir. And Mr. Flaherty said he was worried that Didymo could spread to two of the most famous fly fishing streams in the country, the Beaverkill and the Willowemoc, which are close to the Delaware’s tributaries.

Leslie J. Surprenant, the New York State invasive species management coordinator, said there were no known ways to eradicate Didymo once it was established. The best that can be hoped for, she said, is to slow its spread by informing fishermen and others who use the infected streams.

Local fishing clubs have said the state has not been aggressive enough about posting warning signs at popular fishing access areas and distributing information about rock snot.

On its Web site, New York encourages fishermen to submerge waders in a solution of water and bleach to kill cells before they can spread.

Ms. Surprenant said Didymo was just one invasive species that could be transported by fishermen. Others include the whirling disease parasite, which affects certain species of fish. She said Didymo’s cringe-inducing common name — rock snot — had been helpful because it made fishermen take notice. In a sense, it has become a signature species — one ecologist called it a poster child for what could go wrong in a stream — and by focusing on changing anglers’ behavior to prevent Didymo from spreading, the state can slow the spread of other invasive species.

The message is starting to get out, at least to some groups. Alfred Marchetti, a retired chemist who was out fishing with friends on the Esopus recently, did not know the name Didymo but said he knew all about how dangerous rock snot could be. He and his friends were on a “five rivers in five days” fishing trip in the Catskills, and they said they were dunking their waders in a washtub filled with water and bleach as soon as they got back to camp.

The Federation of Fly Fishers, a national organization, discourages the use of bleach because it could contaminate streams and because its use may give anglers a false sense of confidence that a quick dip can kill all Didymo cells. Instead, the group urges fishermen to “check, clean and dry,” inspecting gear for signs of Didymo, cleaning boots and lines before leaving infected streams, and allowing everything to dry thoroughly before fishing another spot.


Read more!

Scared silly over climate change: Bjorn Lomborg

We are frightening children with exaggerations – they believe they don't have a future and that the world is going to end

Bjorn Lomborg, guardian.co.uk 15 Jun 09;

The continuous presentation of scary stories about global warming in the popular media makes us unnecessarily frightened. Even worse, it terrifies our kids.

Al Gore famously depicted how a sea-level rise of 20ft (six metres) would almost completely flood Florida, New York, Holland, Bangladesh, and Shanghai, even though the United Nations says that such a thing will not even happen, estimating that sea levels will rise 20 times less than that.

When confronted with these exaggerations, some of us say that they are for a good cause, and surely there is no harm done if the result is that we focus even more on tackling climate change. A similar argument was used when George W Bush's administration overstated the terror threat from Saddam Hussein's Iraq.

This argument is astonishingly wrong. Such exaggerations do plenty of harm. Worrying excessively about global warming means that we worry less about other things, where we could do so much more good. We focus, for example, on global warming's impact on malaria – which will be to put slightly more people at risk in 100 years – instead of tackling the half a billion people suffering from malaria today with prevention and treatment policies that are much cheaper and dramatically more effective than carbon reduction would be.

Exaggeration also wears out the public's willingness to tackle global warming. If the planet is doomed, people wonder, why do anything? A record 54% of American voters now believe the news media make global warming appear worse than it really is. A majority of people now believe – incorrectly – that global warming is not even caused by humans. In the United Kingdom, 40% believe that global warming is exaggerated and 60% doubt that it is man-made.

But the worst cost of exaggeration, I believe, is the unnecessary alarm that it causes – particularly among children. Recently, I discussed climate change with a group of Danish teenagers. One of them worried that global warming would cause the planet to "explode" – and all the others had similar fears.

In the US, the ABC television network recently reported that psychologists are starting to see more neuroses in people anxious about climate change. An article in the Washington Post cited nine-year-old Alyssa, who cries about the possibility of mass animal extinctions from global warming. In her words: "I don't like global warming because it kills animals, and I like animals." From a child who is yet to lose all her baby teeth: "I worry about [global warming] because I don't want to die."

The newspaper also reported that parents are searching for "productive" outlets for their eight-year-olds' obsessions with dying polar bears. They might be better off educating them and letting them know that, contrary to common belief, the global polar bear population has doubled and perhaps even quadrupled over the past half-century, to about 22,000. Despite diminishing – and eventually disappearing – summer Arctic ice, polar bears will not become extinct. After all, in the first part of the current interglacial period, glaciers were almost entirely absent in the northern hemisphere, and the Arctic was probably ice-free for 1,000 years, yet polar bears are still with us.

Another nine-year old showed the Washington Post his drawing of a global warming timeline. "That's the Earth now," Alex says, pointing to a dark shape at the bottom. "And then it's just starting to fade away." Looking up to make sure his mother is following along, he taps the end of the drawing: "In 20 years, there's no oxygen." Then, to dramatise the point, he collapses, "dead", to the floor.

And these are not just two freak stories. In a new survey of 500 American pre-teens, it was found that one in three children, aged between six and 11, feared that the earth would not exist when they reach adulthood because of global warming and other environmental threats. An unbelievable one-third of our children believe that they don't have a future because of scary global warming stories.

We see the same pattern in the United Kingdom, where a survey showed that half of young children aged between seven and 11 are anxious about the effects of global warming, often losing sleep because of their concern. This is grotesquely harmful.

And let us be honest. This scare was intended. Children believe that global warming will destroy the planet before they grow up because adults are telling them that .

When every prediction about global warming is scarier than the last one, and the scariest predictions – often not backed up by peer-reviewed science – get the most airtime, it is little wonder that children are worried.

Nowhere is this deliberate fear mongering more obvious than in Al Gore's An Inconvenient Truth , a film that was marketed as "by far the most terrifying film you will ever see".

Take a look at the trailer for this movie on YouTube. Notice the imagery of chilling, larger-than-life forces evaporating our future. The commentary tells us that this film has "shocked audiences everywhere", and that "nothing is scarier" than what Gore is about to tell us. Notice how the trailer even includes a nuclear explosion.

The current debate about global warming is clearly harmful. I believe that it is time we demanded that the media stop scaring us and our kids silly. We deserve a more reasoned, more constructive, and less frightening dialogue.


Read more!

As Iraq runs dry, a plague of snakes is unleashed

The Independent 15 Jun 09;

An unprecedented fall in the water levels of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers has left the rural population at the mercy of heat, drought – and displaced wildlife. Patrick Cockburn reports

Swarms of snakes are attacking people and cattle in southern Iraq as the Euphrates and Tigris rivers dry up and the reptiles lose their natural habitat among the reed beds.

"People are terrified and are leaving their homes," says Jabar Mustafa, a medical administrator, who works in a hospital in the southern province of Dhi Qar. "We knew these snakes before, but now they are coming in huge numbers. They are attacking buffalo and cattle as well as people." Doctors in the area say six people have been killed and 13 poisoned.

In Chabaysh, a town on the Euphrates close to the southern marshland of Hawr al-Hammar, farmers have set up an overnight operations room to prevent the snakes attacking their cattle.

"We have been surprised in recent days by the unprecedented number of snakes that have fled their habitat because of the dryness and heat," Wissam al-Assadi, one of the town's vets said. "We saw some on roads, near houses and cowsheds. Farmers have come to us for vaccines, but we don't have any."

The plague of snakes is the latest result of an unprecedented fall in the level of the water in the Euphrates and the Tigris, the two great rivers which for thousands of years have made life possible in the sun-baked plains of Mesopotamia, the very name of which means "between the rivers" in Greek. The rivers that made Iraq's dry soil so fertile are drying up because the supply of water, which once flowed south into Iraq from Turkey, Syria and Iran, is now held back by dams and used for irrigation. On the Euphrates alone, Turkey has five large dams upriver from Iraq, and Syria has two.

The diversion of water from the rivers has already destroyed a large swathe of Iraqi agriculture and the result of Iraq being starved of water may be one of the world's greatest natural disasters, akin to the destruction of the Amazonian rainforest. Already the advance of the desert has led to frequent dust storms in Baghdad which close the airport. Yet this dramatic climatic change has attracted little attention outside Iraq, overshadowed by the violence following the US-led invasion in 2003 and the overthrow of Saddam Hussein.

The collapse in the water levels of the rivers has been swift, the amount of water in the Euphrates falling by three-quarters in less than a decade. In 2000, the flow speed of the water in the river was 950 cubic metres per second, but by this year it had dropped to 230 cubic metres per second.

In the past, Iraq has stored water in lakes behind its own dams, but these reservoirs are now much depleted and can no longer make up the shortfall. The total water reserves behind all Iraqi dams at the beginning of May was only 11 billion cubic metres, compared to over 40 billion three years ago. One of the biggest dams in the country, on the Euphrates at Haditha in western Iraq, close to the Syrian border, held eight billion cubic metres two years ago but now has only two billion.

Iraq has appealed to Turkey to open the sluice gates on its dams. "We need at least 500 cubic metres of water per second from Turkey, or double what we are getting," says Abdul Latif Rashid, the Iraqi Minister of Water Resources. "They promised an extra 130 cubic metres, but this was only for a couple of days and we need it for months." His ministry is doing everything it can, he says, but the most important decisions about the supply of water to Iraq are taken outside the country – in Turkey, Syria and Iran. "In addition there has been a drought for the last four years with less than half the normal rainfall falling," says Mr Rashid.

Large parts of Iraq that were once productive farmland have already turned into arid desert. The Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture says that between 40 and 50 per cent of what was agricultural land in the 1970s is now being hit by desertification.

Drought, war, UN sanctions, lack of investment and the cutting down of trees for firewood have all exacerbated the crisis, but at its heart is the lack of water for irrigation in the Tigris and Euphrates. Farmers across Iraq are being driven from the land. Earlier this month, farmers and fishermen demonstrated in Najaf, a city close to the Euphrates, holding up placards demanding that the Iraqi government insist that foreign countries release more water.

"The farmers have stopped planting and now head to the city for work to earn their daily living until the water comes back," said Ali al-Ghazali, a farmer from the area.

"We pay for our seeds at the time of the harvest, and if we fail to harvest, or the harvest has been ruined, the person who sold us the seeds still wants his money." Najaf province has banned its farmers from growing rice because the crop needs too much water.

The drop in the quantity of water in the rivers has also reduced its quality. The plains of ancient Mesopotamia once produced abundant crops for the ancient Sumerians. From Nineveh in the north to Ur of the Chaldees in the south, the flat landscape of Iraq is dotted with the mounds marking the remains of their cities. There is little rainfall away from the mountains of Kurdistan and the land immediately below them, so agriculture has always depended on irrigation.

But centuries of irrigating the land without draining it properly has led to a build-up of salt in the soil, making much of it infertile. Lack of water in the rivers has speeded up the salinisation, so land in central and southern Iraq, highly productive 30 years ago, has become barren. Even such rainfall as does fall in northern Iraq has been scant in recent years. In February, the Greater Zaab river, one of the main tributaries of the Tigris, which should have been a torrent, was a placid stream occupying less than a quarter of its river bed. The hills overlooking it, which should be green, were a dusty brown.

Experts summoned by the Water Resources Ministry to a three-day conference on the water crisis held in Sulaimaniyah in April described the situation as "a tragedy".

Mohammed Ali Sarham, a water specialist from Diwaniyah in southern Iraq, said: "Things are slipping from our hands: swathes of land are being turned into desert. Farmers are leaving the countryside and heading to the city or nearby areas. We are importing almost all our food, though in the 1950s we were one of the few regional cereal-exporting countries."

The experts recommended that, in addition to Turkey releasing more water, there should be heavy investment to make better use of the waterways such as the Tigris and Euphrates. But this year Mr Rashid says that his budget for this year has been cut in half to $500m (£300m) because of the fall in the price of oil.

The outcome of the agricultural disaster in Iraq is evident in the fruit and vegetable shops in Baghdad. Jassim Mohammed Bahadeel, a grocer in the Karada district, says that once much of what he sold came from farms around the Iraqi capital. "But today, the apples I sell come from America, France and Chile; tomatoes and potatoes from Syria and Jordan; oranges from Egypt and Turkey. Only the dates come from Iraq because they do not need a lot of water."

Rightly feared: Iraq's deadly reptiles

*Saw-Scaled Viper (Echis carinatus) About 2ft long, this viper is blamed for more deaths than any other species in the world. Its bite causes extensive internal haemorrhaging in its victims. Recognisable by an arrow-shaped marking on the head.

*Desert Horned Viper (Cerastes cerastes) The Desert Horned Viper is typically found in sandy terrain and is a common sight in Iraq's southern deserts, identified by the bony horns over its eyes. It lurks in sand, only eyes, nostrils and horns above the surface.

*Desert Cobra (Walterinnesia aegyptia) Like most cobras, it is easily adaptable to various habitats. But locations occupied by humans are a particular favourite where shelter and rodents are on offer. Whilst this glossy snake does not actively seek confrontation, it can move with lethal speed when provoked.


Read more!

Wildfire rages near Athens, threatens homes

Reuters 15 Jun 09;

ATHENS (Reuters) - A wildfire raged uncontrolled through forest land in the outskirts of Athens, threatening homes and power lines, a fire brigade official said on Monday.

Fanned by strong winds, the fire which quickly spread across the slopes of Mount Hymettus which overlooks the Greek capital, sending thick clouds of smoke over the city.

"The fire is burning near homes, but only low vegetation and rubbish are in flames at this point," said a fire brigade official who declined to be named.

More than 100 fire-fighters were battling the flames while eight aircraft and two helicopters dropped tonnes of water to drown the blaze, which raged unabated for more than three hours.

Residents evacuated their homes, while volunteers with hoses and tree branches were struggling to put out the fire, a Reuters witness said.

Forest fires caused by high temperatures, drought and arsonists are frequent in Greece during the summer season.

Greece saw some of the deadliest forest fires in living memory in 2007, when they swept through dozens of villages in southern Greece, during a 10-day inferno which brought the country to a state of emergency.

(Reporting by Vassilis Triandafyllou and Renee Maltezou)


Read more!