Microbial answer to plastic pollution?

Society for General Microbiology, EurekAlert 28 Mar 10;

Fragments of plastic in the ocean are not just unsightly but potentially lethal to marine life. Coastal microbes may offer a smart solution to clean up plastic contamination, according to Jesse Harrison presenting his research at the Society for General Microbiology's spring meeting in Edinburgh today.

The researchers from the University of Sheffield and the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science have shown that the combination of marine microbes that can grow on plastic waste varies significantly from microbial groups that colonise surfaces in the wider environment. This raises the possibility that the plastic-associated marine microbes have different activities that could contribute to the breakdown of these plastics or the toxic chemicals associated with them.

Plastic waste is a long-term problem as its breakdown in the environment may require thousands of years. "Plastics form a daily part of our lives and are treated as disposable by consumers. As such plastics comprise the most abundant and rapidly growing component of man-made litter entering the oceans," explained Jesse Harrison.

Over time the size of plastic fragments in the oceans decreases as a result of exposure to natural forces. Tiny fragments of 5 mm or less are called "microplastics" and are particularly dangerous as they can absorb toxic chemicals which are transported to marine animals when ingested.

While microbes are the most numerous organisms in the marine environment, this is the first DNA-based study to investigate how they interact with plastic fragments. The new study investigated the attachment of microbes to fragments of polyethylene – a plastic commonly used for shopping bags. The scientists found that the plastic was rapidly colonised by multiple species of bacteria that congregated together to form a 'biofilm' on its surface. Interestingly, the biofilm was only formed by certain types of marine bacteria.

The group, led by Dr. Mark Osborn at Sheffield, plans to investigate how the microbial interaction with microplastics varies across different habitats within the coastal seabed – research which they believe could have huge environmental benefits. "Microbes play a key role in the sustaining of all marine life and are the most likely of all organisms to break down toxic chemicals, or even the plastics themselves," suggested Mr Harrison. "This kind of research is also helping us unravel the global environmental impacts of plastic pollution," he said.


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How bureaucrats decided not to save the bluefin tuna

Adam Mynott, BBC News 28 Mar 10;

The latest two-week long meeting of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) saw bureaucrats sweep aside expert advice on how to save the bluefin tuna.

There is no disputing they are important - vital decisions have been taken here in Doha in the past few days affecting plants and creatures great and small.

But international conferences as journalistic assignments struggle to quicken the pulse or stimulate the mind.

They are monuments to bureaucracy and they present a televised world stage to middle-ranking bureaucrats who, once they have pressed the button on the desk in front of them illuminating a red light indicating their microphone is on, seem very reluctant to switch it off again.

Middle-ranking bureaucrats are incapable of generating anything other than middle-ranking oratory.

There are moments of excitement, if that is not too strong a word.

When the vote came through not to allow Tanzania to sell a stockpile of elephant ivory there was applause in the hall: a victory for conservation.

There were equivalent levels of excitement and outrage when delegates voted not to protect the bluefin tuna and several species of shark which are being fished steadily to extinction.

Degree of suspicion

CITES delegates come together every two or three years to add and amend legal protection for a multiplicity of species.

Their decisions sit on top of years of detailed, dedicated research.

It is the high-profile, emblematic animals that get most of the attention - the tigers, elephants and gorillas - and crucial measures to protect other species like cacti, caterpillars and clams pass through often unnoticed.

Most issues are agreed by consensus but some contentious ones are pushed to a vote.

Balloting now takes place electronically. Member countries have voting buttons on their desks, and because the counting is electronic and less transparent than a show of hands, it is viewed with a degree of suspicion.

To build confidence, the chairman periodically carries out a few dummy runs to satisfy everyone there are no gremlins in the software.

On day nine as crucial votes loomed, delegates were invited to check the electronic balloting device once again.

"This is just to test the system," the chairman said.

"Here's a simple question to make sure the buttons are working properly: Is Doha the capital of Qatar? To record Yes, please press button number two."

Thirty seconds later, once the 150 delegates had reached forward to prod the relevant button and the votes were recorded, two nations, Croatia and Cameroon, had voted No and - perhaps from force of habit long-established in security councils and global gatherings - China abstained.

The Cameroon and Croatian delegations could not or maybe did not want to explain why they appeared to have learnt little about the city in which they had spent the past week.

The Chinese delegation remained inscrutable and said nothing.

Perhaps they thought it might be giving too much away if they stated unequivocally that Doha was the capital of Qatar.

What this identified, I think, is a level of cynicism and mistrust that is new to the convention.

Shock decision?

CITES - the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora - exists to save the planet's endangered species.

An international treaty mechanism which enables man to come together and stop the destructive exploitation of other creatures and plants.

No decision is taken without the support of expert evidence, and I cannot help but feel huge sympathy for the scientists and naturalists who tramp through dense jungle and wade through swamps to collect data.

They compile, assess and deliver a recommendation about the protection of a species that they understand in greater detail than anyone else on the planet; all too often that expertise is swept aside by baser instincts.

Maybe it is naive to be surprised that that CITES' lofty ideals have become sullied and tarnished by geo-politics, but it is impossible to apply anything other than a very cynical interpretation to the bluefin tuna vote.

Years of research by marine and fisheries experts have concluded that the bluefin tuna's days are numbered, and unless there is an immediate ban it will become extinct in the very near future.

Some experts fear its population in the Atlantic has already fallen below sustainable levels.

Delegates were being asked to give the fish the very highest level of protection and ban its sale.

Leading opposition to the ban was Japan, where most of the world catch is consumed in sushi restaurants.

The Japanese had applied months of diplomatic and not-so-diplomatic activity to their preparations for CITES and they took a 30-strong delegation teeming with fisheries experts to the Doha gathering.

Japan argued that a ban would be unfair, but the science supporting reasoned analysis was pushed to one side by politics, amid claims that Japan was trading promises of donor aid to developing countries in exchange for votes.

Japan prevailed and the bluefin tuna may be doomed.


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Time for China to share Mekong data

Michael Richardson, For The Straits Times 29 Mar 10;

CHINA has a public relations problem over a series of dams it is building on the upper reaches of South-east Asia's longest river, the Mekong.

Its dams are being blamed in some quarters for worsening the impact of one of the worst droughts on record in the Mekong basin.

'China's dams killing Mekong,' blared an editorial in the Bangkok Post last month. It asserted that the dams on upper sections of the river, which China calls the Lancang, were having an adverse impact on millions of people, many of them poor farmers and fishermen, living downstream in South-east Asia.

Earlier this month, a coalition of non-governmental organisations claiming to represent affected communities in South-east Asia said the Chinese dams had been built 'without consultation, apology, disclosure of data, compensation or restitution, all of which are now long overdue'.

In the wake of this criticism, Thailand's Foreign Minister Kasit Piromya said China and South-east Asia should not quarrel but find ways to improve management of the Mekong. How Beijing handles the Mekong problem will affect its relations with the region, especially Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam.

An indication of whether China is prepared to share more information with its neighbours will come this week at a conference being organised by the Mekong River Commission (MRC), the inter-governmental agency overseeing development of the river.

China and Myanmar are not MRC members. But as 'dialogue partners' since 1996, they have been invited to send high-level representatives to the summit in Thailand, which runs from Friday to Monday.

What are the facts? Much of northern Thailand, Laos, south-west China and parts of Cambodia and Vietnam are suffering from one of the most severe dry periods in recent history.

China's Yunnan province is among the worst hit areas. The Mekong dams are located in Yunnan mainly to generate electricity. Power is being rationed. Officials estimate that six million people are short of water and that crop losses will amount to at least US$1.5 billion (S$2.1 billion).

The MRC says its weather data shows that low water levels in the Mekong and its tributaries are the result of extreme natural conditions. Very low rainfall in the current dry season followed an unusually early end to last year's wet season. As a result, the river is at its lowest levels in at least 50 years.

However, this weather phenomenon coincides with a significant development in Chinese dam building. Last July, China began filling the reservoir of the Xiaowan Dam - one of the world's tallest dams and the fourth built in Yunnan on the Mekong mainstream.

In terms of water storage capacity, the first three Chinese dams on the Mekong, completed between 1992 and 2008, are relative minnows. Together, their reservoirs hold back just over 2.9 billion cubic metres of water.

The Xiaowan reservoir will hold 15 billion cubic metres of water, more than five times as much. Filling it is expected to take between five and 10 years, assuming that half the normal water flow is held back during this period.

Chinese officials point out that although 44 per cent of the 4,880km Mekong is in China, only 13.5 per cent of its average annual flow originates in China, far less than what comes from Laos, Cambodia and Thailand.

One of the questions China should answer is how much of the natural dry season flow is being held back, and how long will it take to fill the Xiaowan reservoir?

MRC chief executive officer Jeremy Bird says that in the next few years the completed storage capacity of the Chinese dams will lead to increased dry season flows downstream, with perhaps as much as 40 per cent more water reaching Vientiane on the Mekong in Laos.

However, he adds that for the time being the Chinese projects that have been completed are 'not sufficiently large to consistently deliver such benefits'.

China plans to have eight dams on the Mekong in Yunnan and may eventually build more higher up the river. By 2014, it is scheduled to complete another dam below the Xiaowan, at Nuozhadu. It will not be quite as high but will impound even more water, nearly 23 billion cubic metres. How long will it take to fill and how much of the Mekong's natural flow will be held back as it does so?

Eventually, the Chinese dams should have some positive impact. By retaining water in the wet season, they will help control flooding and river bank erosion downstream. Conversely, releases from hydropower reservoirs to generate electricity in the summer will help raise water levels in the lower Mekong in the dry season.

The best way of forestalling a recurring public relations problem with Southeast Asia would be for China to join the MRC and share river and dam management information fully with its downstream members.

The writer is a visiting senior research fellow at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.


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Rainy Season Brings Floods, Landslides in Sumatra

Jakarta Globe 28 Mar 10;

Torrential rain caused a landslide in Central Bengkulu on Sumatra Island on Saturday evening, blocking a major road connecting Bengkulu city and Taba Penanjung and delaying motorists.

There have been several landslides in the area over the past two weeks due to heavy rain that has drenched the area.

Motorist Mardi Cipto said he couldn’t take his family to Jambi due to the landslide.

“It is better to return to Bengkulu today rather than being trapped in this uncertain situation,” he said.

The roads in hilly areas in the Central Bengkulu and Kepahiang districts are particularly vulnerable to landslides during the rainy season.

On Saturday evening, local authorities deployed an excavator to clean up the affected road.

Over the past weeks, torrential rains have caused floods and landslides throughout the Indonesian archipelago. The Karawang area in West Java and the Sarolangun district in Jambi Province, Sumatra have suffered from flooding.

A total of 2,674 buildings in Sarolangun district were submerged after the Batanghari River overflowed last Tuesday.

On the same day, floods inundated around 7,000 houses in the subdistricts of Baleendah, Dayeuhkolot and Bojongsoang in Bandung district, following the Citarum River breaching its banks. On March 11, a landslide hit Ciawitali hamlet in Cianjur, West Java, destroying five houses and killing 10 people.

Meanwhile in Karawang, the floodwaters that inundated the area last week began to recede on Saturday.

But the flood victims kept their possession stored at temporary shelters or the houses or relatives, in case the area was flooded again.

“I am still traumatized by this ongoing flooding, said 41-year-old Dayat, a resident of Karawang whose house in the Bintang Alam housing complex was flooded.

“ I think it is better to secure my belongings here in my relative’s house instead of bringing them back to my home,” Dayat said.

Nana, another Karawang resident, was less fortunate than Dayat.

The 30-year-old man said he was too late in moving his belongings when the floods hit his neighborhood.

On the day the floods hit his area, he was working in Jakarta. “My wife and children did not immediately take our belongings out of the house,” he said.

More than 30,000 houses in 35 villages in 10 subdistricts were inundated by the Karawang floods.

According to Karawang’s social welfare authorities, the worst hit villages were found in the Telukjambe Timur, Karawang Barat and Pakisjaya subdistricts.

Before the floodwaters began to recede on Saturday, floodwaters in the three subdistricts were between 50 centimeters and two meters.

In certain areas, the floodwaters had even reached the roof-tops of houses.

On Saturday, Communications and Information Technology Minister Tifatul Sembiring visited the area and handed over six tons of rice, 200 boxes of instant noodles and 300 boxes of mineral water to local authorities to be distributed to the flood victims.


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Canada's annual seal hunt off to slow start

Yahoo News 28 Mar 10;

MONTREAL (AFP) – Canada's annual seal hunt was off to a slow start Sunday, with most fishing boats still moored in their harbors, as missing ice floes in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence kept their prey hundreds of miles to the north.

"I know one boat set sail tonight, at around 4:00 am in the morning," Magdalen Island seal hunters' association president Denis Longuepee told AFP.

"In past years, there were 10 to 40 boats weighing anchor" to go seal hunting, he added.

About a dozen hunters are aboard a ship trying to find a small harem of 1,000 seals spotted Saturday from a plane by Fisheries and Oceans Canada near Blanc-Sablon, in the northeastern corner of Quebec province, according to Radio Canada.

The mild winter this year has hampered the hunt for the Greenland seal. A lack of ice floes in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence has kept some 300,000 seals far to the north, off the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador, where there is coastal ice.

That's good news for seal hunters in Newfoundland and Labrador, said Longuepee.

Seal hunting brings in 20-30 percent of the yearly revenue of 400-500 hunter-fishermen in Magdalen Islands. The rest of the year, they fish for lobster and clams.

Seal hunting is highly controversial for its perceived inhumane killing methods. The 27 European Union states in July 2009 adopted a ban on seal products, ruling the goods could not be marketed from 2010.

Around 6,000 Canadians take part in seal hunting each year along the Atlantic coast, and 25 percent of their sales had come from exporting products to Europe.

Canada and Greenland account for more than 50 percent of the 900,000 seals slain in the world each year. Other seal-hunting countries include Norway, Namibia, Iceland, Russia and the United States.


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Mongolia winter kills herds, devastating the poorest

Tyra Dempster, Reuters 28 Mar 10;

BEIJING (Reuters) - A severe winter has left 4.5 million dead animals in stockyards across the Mongolian steppes, and many poor herders face the loss of all their property just before the important breeding season.

About a tenth of Mongolia's livestock may have perished, as deep snows cut off access to grazing and fodder.

The damage to the rural economy could increase demands on Mongolia's already-stretched national budget, which relies on mining revenues to meet spending commitments.

The Red Cross launched an emergency appeal for 1 million Swiss francs to assist Mongolian herders, after it estimated that 4.5 million livestock have died in the country since December.

"The numbers of livestock that have perished have gone up very, very quickly and dramatically now to about 4 million which is roughly a tenth of the whole livestock population," Francis Markus, communications director for the Red Cross' East Asia delegation, said in Beijing after returning from Mongolia.

"This means that thousands of families, mostly coming from the poorest and most vulnerable layers of the herder population, have lost their entire flocks of animals and have been left in a very, very distraught and very, very desperate state."

Roughly one-quarter of Mongolia's 3 million people are nomads, while others also raise livestock in fixed settlements. Many go deeply in debt to buy and raise their herds, in hopes of making the money back by selling wool, meat and skins.

A similar combination of a summer drought, followed by heavy snow and low winter temperatures, which is known in Mongolian as a 'zud', caused widespread hardship in Mongolia a decade ago.

As a result, impoverished herder families flocked to the slums outside the capital, Ulan Bator, straining the city's ability to provide basic services.

"The herding community's situation is very hard now. The best off are those who still have around 40 percent of their livestock left and in the worst 50 cases are those who have lost absolutely everything," said Zevgee, speaker of the county parliament in Bayangol, southwest of the capital.

This zud was the worst for several years, with temperatures dropping to 40 degrees Celsius below zero or colder in 19 of Mongolia's 21 provinces, according to a World Bank report.

Around 63 percent of Mongolia's rural residents' assets are their livestock, it said, and at least 35 percent of the population earn a living from their animals.

Herder Tsendjav said that she had no option but to rely on the government and aid to survive the weather.

"I have seen many zuds that have caused the loss of numerous animals but I have never seen a zud as bad as this one," she said at a Red Cross aid dispensary.

(Writing by Lucy Hornby; Editing by Sugita Katyal)


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Grasshopper outlook strikes fear on U.S. Western range

Matt Joyce, Associated Press Yahoo News 28 Mar 10;

NEWCASTLE, Wyo. – Grasshopper infestations have taken on mythic tones here on the arid prairie of northeastern Wyoming — they blanket highways, eat T-shirts off clotheslines and devour nearly every scrap of vegetation on ranches and farms.

The myth may come closer to reality this summer than at any time in decades in several states in the West and the Plains.

A federal survey of adult grasshoppers last fall indicated that parts of Wyoming, Montana, South Dakota, North Dakota, Nebraska and Idaho could face costly grasshopper infestations this summer.

Ranchers and farmers as well as federal and municipal pest control agencies are praying for well-timed cool and wet weather to stifle the young grasshoppers when they hatch around May and June.

In the meantime, they're scrambling to line up the millions of dollars it will cost to battle an outbreak with aerial insecticide.

"They're grass eaters," said Tom Wright, a rancher near Newcastle in northeast Wyoming about 20 miles from the South Dakota border. "They'll eat the leaves and leave the stem. And they will eat the stems finally.

"When they're really thick, people say they'll eat T-shirts on a line," he said as he recalled a time in the mid-1980s when the grasshoppers were so thick that you couldn't put your hand on the shady side of a fence post without squashing one.

Grasshoppers are found across the United States, but outbreaks of pest species are most common in the Plains and Western states. Different species range from a length of under an inch to more than 3 inches.

They provide some ecological benefits, serving as a food source for other animals. However, some pest species are capable of eating their body weight daily in vegetation and can waste up to six times more by dropping forage to the ground.

Making matters worse is the prevalence of migratory species in the latest surveys — insects that can fly 60 miles in a day.

The Wyoming acreage infested with 15 or more grasshoppers per square yard increased more than 10-fold from 2008 to 2.9 million acres last summer, according to federal surveys.

Regionwide, surveys predict at least 48 million acres of outbreak-level infestation this summer.

"In some states, we may see some of the most severe grasshopper outbreaks that we've seen in nearly 30 years," said Charles Brown, the national grasshopper suppression program manager at the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.

No government agency keeps a comprehensive tally of the economic damage from grasshoppers, but the cost of spray programs can exceed a million dollars for a single county.

Last summer, when an outbreak first surfaced in Wyoming, the voracious insects hurt hay production and prompted some ranchers to downsize their herds.

Wright didn't sell any cattle because of grasshoppers, but his calves weighed 30 pounds lighter than normal last fall as a result of the insects eating up forage. The grass damage also forced the ranch to buy extra feed to help its cows through the winter, costing about $10,000, he said.

Paying to participate in a spray program could make sense if it was cheaper than the alternatives, he said.

"At the point that (grasshoppers) eat all the grass, you have to either sell all your cows, lease grass somewhere else or buy hay," he said.

Grasshopper eggs tend to survive better in untilled soil, but that doesn't stop the grown insects from hopping to cropland and eating crops such as corn, alfalfa, sunflowers, soybeans and sugar beets.

"In the past couple of years, we've had some crop damage by grasshoppers, especially alfalfa and soy beans," said Dave Boxler, a research technologist in entomology for the University of Nebraska based in North Platte.

In Wyoming, Gov. Dave Freudenthal announced this month a $2.7 million plan to help local pest districts and to pay for spraying on state lands this summer. Freudenthal and the state's congressional delegation have also urged the federal government to make more money available for treating federal rangeland.

Pest managers combat rangeland grasshoppers by using planes to spray alternating strips of land with an insecticide that kills the bugs in the nymphal stage, meaning it must be applied within a few weeks after eggs hatch.

Entomologist Scott Schell of the University of Wyoming said the insecticide, Dimilin 2L, has a very low toxicity level for mammals, reptiles and birds. It also has little effect on bees, he said.

Gail Mahnke, supervisor of the Niobrara County Weed and Pest Control District, said she expects grasshopper treatment in the eastern Wyoming county to run about $1.2 million this summer. That works out to a cost to landowners of about $1.65 a protected acre. The district plans to spend its $60,000 in emergency reserves on the project, she said.

Mahnke said she's not sure what will happen if weather conditions unexpectedly kill off the grasshoppers.

"When you're talking a $1.2 million deal just in this county, and getting it all set up and having all that money sitting here, and then those conditions just happen to hit perfect, what do you do?" she said.


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Delays clog new Indonesian oil output

John McBeth, Straits Times 29 Mar 10;

FOR a resource-rich country seemingly in a panic over becoming a net oil importer, a status that ended its membership in the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries two years ago, Indonesia sure has a strange way of showing it.

Indeed, the delays afflicting the 600-million-barrel Cepu block, the biggest oil discovery in Indonesia for three decades, illustrate all that is wrong with the oil and gas bureaucracy and even the investment climate in general. Regulatory and contract uncertainty and resource nationalism have already cut Indonesia's share of global exploration spending to its lowest-ever level.

Ideally, Cepu should have been in full production by 2005. The best bet now is that it won't be until 2014 that the oil is finally flowing along a planned 76km pipeline to an offshore storage container off the north-eastern Java coast.

When subsidiary Cepu Mobil discovered the main Banyu Urip field in 2001, there were grumbles over why previous concessionaires had failed to find it. The answer: state-of-the-art 3-D technology. Then followed four long years of wrangling with ExxonMobil's partner, the Pertamina state oil company, and a powerful lobby of nationalist officials and politicians over who would operate the concession.

There were also the uncertainties created by the October 2001 Oil and Gas Law and the fact that the legislation's all-important implementing regulations were not issued until 2004.

In late 2005, newly elected President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono fired the Pertamina board and cleared the way for ExxonMobil to take the lead in the US$2.7 billion (S$3.8 billion) venture covering Banyu Urip and seven smaller fields in the Cepu block.

Under a 30-year production-sharing contract, the government was awarded 85 per cent of the revenue, with the majority of the remaining 15 per cent shared by the two partners and a minority stake going to four district governments.

It was hoped the new oil bonanza, with its bonus of two trillion cubic feet of natural gas, would re-energise Indonesia's dwindling crude production. It turned out to be a faint hope.

ExxonMobil wanted to develop Banyu Urip to its 165,000 barrel-a-day potential in one step. But regulator BPMigas opted for a phased approach in the strange belief that the company had inflated the size of the field. Instead of one large separation facility, it proposed two smaller plants to be built at different stages.

When ExxonMobil objected, BPMigas prevailed on the company to put down two new wells, just to prove what it already knew from the 3-D seismic mapping. Mines and Energy Minister Purnomo Yusgiantoro signed off on the plan.

By then it was mid-2006 and ExxonMobil told the government that it did not think it could get production going by 2009. Not only was BPMigas dragging its feet over contract approvals, but the company still did not have any land, only an inventory of the 700ha (held by 3,000 individual landowners) it needed for the processing plant and the pipeline right-of-way.

The company finally relented after receiving assurances it would get help with the land acquisition and that the early oil would be piped to a small refinery already operated by a Pertamina-PetroChina venture in an adjacent field.

But Pertamina failed to finish the 23km pipeline in time. So while Exxon met the start-up deadline in December 2008, it spent the next three months trucking the oil to Mudi in a fleet of 40 tankers - until the operation was deemed unsafe.

Nothing moved between March and August last year, when the pipeline was finally completed. Since then, the supply of oil delivered to Pertamina-PetroChina and a second small off-taker has risen to the promised 20,000 barrels a day.

By then, however, there was a dramatic new twist to the whole saga. Results from the two new wells showed ExxonMobil had, in fact, under-estimated the size of the field - by 75 million barrels! No guesses about what happened next: BPMigas proposed the one-stage idea the company had proposed in the first place.

The revised development plan went back to the minister's desk. But Mr Purnomo, now busy managing Dr Yudhoyono's 2009 campaign finances, left the issue to his eventual successor, Mr Darwin Saleh, one of the stranger choices in President Yudhoyono's new Cabinet.

Perhaps wisely, given his zero experience in oil and gas, Mr Saleh passed the buck to BPMigas. But again, it was another four months before the plan was approved and tenders called for three of the five contracts.

Even that process revealed the unhealthy side of doing business in Indonesia, with a company belonging to a legislator on the parliamentary petroleum commission vying - unsuccessfully - for one of the contracts. Other politicians merely sought pay-offs from a company whose adherence to corporate cleanliness and playing by the rules almost certainly contributed to its troubles.

Thanks to unbridled speculation, the Rp15,000 (S$2.30) per sq m tax value of Cepu's land eventually ballooned to Rp85,000, leaving the developers with an acquisition bill of nearly US$60 million.

By now, however, with all the time and expense that has gone before, it must seem to be cheap at the price.


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Best of our wild blogs: 28 Mar 10


Life History of the Pitcher Blue
from Butterflies of Singapore

Respect Earth Not For Just An Hour
from Life's Indulgences

A Rather Quiet Sunday On MNT
from Beauty of Fauna and Flora in Nature

Dark light
from The annotated budak

Pseudoscorpions
from Singapore Nature

TeamSeagrass Indoor Orientation
from teamseagrass

Mangrove Pitta breeding: 2. Predators
from Bird Ecology Study Group

Greenpeace University
from AsiaIsGreen


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F&B outlets in Singapore help fuel green power

More restaurants are contributing their organic waste to be turned into biofuel
Huang Lijie, Straits Times 28 Mar 10;

Don't throw away used cooking oil.

It can help fuel a party mood - as was the case at the Earth Hour concert at the Esplanade Park last night.

Environmentally friendly biodiesel, converted from more than 100 litres of used cooking oil collected from restaurants, kept the generators humming at the event.

While that was one of the more unusual benefits of food-waste recycling, the fact is that more food and beverage (F&B) operators are adopting green habits.

These include turning food scraps into fertiliser and biogas for electricity production.

Shopping mall 313@Somerset, which supplied waste cooking oil for the concert, has worked with F&B tenants since January.

Used cooking oil is collected by its cleaning staff. Clean-energy company Alpha Biofuels converts it to biodiesel at its Tanjong Penjuru plant.

The biofuel is sent to the mall to power a generator. It produces electricity to meet a small portion of the building's needs and also heats water for F&B outlets.

Ms Amy Lim, the mall's general manager, said the recycling system costs 'a significant amount'. But it has also yielded 'a small amount of cost savings' and is 'worthwhile' for its environmental benefits.

Two eateries under the Tung Lok Group, The Paramount Restaurant in East Coast Road and Noble House in Shenton Way, have also joined in to do recycling.

Cooks and cleaners separate organic waste such as meal leftovers from non-organic waste such as napkin wrappers, and dispose of them in different bins.

Environmental waste management firm IUT Global collects the organic waste and breaks it down using bacteria into biogas and compost at its Tuas plant.

The biogas fuels gas engines and generates electricity that is sold to the national grid, while the compost is used by farms as fertiliser and for landscaping. Tung Lok does not share in the proceeds.

Ms Jocelyn Tjioe, Tung Lok's vice-president of purchasing and administration, said the group would extend the recycling scheme to its other restaurants if it takes off well at these two outlets.

Such enthusiasm for food-waste recycling has taken a while to foment. Said IUT Global chief executive and managing director Edwin Khew: 'Restaurants and eateries did not jump at us straight away when we launched in 2007. We had to explain to them how we recycle food, and it was a challenge to get them to separate their waste.'

But growing awareness of the green movement has prompted more F&B outlets to sign on. Since last August, the volume of food waste it collects has jumped by at least 20 per cent to between 120 and 130 tonnes per day on average.

Similarly, the number of clients for Alpha Biofuels has increased from 20 in 2008 to more than 300 F&B partners today.

The biodiesel it produces is used to power everything from taxis to construction equipment.

Pacific Oils and Fats, another company that converts waste cooking oil to biodiesel, is moving to a larger plant this year.

Its operations officer, Mr Desmond Ng, said it will accommodate the conversion of 10 tonnes of used cooking oil, collected from more than 3,000 eateries on average daily, into biodiesel.


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Thousands join in as Singapore observe Earth Hour

Lynda Hong / Dylan loh / Evelyn Choo Channel NewsAsia 27 Mar 10;

SINGAPORE: Thousands of individuals and organisations in Singapore observed Earth Hour on Saturday evening for the second year running.

Organisers said more people were involved in the big switch-off this year.

The symbolic gesture to combat climate change was highlighted when skyscrapers and buildings darkened for an hour from 8:30pm.

Non-essential lights surrounding various Singapore icons such as the Merlion Park and Singapore River were also turned off.

With this year's slogan being "Earth Hour, Every Hour", organisers want participants to go beyond the hour and adopt a sustainable lifestyle.

"So what we are encouraging is that people make adjustments to their daily lives to reduce carbon emissions," said Amy Ho, managing director of the World Wide Fund for Nature, Singapore. "So it's not just about these 60 minutes on March 27, but it's really what you do on a regular, a daily basis."

Walking the talk, the main event at Esplanade Park was entirely powered by biodiesel from recycled cooking oil.

Celebrities also joined in the campaign against climate change.

"Everyone playing a small part. I guess more parts will become a big part," a participant said. "It encourages the governments and the policy makers to actually do something."

Other entities in Singapore also took part in Earth Hour.

Singapore's premier shopping belt got into the act with at least 10 shopping centres along Orchard Road switching off their facade lights and other non-essential lighting.

New shopping centre ION Orchard marked the occasion by having a concert of its own.

Singapore's Changi International Airport took part in this year's Earth Hour for the second time.

Decorative and non-critical operational lights were either switched off or dimmed throughout the terminals at 8.30pm.

Trials were conducted beforehand to ensure airport operations would not be compromised.

The Changi Airport Group said the one-hour effort results in energy savings equivalent to the total amount of electricity consumed by a four-room HDB apartment over three months.

Earth Hour was also observed by students of Nanyang Technological University (NTU) and residents living in the area.

Volunteers illuminated the number 60 with their mobile phones - now a powerful symbol for environmental conservation worldwide.

This is the second time the campus is dimming its lights.

Members of the university's environmental awareness group hope this will be more than a one-hour affair.

"Earthlink NTU has launched two other campaigns to encourage students to use less straws and to use the stairs whenever possible," said Adrian Koh, president of Earthlink NTU.

"We hope that through these campaigns to encourage fellow students to reduce resources and energy wastage, so that they know that everyday actions can help save the earth."

- CNA/yb

Earth Hour takes off at Changi Airport
Straits Times 28 Mar 10;

Announcing the arrival of...

...energy-saving measures at Changi Airport.

The efforts were made last night to mark Earth Hour.

The airport was among other establishments islandwide, from hotels to shopping malls, which did their part to raise environmental awareness from 8.30pm to 9.30pm.

At the airport, decorative lights, for example, were switched off and non-critical operational lights were dimmed.

The payoff?

The one-hour effort at Changi's terminals is estimated to yield energy savings equivalent to the total amount of electricity used by a typical four-room HDB apartment over almost three months.

The Earth Hour contribution was most marked at Terminal 3, where lights at the departure hall and departure/transit mall were dimmed by 80 per cent.

Outside of Earth Hour, the airport has also put up solar photovoltaic panels on the roof of the Budget Terminal.

They generate about 950 kilowatt hours of energy a day, resulting in energy savings of some $60,000 a year.


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Asia rallies behind Earth Hour

WWF 28 Mar 10;

China has shown today that it is ready for transformation and a shift into a greener future.

Symbolizing the drive towards a low-carbon economy, 34 Chinese cities, including Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and Dalian took part in the global Earth Hour event.

Along with the rest of the continent China sent a clear signal that it is not only willing to help tackle climate change but it also wants to lead the process.

The main event took place in the 600-year old Forbidden City with the China Office Representative Dermot O'Gorman, Chinese actress Li Bingbing and WWF International Director General Jim Leape participating in the lights switch off that made the historic place go dark for an hour.

“Tonight, hundreds of millions of people are raising their voices by turning out their lights. It is a simple act, but a powerful call to action," Jim Leape said.

“The citizens of Beijing were among hundreds of millions of people who signalled their concern about climate change. Chinese people not only know and feel the threats of climate change but they also want to see action to tackle the problem.”

China overtook the United States as the world top greenhouse gas emitter.. but it has taken clear action to tackle the problem. Recently it emerged that China had topped the US and other G-20 members in 2009 clean energy investments and finance.

By 2020, the country will obtain 15 percent of its primary energy from renewable sources. And with development running ahead of schedule, that figure could be closer to 20 percent.

Mei Lan – China’s recently returned panda is this year’s Earth Hour Global Ambassador. Along with 13 million residents of her home town Chengdu, Mei Lan has also taken part in 2010 Earth Hour.
“China has incentive to act on climate change and it already does so. Earth Hour is yet another example of it,” Mr Leape said.

Philippes lead again, call for energy efficiency

Elsewhere in Asia the enthusiasm for Earth Hour was equally great.

Philippines once again topped the charts when it comes to city and town participation with 1044 towns, cities and municipalities rallying behind the event. Phillippines have also become masters of the Earth Hour FlashMob dance.

Over 100 eager, energized volunteers showed up to dance practicing through heat and the occasional drizzle paid off in spectacular performances. When the first dancer started waving an Earth Hour flag - people stopped to take notice.

The dances culminated in a gigantic number 60 formation, signalling the 60 minutes of the Earth Hour. Encouraged to get involved in different ways, including eco-outdoor evening parties, hunting for recyclables and switching off TV sets an estimated an 15 million Filipinos participated in this year’s Earth Hour.

A spokesperson for President Arroyo said she had once led the government's campaigns for energy conservation and “it is crucial for the public to adopt energy efficient practices, especially since the country is experiencing a series of power shortages, brought about by the El Niño

The Quezon memorial, located in the old Filipino capital of the same name, and a symbol that represents the three major regions of the country, switched off as well on Saturday night, in a symbol of unity of purpose in calling for action on climate change.

In Japan the Tokyo Towers and the Hiroshima Peace Memorial went dark at 0830pm while in Nepal, local Committees and authorities organized a programme there where students and locals came together for a candlelight vigil by the Bouddhanath Stupa, one of the most famous and revered stupas.

In India across the country, Earth Hour has reached out to schools through at least 20 WWF state offices which are directly engaging with schools through which an estimated a 100 000 youth have been introduced to the global call for action.

Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore were the official Earth Hour cities this year.

Spirit of Unity

The main event was held at the India Gate- which also dimmed its lights in support of Earth Hour..

The Indonesian Tugu Jogja was built around one year after the construction of Yogyakarta Kingdom. At the early time of its construction, it clearly described the philosophy of the unity of God's creatures that means the spirit of togetherness of lay people and authorities to fight colonials.

Tonight, according to the Javanese term, the spirit of togetherness the lights went off at the Tugu Jogja.

The main focus of Thailand’s Earth Hour took place around the Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep temple, a short distance outside of the city of Chiang Mai in the northwest of the country, and a holy site for many Thai people. Located on the Doi Suthep mountain, it was possible to watch the city switch off, seeking to reduce its power consumption and spread a message across the country and the world for concerted action on climate action

“The message of Earth Hour is simple”

In addition to turning off the lights of all cities’ public buildings, Seoul City designated some of landmark buildings and icons to switch off, and distribute about 30,000 Earth Hour posters in public notice boards.

“The message of Earth Hour is simple,” said South Korea’s best known international citizen, UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon. “Climate change is a concern for each of us. Solutions are within our grasp and are ready to be implemented by individuals, communities, businesses and governments around the globe.
“Earth Hour is both a warning and a beacon of hope. By switching off non-essential lights for an hour, people will join a symbolic display that can inspire the change we so urgently need.

“As we watch the lights go out from continent to continent, let us reflect on the fragility and importance of our natural heritage and pledge to protect it for a sustainable future for all.”

In Brunei participation has been encouraged from a young age, and been very impressive, with campaigning being undertaken in every school in the country, in partnership with the Science, Technology and Environment Partnership (STEP) centre, who have set up energy clubs in many of the country's schools.

In addition, one of the great symbols of the Sultanate, and one which dominates the skyline of the capital city of Bandar Seri Begawan, and one of the most impressive Mosques in all of Asia, the Sultan Omar Ali Saiffudin Mosque, will switch off its lights, along with a number of other government buildings and businesses.

World's iconic sites go dark to fight global warming
Yahoo News 27 Mar 10;

PARIS (AFP) – The world's tallest building went dark, the Eiffel Tower lost its glow and lights were shut off at other sites across the globe Saturday in a campaign to boost the fight against climate change.

Ferry horns blared across Sydney harbour in a noisy start to the Earth Hour energy-saving event, involving 4,000 cities in a record 125 countries.

It was to include 1,200 landmarks from the Forbidden City to Egypt's pyramids and the Las Vegas Strip, with iconic sites going dark for 60 minutes.

"From Brazil to America, to Canada, all the way down to Australia, Japan and India -- it's a really diverse set of countries taking part this year," Earth Hour executive director Andy Ridley said.

The rolling wave of darkness was intended to boost the environmental movement after disappointing UN talks in Copenhagen in December.

The WWF-run event officially began when New Zealand's Chatham Islands switched off their diesel generators to leave just 12 street lamps burning and was to end nearly 24 hours later in Samoa.

Beijing's Forbidden City and Bird's Nest Stadium were among the participants along with other cities in China, which is the world's biggest carbon polluter and appointed giant panda Mei Lan its Earth Hour "ambassador".

But in Bangkok, city authorities were ordered to halt their Earth Hour campaign for security reasons as anti-government protesters held a major rally.

Elsewhere in Asia, the Japanese city of Hiroshima turned off the lights at 30 sites, including its Peace Memorial, set in one of the few buildings to survive an atom bomb attack during World War II.

Private homes also switched off their power. New Delhi Mum Aruna Mehra told AFP: "My daughter invited her friends over for a party to eat by candlelight" -- although others drew the line at switching off fans in the sweltering heat.

In Delhi and Mumbai, lights were switched off at shops, hotels, the Rashtrapati Bhavan presidential residence, the 17th-century Red Fort and the Swaminarayan Akshardham temple complex, one of India's largest Hindu places of worship.

India is expected to be among the countries hit hardest by rising temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns, with experts warning such problems could affect food security and displace communities.

In the Middle East, the world's tallest building, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, had its lights switched off for Earth Hour.

Egypt participated as well, with lights shut off at the Giza plateau, plunging the three Great Pyramids, the Sphinx and the surrounding desert area into total darkness.

In Europe, some of the world's most recognisable sites faded into darkness.

More than 240 buildings and monuments in Paris participated, including the Eiffel Tower -- which only went dark for five minutes as opposed to the full hour. Some 1,600 candles were lit at its base in recognition of the event.

London's Big Ben took part, and the advertising signs at Piccadilly Circus in the city were also turned off. It is thought to be only the fourth time since World War II that the huge Coca-Cola sign there has been dimmed.

But some onlookers in Piccadilly Circus said the measures should have gone further.

"I thought it was going to be the whole of Piccadilly and it's just the screens. It should have been all the lights and all the buildings around here," said Sandra Herrera, 23, visiting from Bilbao in Spain.

Rome's Trevi Fountain, known by many through Federico Fellini's film "La Dolce Vita", was among Italy's sites involved in the campaign.

In the United States, some 30 states were on board, with Mount Rushmore, San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge and Chicago's 110-storey Sears Tower all due to go dark.

Earth Hour started in 2007 in Sydney and enjoys widespread support both from the public and big business, including Google, Coca-Cola and McDonald's.

This year, even users of ubiquitous Twitter and Facebook could show their support with special applications that turn their displays dark.

In December, two weeks of UN talks in Copenhagen failed to produce a binding commitment to limit global warming or set out concrete plans for doing so, in a setback for the environmental movement.

Landmarks, cities worldwide unplug for Earth Hour
David Stringer, Associated Press Yahoo News 28 Mar 10;

LONDON – Europe's best known landmarks — including the Eiffel Tower, Big Ben and Rome's Colosseum — fell dark Saturday, following Sydney's Opera House and Beijing's Forbidden City in joining a global climate change protest, as lights were switched off across the world to mark the Earth Hour event.

In the United States, the lights went out at the Empire State Building in New York, the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., and the Coca-Cola headquarters in Atlanta, among many other sites in the Eastern time zone.

Millions were expected to turn off lights and appliances for an hour from 8:30 p.m. in a gesture to highlight environmental concerns and to call for a binding pact to cut greenhouse gas emissions. This year's was the fourth annual Earth Hour, organized by the World Wildlife Fund.

"I think it's great to see that hundreds of millions of people share this common value of lowering our carbon footprint," said Dan Forman, a spokesman for WWF in Washington.

Some 4,000 cities in more than 120 countries — starting with the remote Chatham Islands off the coast of New Zealand — voluntarily switched off Saturday to reduce energy consumption, though traffic lights and other safety features were unaffected, organizers said.

"We have everyone from Casablanca to the safari camps of Namibia and Tanzania taking part," said Greg Bourne, CEO of WWF in Australia, which started Earth Hour in 2007 in Sydney before it spread to every continent.

Other sites expected to participate in the U.S. were businesses on the glittering Las Vegas strip and the Mount Rushmore presidential monument in South Dakota. The lights stayed on at the White House, U.S. Capitol and the Lincoln and Washington monuments, though they were switched off at the Smithsonian Institution and the National Portrait Gallery.

In Europe, Italy's Leaning Tower of Pisa, the Arc de Triomphe in Paris and buildings across Germany went dark. Amsterdam planned to cut the lights at most city buildings including Schiphol Airport, Artis Zoo and the Amsterdam Arena.

"It's saying to our politicians — you can't give up on climate change," said WWF spokeswoman Debbie Chapman in the U.K.

Buckingham Palace and the British Parliament building were scheduled to go dark to support the campaign, along with other famed London landmarks including St. Paul's Cathedral and the Royal Albert Hall, as well as Edinburgh Castle in Scotland.

"Tackling climate change is urgent and vital to both safeguard our environment and our children's future. We can make a difference if we act now and act together," said British Prime Minister Gordon Brown, who switched off lights at his Downing Street residence in London.

Rome switched off the lights of the Trevi Fountain, the 18th-century landmark where many tourists flip a coin in hopes of coming back to the city. State-TV RAI showed the fountain that was immortalized by Federico Fellini in "La Dolce Vita" falling dark.

Moscow's iconic and imposing State University, perched on a hill overlooking the city, all but disappeared into the darkness as the city took part in the protest. The gigantic Luzhniki Stadium nearby also went black, as did the skyscraping Ukraina Hotel downtown. Restaurants in Vladivostok held a so-called Candle Evening, promoting Earth Hour as a chance for romance.

Sweden turned out lights at the government's headquarters in Stockholm, the golfball-shaped Ericsson Globe arena, royal castles and streets in several towns, including popular skiing resort Are.

Giant panda Mei Lan led events in 30 Chinese cities, walking onto a platform amid dimming lights in her enclosure at the Chengdu Panda Breeding Research Center in the southwestern province of Sichuan, said Chris Chaplin of WWF in China. Lights were also turned off in Beijing's imperial palace known as the Forbidden City.

Taiwan's Presidential Palace and at least 20 Taipei skyscrapers went dark, while hundreds of Taiwanese placed candles beside a Taiwan map formed by energy-saving LED lights at a square outside the city hall.

Researchers at the Davis Station, in Antarctica, also joined the campaign — shutting off lights at the base.

"Tonight, hundreds of millions of people are raising their voices by turning out their lights. It is a simple act, but a powerful call to action," said WWF Director-General, James Leape.

Last year, some 88 cities took part in Earth Hour, which is backed by the United Nations as well as global corporations, nonprofit groups, schools, scientists and celebrities.

___

Associated Press writers Rohan Sullivan in Sydney, Cara Anna in Beijing, Annie Huang in Tapei, Taiwan, David Nowak in Moscow and Alessandra Rizzo in Rome contributed to this report.

Tuvalu to Times Square; landmarks off for Earth Hour
Reuters 27 Mar 10;

(Reuters) - Landmarks such as Sydney's Opera House, Beijing's Forbidden City and Taiwan's Taipei 101 office tower temporarily went dark on Saturday as nations dimmed the lights for Earth Hour 2010 to call for action on climate change.

The symbolic one-hour switch-off, first held in Sydney in 2007, has become an annual global event and organizers World Wide Fund for Nature said they expect this year's to be the biggest so far.

The remote Chatham Islands was the first of more than 100 nations and territories to turn off the power at 8.30 p.m. local time, in a rolling event around the globe that ends just across the International Dateline in Samoa 24 hours later.2

Tiny Tuvalu, which fears being wiped off the map from rising sea levels, tried to go carbon-neutral for the event, pledging to cut power to its nine low-lying Pacific atolls and asking car and motorcycle owners to stay off the roads, WWF said.

Far to the south in Antarctica, Australia's Davis research station pledged to dim the lights.

As the blackout hour moved eastward, London's Big Ben and the Paris' Eiffel Tower and Arch de Triomphe flipped the switch. In New York City, the Empire State Building and Chrysler building went dark, as did the Times Square theater district.

Event co-founder Andy Ridley told Reuters that 126 countries and territories had so far signed up, with thousands of special events scheduled, including a lights-out party on Sydney's northern beaches and an Earth Hour 'speed dating' contest.

The number of participants is significantly up on 2009, when 88 countries and territories and more than 4,000 towns and cities took part. Organizers have estimated between 500 million and 700 million people were involved last year.

In Singapore, more than 1,000 people gathered for an Earth Hour carnival in the city center to watch the lights go out at office towers, hotels and other landmarks.

However, lights could still be seen from some buildings and construction sites, disappointing some in the crowd.

"I'm disappointed because most of the buildings' lights are not switched off," said Mat Idris, 26. "I had expected more support from companies," he added.

Thousands, many of them wearing black Earth Hour T-shirts, joined the main switch-off event in the Philippine capital Manila at the sprawling SM Mall of Asia.

Around 15 million Filipinos were expected to participate, according to WWF, to save the equivalent of 5 million pesos (nearly $110,000) worth of electricity.

Taipei 101, the world's second tallest building, turned off all exterior lights and persuaded 99 percent of its tenants to do the same for an hour, the tower's spokesman said.

"FRUSTRATION"

Ridley, WWF's executive director of Earth Hour, said he believed the perceived failure of last year's Copenhagen conference on climate change had stimulated interest this time.

"There is real frustration with the politics around climate change," Ridley told Reuters.

Business had shown strong support, he said, including the world's major hotel chains, which he said are responsible for a significant chunk of global emissions.

In India, Delhi's Red Fort will go dark, as will the pyramids and the Sphinx in Egypt and Rio de Janeiro's Christ the Redeemer statue.

Lights were also scheduled to go out over all the bridges over the Seine in Paris and London's Buckingham Palace and Tower Bridge, while in the United States, more than 30 of the 50 state governors have lent their support.

Some, though, criticized the event.

"To hold a candles-and-champagne party indoors, on the mildest night of the year, for just one hour, shows that the whole thing is green tokenism," said Viv Forbes, chairman of climate change skeptic group the Carbon Sense Coalition.

(Additional reporting by Clement Quek in Singapore, Michael Perry in Sydney, Manolo Serapio Jr. in Manila and Ralph Jennings in Taipei, Chris Michau in New York; Editing by David Fogarty)


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