Joel Kotkin, Straits Times 11 Dec 09;
IN TODAY'S parlance, a 'smart' city often refers to a place with a 'green' sustainable agenda. Yet this narrow definition of intelligence ignores many other factors - notably upward mobility and economic progress - that have characterised successful cities in the past.
The green-only litmus test dictates cities should emulate either places with less-than-dynamic economies, like Portland, Oregon or Honolulu, or one of the rather homogeneous and staid Scandina- vian capitals. In contrast, I have determined my 'smartest' cities by looking at not only infrastructure and liveability, but also economic fundamentals.
These criteria unfortunately exclude mega-cities like New York, Mexico City, Tokyo or Sao Paulo, which suffer from congenital congestion, out-of-control real estate prices and expanding income disparities - symptoms of what urban historian Lewis Mumford described as 'megalopolitan elephantiasis'.
Instead, today's 'smart' cities tend to be smaller, compact and more efficient: places like Amsterdam, Seattle, Singapore, Curitiba and Monterrey. This is not an entirely new notion: Between the 14th and 18th centuries, modest-sized cities like Venice, Antwerp and Amsterdam nurtured modern capitalism and created canals and vibrant urban quarters that remain wonders even today. In the Pacific- centric modern era, smart commercial cities are increasingly found outside Europe. Indeed, the most likely 21st-century successor to 15th-century Venice is Singapore, a commercially minded island nation that, like its forebear, is run by an often enlightened authoritarian regime.
When it first achieved independence in 1965, Singapore's condition was comparable to other developing cities like Mumbai, Cairo, Lagos or Kolkata. The island city's neighbours included unstable countries like Vietnam, Malaysia and Thailand. Its gross domestic product (GDP) per capita ranked well below that of Argentina, Trinidad, Greece and Mexico.
The country's first prime minister and current eminence grise, Mr Lee Kuan Yew, was determined to change reality. Today, Singapore, with a population of less than five million, boasts an income level close to the wealthiest Western countries and a per-capita GDP ahead of most of Europe and all of Latin America. Once largely semi-literate, its population is now among the best-educated in Asia.
To be sure, this enviable achievement was accomplished in an authoritarian fashion, but much of what Singapore has done must be considered 'smart' by any reasonable accounting. Strategic investments taking advantage of its location between the Indian and Pacific Oceans have paid off handsomely: Today, Singapore's Changi Airport is Asia's fifth-largest, and the city's port ranks as the largest container entrepot and is the second-biggest in the world, after Shanghai, in terms of cargo volume.
All these have made Singapore a huge lure for foreign companies, with more than 6,000 multinationals, including 3,600 regional headquarters, now located there. For foreign managers, engineers and scientists, largely English-speaking Singapore offers a pleasant and predictable environment, particularly when compared with other Asian centres.
At least one recent survey, by the World Bank's International Finance Corporation, rates Singapore No. 1 in the world for ease of doing business. Though its growth has been slowed by the recession, the city's close ties to the resurgent economies of South-east Asia, China and India lead many forecasters to predict a strong recovery over the next year.
Hong Kong, yet another outpost of British imperialism, has also performed well. Last year, the World Bank ranked the area No. 3 for ease of doing business, compared with No. 89 for the rest of China. As long as Chinese communists allow wider freedoms in Hong Kong than in the mainland, the area should continue to take advantage of its basic assets, including the world's third-largest container port, an excellent airport and a highly skilled entrepreneurial population.
The continuing appeal of Hong Kong was vindicated by the recent decision of HSBC chief executive Michael Geoghegan to relocate there from London. As the centre of the world economy continues to shift to Asia while Europe and America struggle, he is likely to find more company.
Not all the world's 'smart' cities are trading giants like Hong Kong and Singapore. They also include well-run metropolises, such as the city of Curitiba. The south Brazilian city is regarded as an innovator in everything from bus-based rapid transit, used by some 70 per cent of residents, to its balanced, diverse economic development strategy.
With a population of 3.5 million, Curitiba demonstrates how to achieve the evolving Brazilian dream without the mass violence, transportation dysfunction and ubiquitous grinding poverty that plague many other Latin American metro areas. The city's programme of building 'lighthouses' - essentially electronic libraries - for poorer residents has become a model for developing cities worldwide. These are among the reasons Reader's Digest recently named Curitiba the best place to live in Brazil.
Another similarly 'smart' city in the developing world is Monterrey, Mexico, which has emerged from relative obscurity and turned itself into a major industrial and engineering centre over the past few decades. The city of 3.5 million sits adjacent to the dynamic United States-Mexico border region and has 57 industrial parks specialising in everything from chemicals and cement to telecommunications and industrial machinery.
Over the last decade, the area has consistently grown at a faster rate than the rest of Mexico - or, for that matter, the US. Monterrey and its surrounding state, Nuevo Leon, now boast per-capita GDP roughly twice that of the rest of Mexico.
Although hard hit by the current recession, Monterrey seems poised for an eventual recovery. Dominated by powerful industrial families, the area has long been business-friendly. It has also become a major education centre, with over 82 institutions of higher learning and 125,000 students, led by the Instituto Technologico de Monterrey, considered by some to be Mexico's equivalent of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology or the California Institute of Technology.
Of course, 'smart' cities also exist in the advanced industrial world.
Amsterdam, a longstanding financial and trading capital, is home to seven of the world's top 500 companies, including Philips and ING. Relatively low corporate taxes and income taxes on foreign workers attract individuals and companies - one reason why, last year, the Netherlands was the largest recipient of American investment in Europe. Amsterdam's advantages include a well-educated, multilingual population and a lack of political corruption.
Amsterdam's relatively small population - 740,000 in the city and 1.2 million for the entire metropolitan area - belies its strategic location in the heart of Europe and proximity to the continent's dominant port, Rotterdam. The city's Schiphol airport, Europe's third-busiest, is only 20 minutes from the centre of Amsterdam, a mere jaunt compared with commutes to the major London or Paris airports. Schiphol has also spawned a series of economically vibrant 'edge cities' that appear like more transit-friendly versions of Houston or Orange County, California.
North America also has its share of smart cities. Although self-obsessed greens might see their policies as the key to the area's success, Seattle's growth really stems more from economic reality. In this sense, its boom has a lot to do with luck - it is the closest major US port to the Asia-Pacific region, which has allowed it to foster growing trade with Asia. Furthermore, its proximity to Washington state's vast hydropower generation resources - ironically the legacy of the pre-green era - assures access to affordable, stable electricity. The area also serves as a conduit for many of the exportable agricultural and industrial products produced both in the Pacific north-west and in the vast, resource-rich northern Great Plains, linked to the region by highways and freight rails.
As North America's economy shifts from import and consumption towards export and production, Seattle's rise will be a model for other business-savvy cities in the West and South. Houston's close ties to the Caribbean, as well as its dominant global energy industry, thriving industrial base, huge Texas Medical Centre complex and first-rate airport, all work to its long-term advantage. Arguably the healthiest economically of America's big cities, Houston is also investing in - not just talking about - its green future; last year, it was the nation's largest municipal purchaser of wind energy.
Another smart town poised to take advantage of an industrial expansion is Charleston, South Carolina, which has expanded its port and manufacturing base while preserving its lovely historic core. Once an industrial backwater, Charleston now seems set to emerge as a major aerospace centre with a new Boeing 787 assembly plant, which will bring upwards of 12,000 well-paying jobs to the region.
Further inland, Huntsville, Alabama, has long had a 'smart' core to its economy - a legacy of its critical role in the Nasa ballistic missile programme. Today, the area's traditional emphasis on aerospace has been joined by bold moves into such fields as biotechnology. Publisher Kiplinger recently ranked the area's economy No. 1 in the nation.
With the likely rise in commodity prices over the next decade, Canada also seems likely to produce several successful cities. Perhaps the best positioned is Calgary, Alberta. Over the past two decades, the city's share of corporate headquarters has doubled to 15 per cent, the largest percentage of main offices per capita in Canada. Although last year's plunge in oil prices hit hard, rising demand for commodities in Asia should help revive the Albertan economy by next year.
In their press statements, all these cities make a point of bragging about being green and environmentally conscious. Yet they have demonstrated their 'intelligence' in other ways - by exploiting their locations and resources to make savvy business and development decisions. At the end of the day, it will not be their clean air but their commercial prowess - as has been the case in history - that will sustain their success in the decades ahead.
The writer is executive editor of NewGeography.com and is a distinguished presidential fellow in urban futures at Chapman University in California. He is author of The City: A Global History.
FORBES MAGAZINE
'Smartest' cities in the world
# Singapore
# Hong Kong
# Curitiba, Brazil
# Monterrey, Mexico
# Amsterdam, the Netherlands
# Seattle, the United States
# Houston, US
# Charleston, South Carolina, US
# Huntsville, Alabama, US
# Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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