Mosquito evolves into threat to Galapagos wildlife

Fears that insect could spread disease to islands' rare indigenous animals

Steve Connor, The Independent 2 Jun 09;

A mosquito that has lived on the Galapagos Islands for thousands of years is emerging as a potential threat to the archipelago's wildlife, because of an increase in tourism.

Scientists fear the endemic insect could pick up diseases from other mainland mosquitoes brought to the Galapagos as stowaways on tourist ships and planes and then transmit the infections to the rare collection of indigenous animals on the islands.

The black salt marsh mosquito distributed throughout the Galapagos is highly unusual because it can feed on the blood of reptiles as well as mammals and birds. But its diverse diet means it could transmit introduced diseases such as West Nile fever to the islands' rare birds and reptiles which include the giant tortoise, the marine iguana and the flightless cormorant.

One of the greatest fears is that with a boom in tourism to the region, mosquitoes infected with West Nile fever could be introduced to the islands, where they might infect local animals to create a reservoir of disease that the black salt marsh mosquito could then spread throughout the archipelago.

Analysis of the black salt marsh mosquito's DNA found it must have lived on the islands for about 200,000 years.

On the mainland, the same species of mosquito lives on the blood of birds and mammals but in the Galapagos it has evolved to also live on a diet of reptilian blood, presumably because of the relative shortage of birds, said Arnaud Bataille, from the University of Leeds and the Zoological Society of London. "When we started the work we thought that this species was also introduced by humans [about 200 years ago], so it was a surprise that it turned out to be so ancient," Dr Bataille said.

"The genetic differences of the Galapagos mosquitoes from their mainland relatives are as large as those between different species, suggesting that the mosquito in Galapagos may be in the process of evolving into a new species."

The scientists also found that the mosquito, unlike its mainland counterpart which is normally confined to mangroves and coastal salt marshes, has also become adapted to living and breeding in inland sites and at relatively high altitudes, making it widespread throughout the archipelago.

Two other species of mosquito are found in the Galapagos but both are recent introductions and do not seem to live outside of the main centres, suggesting that they are less of a threat to wildlife, Dr Bataille said.

"They are limited to where you find humans and they don't move much away from humans, so they won't have as big an impact on spreading disease on to wildlife," he said.

The study, which is published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, concluded that the growth in the number of people visiting the Galapagos Islands as tourists raises the likelihood of mainland mosquitoes infected with wildlife diseases such as avian malaria and West Nile fever making it to the archipelago, accompanied by tourists. West Nile fever has already spread across North America and South America.

"With tourism growing so rapidly, the chance of a disease-carrying mosquito hitching a ride from the mainland on a plane is also increasing, since the number of flights grows in line with visitor numbers," said Andrew Cunningham, from the Zoological Society of London, the co-author of the study.

"If a new disease arrives via this route, the fear is that the Galapagos' own mosquitoes would pick it up and spread it throughout the archipelago."

The scientists said that rather than controlling the islands' own mosquito, there should be a concerted effort to stop mainland mosquitoes being carried on ships and planes.

Evolving Mosquitoes in the Galapágos
New York Times 1 Jun 09;

The animals of the Galapágos have been studied extensively since the days of Darwin and his finches. But there’s been less scrutiny of some of the archipelago’s insects, including mosquitoes.

Now, a paper in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, by scientists from the University of Leeds, the Zoological Society of London and Galapágos National Park, sheds light on the black salt marsh mosquito, Aedes taerniorhynchus. Since it is the only mosquito found throughout the archipelago, the findings raise concerns about the impact of mosquito-borne diseases.

Arnaud Bataille and colleagues conducted a genetic analysis that showed that the mosquito, one of three species found in the Galapágos, was not introduced recently by humans but instead arrived about 200,000 years ago. Since then the insect has evolved so much it is practically a distinct species from the mainland variety.

For one thing, the insect has adapted to be able to feast on the blood of lizards, tortoises and other reptiles and not solely on mammals, as it does on the mainland. The mosquito also has a wider range than on the mainland.

All of that could spell trouble, the researchers say, if West Nile virus or a similar pathogen were to reach the island. A. taerniorhynchus would appear to be poised to rapidly spread such a virus, with potentially devastating consequences. The researchers suggest that all planes and boats arriving in the Galapágos be treated with pesticides.