Asian bears at risk from poaching, deforestation: wildlife group

Yahoo News 12 Nov 07;

The world's smallest bear has been added to a list of species under threat in southeastern Asia due to rampant deforestation, a conservation group said on Monday.

The sun bear, which lives in mainland southeast Asia, Sumatra and Borneo, has been classed as 'vulnerable' by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) in its annual 'Red List' of threatened species.

Sun bears measure just 120-150 centimetres (47-59 inches) in length on average but are known for their aggressive behaviour and have the largest canine teeth of all bears. The sun bear was previously classed as 'data deficient' meaning there was insufficient knowledge to grant it any formal status.

"We estimate that sun bears have declined by at least 30 percent over the past 30 years (three bear generations), and continue to decline at this rate," said IUCN bear specialist Rob Steinmetz in a statement.

"Deforestation has reduced both the area and the quality of their habitat. Where habitat is protected, commercial poaching remains a significant threat," Steinmetz added.

The giant panda remains the only species classed as 'endangered' by the IUCN, but the conservation group warned that bears as a whole remain at risk throughout southeast Asia due to poaching and deforestation.

The IUCN praised efforts by China to try to conserve giant panda stocks through establishing reserves, banning logging and setting up reforestation programmes.

However, "it would be unwise to assume that in less than 10 years under the new habitat improvement policies in China that panda populations could have dramatically increased," said Dave Garshelis, co-chair of the IUCN's Bear Specialist Group.

Chinese state media reported on Monday that giant pandas living in the wild may face food shortages because vast areas of bamboo groves in their habitat are perishing.

About 24,000 hectares (60,000 acres) of bamboo growing in southwest China -- where 1,206 of the bears live in 40 nature reserves -- is entering the end of its lifespan as it begins to blossom.

Widespread blossoming of bamboo -- pandas' staple diet -- poses a threat to their survival because the plant flowers before dying, Xinhua news agency said.

Hundreds of pandas starved to death in the mountainous region during a period of blossoming between 1984 and 1987, Xinhua added.

The IUCN also included Asiatic black bears and sloth bears on its vulnerable list, along with Andean bears from South America.

Concern grows for smallest bear
BBC News 12 Nov 07;

Habitat loss and commerical hunting have been blamed for a decline in the number of sun bears - the world's smallest species of bear.

An assessment by World Conservation Union (IUCN) has re-classified the animal as "vulnerable".

Experts estimate that sun bears, found in south-east Asia, have declined by at least 30% in the past 30 years.

The IUCN's bear expert groups warn that six out of the world's eight bear species are threatened with extinction.

"Although we still have a lot to learn about the biology and ecology of this species (Helarctos malayanus) , we are quite certain it is in trouble," said Rob Steinmetz, a member of the IUCN bear specialist group.

"We estimate that sun bears have declined by at least 30% over the past 30 years and continue to decline at this rate."

Mr Steinmetz said deforestation had reduced the size and quality of the bears' habitat.

"Where habitat is now protected, commercial poaching remains a significant threat," he added.

"We are working with governments, protected area managers, conservation groups and local people to prevent extinctions of the many small, isolated sun bear populations."

Until this latest assessment, the bears had been classified as "data deficient" because not enough was know about the state of the species.

Uncertain times

One of the iconic species for conservationists, the giant panda, remains listed as "endangered", despite recent efforts in China to release captive-bred pandas into the wild.

"Even though some people have claimed that panda populations are on the rise, we still consider them endanagered because too much uncertainty exists to justify chnaging their status," explained Dave Garshelis, co-chairman of the IUCN bear specialist group.

Although the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) remains the world's most threatened bear species, there are reasons to be optimistic about its long-term survival.

China has established nearly 60 panda reserves, a logging ban and begun a programme of reforestation.

Out of the eight species featured on the IUCN Red List, only the American black bear is considered secure throughout its range, which includes Canada, the US and Mexico.

With an estimated population of 900,000, there are more than twice the number of American black bears than all the other species put together.

"An enormous amount of effort and funding for conservation and management continue to be directed at bears in North America," said Bruce McLellan, Mr Garshelis' fellow co-chairman of the group.

"It is unfortunate that so little is directed at bears in Asia and South America where the need is extreme."

The assessment of the seven terrestrial bear species and polar bear (technically classified as a marine mammal) was published on Sunday following a meeting in Mexico.

The findings will be used to update the bears' entries in the 2007 edition Red List of Threatened Species, which is considered to be the most authoriative audit of more than 41,000 species.

More links
Marcus Ng did a two-part article on the plight of these bears recently, posted on the wildasia website: The Unbearable Future of the Malayan Sun BearPart I and Part II

See also China's Giant Pandas May be Running Out of Food


Read more!

NEW Publication: SEC's Elements now online

Packed with articles about our green groups and environmental issues facing Singaporeans today, Elements 2007 Issue 3 is now online

The cover story for this issue is "Going Beyond Green", tracing the journey of environmental groups in Singapore in the eyes of November Tan. It's a great article sharing about the changes in the community since Chek Jawa.

November herself is active in conservation work and runs many fascinating blog including the Pulau Ubin Stories blog, the leafmonkey blog and Environmental News Archive blog.

Another fascinating read for me was "A Walk on the Wild Side". With the Chek Jawa boardwalk now completed, the Green Volunteers Network (GVN) and the Naked Hermit Crabs (NHC) have come together to conduct guided walks for the public . Grant Pereira from GVN and Ron Yeo from NHC shared what’s in store in these guided walks and their thoughts about the future of Chek Jawa.

Ron Yeo is a very active nature guide and volunteer for the shores. He also leads the Naked Hermit Crabs and his tidechaser blog is a colourful and information-packed tour of many aspects of nature in Singapore. Grant Pereira is the infamous man behind the Green Volunteers Network.

There are MORE interesting articles too:

"Sustainable Fishing - Where's the Catch" where you get a primer on fishing terms such as 'Bottom trawling', 'Cyanide fishing', 'By-catch' and 'Dolphin-friendly label' (I was dismayed to learn that dolphin-friendly isn't all that friendly after all).

There's also an interview with A/P Simon Tay, Chairman, Singapore Institute of International Affairs, who shares on issues such as "What are some of the greatest environmental challenges facing Singapore today?" and "Do you think a more active and vibrant civil society in Singapore will create greater environmental activism?"

So go to the SEC website and download the magazine (PDF) for yourself!

Elements is a magazine of the Singapore Environmental Council and was put together by indomitable Liang Xinyi.


Read more!

ASEAN to issue two statements on tackling climate change issue

S Ramesh, Channel NewsAsia 12 Nov 07;

SINGAPORE: ASEAN's readiness to tackle challenges of climate change and the environment will be spelt out in two key statements at the forthcoming Singapore ASEAN Summit, said the grouping's Secretary-General Ong Keng Yong.

Speaking to Channel NewsAsia, he said the first statement will be issued by the ten member countries themselves, while the second one will be issued jointly with leaders of the East Asia Summit, which include China, Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand.

ASEAN's message to the global community on addressing the issue of climate change is clear, said Mr Ong.

And the grouping is not falling behind the rest of the world in dealing with global concerns.

He said: "ASEAN countries, coming from different levels of development, have different national concerns. So what they have done is to work out a baseline – this is what all of us can do together, so let us put it down for the first time in a clear, specific way. Then we go to the next stage – What more can we all do from the baseline? Who is ready to do more? And how much more can you do? Many countries in ASEAN are ready to do 'baseline plus'."

Mr Ong explained that the biggest concern in Southeast Asia is the forests, and ASEAN's position is that forests must be harvested in a systematic way.

The grouping will follow certain guidelines which have already been developed.

And this time round, the guidelines will also be entrenched in the leader's statement.

The secretary-general said: "For example, very few people know that we have 27 national heritage parks in ASEAN. Some of these parks are four or five times the size of Singapore and in these parks, logging and harvesting of any forested products can only be done in a controlled systematic way. So we are now trying to do more to grow these initiatives and to have more of such ASEAN heritage parks for the protection of the environment."

Another initiative which Southeast Asian leaders will deal with during the summits is the challenges that come with Southeast Asia's vast water resources.

In fact, nearly half of the Southeast Asian region is made up of water and sea, so the declarations at the summits will also deal with protecting the sea and even the coral reefs and coastlines.

Mr Ong added that ASEAN's leaders will also recognise the efforts of civil society groups on the environment because addressing these challenges cannot be the role of governments alone.


Read more!

Singapore targets S$34b in value-add to energy industry by 2015

Ng Baoying, Channel NewsAsia 12 Nov 07;

SINGAPORE: Singapore wants to increase the value-add to the energy industry to S$34 billion by 2015, up 70 percent from current levels. It also wants to triple industry employment to 15,300 from the current 5,700. These numbers were revealed as Trade and Industry Minister Lim Hng Kiang outlined a holistic national energy policy framework on Monday.

The framework strives to balance economic competitiveness, energy security and environmental sustainability. Strong economic growth in China and India is causing world energy prices to soar.

There has already been a 70 percent increase in oil prices in less than a year to over US$90 a barrel, and Singapore needs to cope with this through new strategies.

Mr Lim said: "There's very little we can do to affect worldwide demand or supply. What Singapore can do is to work harder at energy efficiency and consumption. This won't take place overnight. But this is the best strategy going forward."

Six strategies, according to Mr Lim, are key to ensuring that Singapore has the energy it needs for economic growth.

Firstly, it has to have competitive markets so that consumers can benefit from lower prices.

Mr Lim said: "Oil prices have gone up very much from just within this year and over the last few years. Because of competition and efficiency, electricity prices have not gone up to that extent, so we have benefited over the years. We will all benefit as electricity market becomes more and more competitive."

A pilot test to enable full contestability in the electricity retail market is underway.

Another strategy is to diversify Singapore's energy supplies to protect the country against supply disruptions, price increases and other threats to energy security.

Singapore is already building a liquefied gas terminal to have more sources of natural gas.

Due to Singapore's geographical constraints, there are few alternative energy sources beyond oil and gas.

But Mr Lim said the government is not ruling out other energy options when technology improves, so it is supporting research and development, test-bedding and new energy technologies.

The third strategy, which the government is already working on through a masterplan, is to improve energy efficiency by promoting the saving of energy.

Singapore is also developing the energy industry by pursuing opportunities in clean energy, including solar energy, biofuels and fuel cells, to meet rising global and regional demand for energy.

On this fourth strategy, Mr Lim added that while solar energy could be on the cards, it is likely that solar power will only contribute a fraction of Singapore's needs.

He said: "Energy from solar sources today is very limited because it's still not price competitive. In five, ten or 15 years, solar energy will be completely competitive. In Japan, it is the reason energy prices are high there. In Germany, it's not, but the government intervenes to provide subsidies to people who use solar energy.

"In Singapore, we are studying these two ends of the spectrum. But it is not likely to replace our other sources, especially gas. At most, it may contribute 2 or 5 percent of our needs."

The government has committed more than S$300 million to build up Singapore's energy R&D capabilities.

The fifth and sixth strategies that Mr Lim cited are plans to step up international cooperation and to get various government agencies to work together to manage the challenges to Singapore's future energy needs.

Mr Lim also officially launched the Energy Studies Institute at the National University of Singapore on Monday.

The institute, believed to be Southeast Asia's first think tank on energy issues, will undertake research and develop energy policies in the region.

Six key steps to meet Singapore's energy needs
Lin Yanqin and Esther Fung, Today Online 13 Nov 07

SPIRALLING oil prices, growing global demand for energy, limited and uncertain supplies from oil-producing countries, climate change from greenhouse gas emissions — these are the challenges faced by a Singapore dependent on imports for energy needs.

But even if Singapore has to be a "price-taker" in meeting its energy needs, it can still turn "energy challenges" into "energy opportunities".

To help make this happen, a master plan — outlined in the National Energy Policy Report — was unveiled by the Minister for Trade and Industry Lim Hng Kiang yesterday, with six strategies mapped out for Singapore's energy future.

Steps will be taken to improve energy security by diversifying energy sources and the mix of fuels currently used to generate electricity. Plans are also in place to grow the value-add of the energy industry, now worth $20 billion, into a $34-billion industry by 2015, and triple the number of jobs to 15,300.

"There's very little we can do to affect worldwide demand and supply," said Mr Lim after unveiling the details of the energy policy at the Singapore Electricity Roundtable. "The best solution is a long-term one, towards efficiency, conservation and a competitive market."

Traditional strengths like oil- refining and trading would continue to grow, while others like renewable energy and the trading of energy products have been identified as growth areas.

More than $300 million has been committed to boost Singapore's energy research and development capabilities, such as the Economic Development Board's $17-million Clean Energy Research and Test-bedding Programme.

A clean energy scholarship programme to fund some 130 Masters and PhD students over the next five years for study and research in local and top foreign universities was also announced by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong at the opening of a separate event, Global Entrepolis, yesterday.

Diversifying Singapore's energy supplies was a key strategy of the framework, Mr Lim said.

Currently, more than three-quarters of Singapore's electricity is generated from piped natural gas (PNG) from Malaysia and Indonesia. But rising domestic demand means that these countries might not be able to continue PNG exports to Singapore.

Thus, developments, such as the liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal on Jurong Island, where construction will begin in 2009, will allow Singapore to source further for LNG, which can be transported over long distances, to meet energy needs by 2012.

Singapore will continue to rely on natural gas for energy, Mr Lim said. "Hydro, geothermal and wind power are not available in Singapore, while nuclear energy is not feasible due to (Singapore's) small size." Solar and coal power, on the other hand, have potential, but face cost and technological barriers.

The framework also aims to improve Singapore's energy efficiency, promote competition in the energy market, boost international cooperation and get all government agencies involved in shaping energy policy.

The energy industry regulator, Energy Market Authority, will take on a more developmental role in policy planning and develop cooperation with international organisations.

The Energy Studies Institute, which was launched yesterday, will conduct research in energy economics, energy security, and the environment.

Also underway is the pilot-testing of the Electricity Vending System, where consumers can choose how much electricity they want to buy.

Trade-offs between the objectives of economic competitiveness, energy security and environmental sustainability are inevitable, but where they converge, they should be exploited, said Mr Lim.

Two energy think-tanks set up - at NUS, EMA
Ronnie Lim, Business Times 13 Nov 07
Market regulator's role widened to tackle energy policy and planning

SINGAPORE has set up two new energy 'think-tanks', the Energy Studies Institute (ESI) at the National University of Singapore and the Energy Policy and Planning Division (EPPD) within the Energy Market Authority.

Making the announcement yesterday, Trade and Industry Minister Lim Hng Kiang said that they were part of the strategy set out by the high-level Energy Policy Group - that government agencies should 'put their heads together to deal with the complexities of energy'.

In this regard, the EMA has expanded its role from just being energy market regulator to also tackle the task of energy policy and planning.

'EMA will take on a more developmental role for the energy sector, with the goal of enhancing Singapore's energy security and competitiveness,' Mr Lim said.

The new ESI, with 20 people, is a multi-disciplinary, autonomous energy research institution, covering 'the three areas of energy economics, energy security and the environment', Mr Lim said. It will provide a platform to promote greater awareness and dialogue on energy issue within the region.

He said this 'whole-of- government approach' to tackling energy issues has already seen several other agencies forming new units. MTI now has an energy division, while the Economic Development Board and the National Environmental Agency have set up inter-agency programme offices for clean energy and energy efficiency.

BT understands that EMA's new division, headed by its No 2, deputy CEO David Tan, will comprise a sizeable group of energy researchers and analysts.

The EPPD will plan and review energy policies here and develop scenarios for formulation of strategic plans to secure the Republic's energy needs. It will also be the government's 'information repository' on energy matters.

It will also carry out studies to identify new energy opportunities. For example, Singapore is exploring various clean energy options like solar power, so the EPPD will look at the various technologies to ensure that the Republic is ready for using solar power once it can be commercially applied. But at the moment, solar energy costs two to three times as much as conventional electricity.

ESI chairman Chan Lai Fung said: 'We endeavour to produce independent and high quality research that will stimulate debate on energy issues of key interest to policymakers, industries and the community. Through our research and collaboration at the regional and global levels, ESI can contribute to the development of effective public policies on energy matters.'

Singapore's energy challenge has business payoffs
Ronnie Lim, Business Times 13 Nov 07

Major report notes opportunities that could follow search for energy security

(SINGAPORE) Even as oil prices are poised to touch US$100 a barrel, Singapore has set itself an ambitious target. It wants to increase value-add to the energy industry from $20 billion to $34 billion by 2015 and triple employment from 5,700 to 15,300.

In spelling out its approach, the key emphasis is on securing its energy needs while exploiting the opportunities that may arise - like the commercial development of solar technology for export - amidst the latest oil crisis.

The long-awaited report released by the high-level Energy Policy Group (EPG) yesterday takes a 'whole-of-government' approach and comes 17 months after the EPG was formed, when oil prices were half today's levels.

Announcing the EPG report at yesterday's Singapore Electricity Roundtable for power officials, Trade and Industry Minister Lim Hng Kiang said that Singapore, being 100 per cent dependent on oil imports, is vulnerable to rising energy prices and risks of supply disruption.

'It is therefore critical that we manage our energy security as we continue to pursue economic growth,' he stressed.

The 76-page report titled Energy for Growth underlines the EPG's core objective, that is securing energy for the Republic's growth.

This is crucial, considering that Singapore imports 82 per cent of its oil from the Middle East, and power stations here are currently 76 per cent fuelled by piped natural gas from neighbouring Malaysia and Indonesia.

Today, says the EPG, the scope of energy policy here has expanded to include energy diversification, foreign policy, security of supply routes (like the Straits of Malacca), climate change, energy efficiency and conservation, and R&D.

Mr Lim said that the EPG report 'balances the three objectives of economic competitiveness, energy security and environmental sustainability'.

Responding to a BT query on whether the Ministry of Trade and Industry had a crisis management plan with oil prices close to hitting all-time highs, Mr Lim said: 'First of all, we have to recognise that the current oil price is a result of market forces. Overall, the global economy is growing quite robustly but supply has not caught up with it, so the resultant high oil prices are a result of these forces.'

'There's little we can do to affect world supply or demand. But what Singapore can do is to work harder at energy efficiency and consumption.

This will not take place overnight, but this is the best strategy going forward. For the individual, it means conservation, making fewer trips and being more efficient in planning your trips, for example,' he said. Pointing to the global picture, Peter Ong, permanent secretary of the Trade and Industry Ministry, and EPG chairman, added: 'Energy policy is also moving up the political agenda with many world leaders acknowledging the need for concerted global solutions to deal with energy security and climate change.'

EPG has proposed several key strategies like promoting competitive markets - including in oil refining, trading and in the electricity and gas markets - to keep energy costs affordable.

In electricity, for example, the EMA is carrying out trials to open up the last 25 per cent of the electricity market here, comprising households, to competition.

Energy supplies should also be diversified, the EPG adds, with the most imminent project being building of an LNG terminal by 2012 to enable liquefied natural gas to be shipped in from anywhere worldwide for power stations and industries here.

'It will be like another (gas) pipeline and the next big thing for Singapore,' Mr Ong said.

At the same time, Singapore will also consider and testbed possible energy alternatives like solar and even coal, although environmental concerns for the latter have to be addressed.

Norway's Renewable Energy Corporation, for example, announced a fortnight ago that it will build a S$6.3 billion solar manufacturing complex, while several other biofuel makers have also set up production plants here.

Another strategy is to improve energy efficiency in power generation and industries right through to transport, buildings and households.

The EPG also aims to step up international cooperation to ensure energy security and effective action on environmental protection.

'While people talk about costs for example in climate change, we also see in this opportunities to harness climate change, like in carbon credits,' Mr Ong said.

A carbon trading exchange here is among many ideas being considered, he added.

Energy plan targets choice, efficient use and green jobs
Erica Tay, Straits Times 13 Nov 07;
Blueprint unveiled yesterday focuses on meeting long-term needs

PEOPLE here are set to live, work and play differently in the not-too-distant future as Singapore tackles the fast-changing energy outlook.

As policymakers worldwide grapple with record high oil prices and climate change, the Government has unveiled a bold new energy blueprint.

It is designed to ensure enough energy to power the Republic in the years ahead. Key goals include more efficient use of energy, more jobs in the 'green' sector, and more choice for consumers.

It is the first time Singapore has unveiled a holistic energy policy framework spanning economic development, energy security and environmental sustainability.

One key impact: Singapore households will get to choose their electricity suppliers the way they now pick mobile phone service providers.

Commuters will also be encouraged to ditch their cars and travel on trains and buses. Even those who drive are likely to use more fuel-efficient and 'green' vehicles.

These are but a few of the initiatives outlined in the Government's national energy policy framework, announced yesterday by Trade and Industry Minister Lim Hng Kiang.

It tackles long-term issues, from future energy sources to how the thirst for clean energy can create jobs here.

In a sweeping National Energy Policy Report (available at www.mti.gov.sg), the Government unveiled six key strategies an inter-ministry group called the Energy Policy Group (EPG) will focus on.

Firstly, the domestic power industry will be further liberalised by opening up the electricity retail market to competing private sector players. 'Competitive markets will remain a cornerstone of our energy policy,' said Mr Lim in a speech.

The Government will 'promote competitive energy markets to improve efficiency, encourage innovation and drive down prices', said the report.

An Electricity Vending System (EVS) is being piloted by the Energy Market Authority (EMA) among a handful of consumers. The pilot scheme will end in mid-2009.

If it is successful, all 1.2 million small retail users here, including homes, will be able to shop for their choice of power supply among competing companies and price plans.

Secondly, Singapore plans to diversify energy sources. Now, 76 per cent of electricity is generated using piped gas from Indonesia.

The rest of its fuel mix consists of fuel oil, followed by refuse, then diesel.

Singapore plans to import liquefied natural gas by 2012.

Mr Lim said: 'A more diversified energy system will help protect us against supply disruptions, price increases and other threats to energy security.'

The Government believes that a competitive market aids diversification.

The private sector is best placed to decide which technologies and fuels to use, rather than a top-down fuel mix prescribed by the Government, the report said.

The third strategy is to lift energy efficiency, that is, to do more with less energy. Policies include encouraging public transport usage and 'green' buildings.

Speaking to reporters, Mr Lim said oil prices are largely dictated by outside forces.

'There is very little that we can do to affect worldwide demand or supply. But what Singapore can do is to work harder at energy efficiency and consumption.'

Fourthly, Singapore plans to tap into growing demand for refined oil products and renewable energy to develop its economy. The aim: to generate $34 billion in annual economic activity and 15,300 jobs by 2015.

The fifth and sixth strategies are to step up international cooperation and to take a 'whole-of-government' approach. The Energy Policy Group is chaired by Permanent Secretary for Trade and Industry Peter Ong, and made up of officials from several ministries and agencies such as the Economic Development Board and the EMA.

The Government also announced the launch of a new Energy Studies Institute at the National University of Singapore, to conduct research into energy economics, energy security and the environment.

On test: New way to lower electricity bills
Tania Tan, Straits Times 13 Nov 07
Consumers can choose from six power suppliers much in the same way that they pick their cellphone plans

COMPETITION in the electricity market has helped stave off price increases amid soaring oil prices over the past six years.

And introducing more competition - this time in the sale of electricity to Singapore's households - will help consumers again by giving them more flexibility in picking the price plan that best suits their usage needs.

Underscoring the importance of freeing up the electricity market, Minister for Trade and Industry Lim Hng Kiang said that this 'has always helped keep power prices low'.

And this is why competitive markets will remain 'a cornerstone' of Singapore's energy policy, added Mr Lim, who was at the opening of the Singapore Electricity Roundtable at the Raffles City Convention Centre.

About a decade ago, the Public Utilities Board was the sole provider of all electricity services in Singapore.

The Government then restructured the industry, separating the generating of power from its distribution and also from the sale of power by the electricity retailer to the end consumer.

The business of power generation was first liberalised, and this saw the establishment of several privately owned power generation companies such as Tuas Power and PowerSeraya.

These companies were free to choose their own means of generating power.

And the diversification of energy sources led to lower electricity bills as generation companies looked for more energy-efficient means of power production, explained Mr Lim.

Since 2001, prices for oil - the favoured fuel for power plants - have leapt by over 200 per cent, said Ms Wong Mui Quee, director of the market department at the Energy Market Authority.

By contrast, electricity tariffs have increased by less than 10 per cent in the same period.

So far, businesses - which account for about 75 per cent of Singapore's total energy consumption - have been reaping the most gains from competition.

This is because they can buy their power directly from power companies, whereas Singapore households must buy their power from one electricity retailer: SP Services.

The next stage of liberalisation will therefore allow consumers to buy from retailers other than SP Services as part of a new Electricity Vending System (EVS) that was introduced last month.

If successful, the project, which is slated for completion in mid-2009, will see six retailers - Keppel Electric, SembCorp Power, Tuas Power Supply, Senoko Energy Supply, Seraya Energy and market incumbent SP Services - hitting the market with more competitive prices, spelling lower bills for users.

'With a change of vending system and better technology, we hope to give households the same choice,' said Mr Lim.

Allowing for multiple retailers will give consumers the ability to pick the electricity plan best suited to their needs, just like picking a mobile phone plan.

For example, those who work during the day and are at home only at night may be able to select price plans that provide cheaper electricity from the evenings instead.

Alternatively, households with heavy electricity usage may want to buy their power in bulk, akin to unlimited talktime on a mobile phone plan.

Currently, households are charged a flat rate of about 21 cents per kWh, which they purchase exclusively from SP Services.

'If we do it the traditional way, it is very prohibitive for the individual consumer, who pays $100 or $200 for their electricity every month,' said Mr Lim.

'We want to see how households, too, can reap the benefits of competition just like the wholesale market.'

What if oil hits US$120 a barrel?
Erica Tay, Straits Times 13 Nov 07;

IF OIL prices were to continue soaring, the best response, it seems, is to use energy more wisely.

Asked if Singapore had a crisis management plan should oil prices reach a tipping point of US$110 (S$159), or even US$120 a barrel, Trade and Industry Ministry Lim Hng Kiang told reporters: 'We are a price taker. There is very little we can do.

'I think our best solution going forward is a long-term one - towards efficiency and conservation and towards a more competitive market,' he said, on the sidelines of the Singapore Electricity Roundtable yesterday.

The price of crude oil, which stands at around US$96 a barrel, is the result of market forces and we have to learn to adapt to higher energy prices, he added.

Solar power is not yet a viable alternative for Singapore, so 'we have to be realistic', he said.

Solar energy will be competitive in five to 15 years, but it is not likely to replace other energy sources, particularly gas.

'At most, it may contribute maybe 2 per cent, maybe 5 per cent of our needs,' he reckoned.

Separately, Mr Lim told Parliament yesterday that Singapore's total installed capacity for generating solar energy is only 0.15 MW, very small compared with the peak electricity demand of more than 5,000 MW.

Even buildings with installations for tapping solar energy cannot meet their own needs from solar energy generated, and they have to tap electricity, like everyone else, from the national grid.

The use of solar energy is in its infancy in most parts of the world, because it is still relatively costly.

'While costs will decline with the advent of better technology, fossil fuels such as oil and gas will still remain a dominant part of the global fuel mix in the medium term. Singapore is no exception,' added Mr Lim.


Read more!

Use of solar energy still limited due to higher cost: Lim Hng Kiang

Wong Siew Ying, Channel NewsAsia 12 Nov 07;

SINGAPORE: Although Singapore has taken steps to promote clean energy research, the use of solar energy is still limited, Minster for Trade and Industry Lim Hng Kiang said Monday.

He added that the use of renewable energy sources such as geothermal, wind, solar and other combustible waste makes up only two percent of global electricity generated in 2004.
Mr Lim was responding to a question in Parliament from Ang Mo Kio GRC MP Dr Lam Pin Min. In view of the high oil prices, Dr Lam had asked if the government plans to tap on solar energy as an alternative.

Mr Lim said: "The main reason is cost. Current technologies for tapping solar energy are still not efficient. Solar-derived electricity is thus two to three times more expensive than our electricity tariffs for households.

"While cost will decline with the advent of better technology, fossil fuels such as oil and gas will still remain a dominant part of the global fuel mix in the medium term.

"Nonetheless, our energy strategy is to continue to diversify our energy sources and invest in research and development in clean energy, including solar energy." - CNA/ac


Read more!

Best of our wild blogs: 12 Nov 07

It was a low-tide weekend, and what wonderful explorations there were...

Diving Kusu
Glorious sea fans and their resident animals, and of course slugs on the colourful clouds blog

Changi Beach surprise
lots of little critters and a strange nudi on the manta blog

The East Coast is Alive
yes indeed! Check it out on the nearly lucid blog

Chek Jawa guided walk
second day sharing this special shore on the tidechaser blog

A look at litter on Labrador
Alas, not all is well with our shores on the reddot blog

And of course, other wild stuff is going on at the same time ...

Looking after a baby heron
on the bird ecology blog

Understanding the Clean Development Mechanism
about the Carbon Asia Forum on the AsiaIsGreen blog

NEW Reuters environmental blog
Reuters journalists have an environmental blog!

The latest posts include
Bacteria hoax briefly fools climate sceptics

A carbon-ated view of the world map
showing biggest emitters and biggest sufferers of climate change


Read more!

UN chief's Antarctic climate tour

By Gideon Long, BBC News 11 Nov 07;

United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon has described his alarm at the pace of climate change after wrapping up a two-day fact-finding trip to southern Chile.

Mr Ban, who has vowed to make the fight against global warming a key issue during his tenure at the UN, went to Antarctica on Friday where he heard from scientists how rising temperatures have caused huge ice shelves to collapse into the sea.

He was the first head of the UN ever to visit the frozen continent.

On Saturday the secretary general visited the majestic mountains of the Torres del Paine national park, one of Chile's top tourist attractions.

He flew over the Grey glacier, the facade of which is covered in cracks, which experts blame on changes in the weather.

Mr Ban is gathering information to take to a major UN conference on climate change next month on the Indonesian island of Bali.

Among the scientists who briefed him was Gino Casassa, one of Chile's leading experts on climate change and a member of the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which won this year's Nobel Peace Prize for its work on the issue.

"The Antarctic peninsula is one of the three [climate change] hotspots on earth and the temperature increase here over the last 50 years has been up to 10 times the global average," Mr Casassa said, as he stood in thick snow at one of two permanent Chilean bases on the continent.

'Astonishing'

"These are really astonishing changes, and nobody thought they would happen so fast.

"The heat is migrating south, warming up the ice and melting it. And as it does the ice just collapses into the ocean.

"We are having to reshape the whole glacialogical theory thanks to what we've been witnessing on this peninsula."

Speaking to reporters who accompanied him to Antarctica, the UN secretary general said the world had to do more to safeguard the future of the planet.

"I'm not here to frighten you, I'm not scaremongering," he said. "But the world is changing, the glaciers are melting ... the change is now progressing much faster than I had thought. It's alarming."

During his trip to Antarctica, Mr Ban dropped in on his compatriots at South Korea's King Sejong research station, also on the Antarctic peninsula.

There, scientists have monitored the impact of global warming on a glacier which has retreated over 1km (0.62 miles) in the past half century.

"Very, very serious global warming is taking place," said the head of the base, Sang Hoon Lee.

For years, many scientists cast doubt on the existence of global warming but these days the sceptics are dwindling in number.

"Even when I was studying for my PhD I didn't think there was enough evidence," Mr Casassa said. "It was less than 10 years ago that I was converted."

From Chile, Mr Ban flew to Brazil, where he is due to visit an ethanol plant and see how the burning of fossil fuels has affected the Amazon rainforest.

When he travels to Bali next month his main priority will be to kick-start negotiations aimed at agreeing a follow-up to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol on cutting greenhouse emissions.

UN's Ban Says Global Warming is 'An Emergency'
Juan Jose Lagorio, PlanetArk 11 Nov 07;


EDUARDO FREI BASE, Antarctica - With prehistoric Antarctic ice sheets melting beneath his feet, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon called for urgent political action to tackle global warming.


The Antarctic Peninsula has warmed faster than anywhere else on Earth in the last 50 years, making the continent a fitting destination for Ban, who has made climate change a priority since he took office earlier this year.

"I need a political answer. This is an emergency and for emergency situations we need emergency action," he said during a visit to three scientific bases on the barren continent, where temperatures are their highest in about 1,800 years.

Antarctica's ice sheets are nearly 1.5 miles (2.5 km) thick on average -- five times the height of the Taipei 101 tower, the world's tallest building. But scientists say they are already showing signs of climate change.

Satellite images show the West Antarctic ice sheet is thinning and may even collapse in the future, causing sea levels to rise.

Amid occasional flurries of snow, Ban flew over melting ice fields in a light plane, where vast chunks of ice the size of six-story buildings could be seen floating off the coast after breaking away from ice shelves.

"All we've seen has been very impressive and beautiful, extraordinarily beautiful," he said late on Friday. "But at the same time it's disturbing. We've seen ... the melting of glaciers."

MELTING

Ban is preparing for a UN climate change conference in Bali, Indonesia, in December, which is expected to kick off talks on a new accord to curb carbon emissions after the Kyoto Protocol expires in 2012.

Ban has focused strongly on the environment and held a climate change summit at the United Nations on the eve of the annual General Assembly gathering of world leaders.

On Saturday, he continued his South American tour at Chilean national park Torres del Paine, taking a helicopter tour over Patagonian ice fields that scientists say are melting fast. Ban was flown over a glacier marked by large cracks from ice that has melted and broken away.

"(Climate) change is progressing much faster than I had thought," he said, calling on developed countries in particular to do more.

Ban, the first UN chief to visit Antarctica, was also due to visit the Amazon rain forest in Brazil, a leading force in developing biofuels from crops as an alternative to fossil fuels. Fears about climate change have fueled a boom in biofuels.

Despite the controversy of diverting food crops into fuel production, Ban has said alternative energy sources are vital to addressing climate change.

Antarctica -- a continent with only about 80,000 temporary residents -- is 25 percent bigger than Europe and its ice sheets hold 90 percent of the fresh water on the Earth's surface.


Read more!

Nations Share Blame for Indonesia Deforestation - VP

PlanetArk 12 Nov 07

JAKARTA - Foreign nations share the blame for the destruction of Indonesian forests and should pitch in to help restore them, Vice President Jusuf Kalla said on Friday.

Indonesia, host of a UN climate change conference in December, has been a driving force behind calls for rich countries to compensate poor states that preserve their rainforests to soak up greenhouse gases.

"Those foreigners keep harping on our country's high emissions. Our emissions are high, but don't forget who created this. Where did our timber go?" Kalla told reporters.

Kala said developed countries such as Japan and the United States had been major consumers of Indonesian timber, much of which was logged illegally.

"It means they have to pay," he said.

According to global environmental group Greenpeace, Indonesia had the fastest pace of deforestation in the world between 2000-2005, destroying an area of forest the size of 300 soccer pitches every hour.

The Indonesian government says it must be given incentives, including a payout of US$5-$20 per hectare, to preserve its forests. It also wants to negotiate a fixed price for other forms of biodiversity, including coral reefs.

Indonesia has a total forest area of more than 225 million acres (91 million hectares), or about 10 percent of the world's remaining tropical forests.

But the Southeast Asian country -- whose forests are a treasure trove of plant and animal species including the endangered orang-utan -- has already lost an estimated 72 percent of its original frontier forest.

Participants from 189 countries are expected to gather in Bali in December to discuss a new deal to fight global warming. The existing pact, the Kyoto Protocol, runs out in 2012.

(Reporting Muhammad Al Azahari; Writing by Ahmad Pathoni; Editing by Sugita Katyal)


Read more!

Key Facts About Oil Spills

PlantArk 12 Nov 07

A severe storm broke a Russian oil tanker in two between the Azov and Black Seas, stranding 13 crew members and spilling fuel oil into the sea in what a Russian official said was an "environmental disaster".

Here are some key facts about oil spills:

OVERVIEW

Pipelines and fixed facilities are responsible for more than two-thirds of oil spilt onto water or land. Accidental spills from ships account for about 15 percent of the oil entering the ocean every year.

Tankers and barges have spilt nearly six million tonnes of oil into the marine environment since 1970, with large spills (greater than 700 tonnes) responsible for most of the oil spilt into water bodies. In 2005, spillage from tankers and barges was about 17,000 tonnes. Oil spills happen most frequently in the Gulf of Mexico, northeastern United States and the Mediterranean Sea.

CAUSES AND EFFECTS

Oil spills can be caused by accidents, breakdown of equipment, natural disasters such as hurricanes or acts of terrorism and war.

Large oil spills at sea can kill thousands of marine animals and destroy habitats, as well as affect the fishing and the tourist industries. Exposure to hydrocarbons can also harm people's health.

CLEAN UP AND COSTS

The cost of clean up depends on the type of oil -- the more viscous and sticky it is, the higher the cost -- and the size and area of the spill. Refined products such as diesel evaporate and dissipate quickly. Oil spills can be contained through use of equipment such as booms and skimmers. The clean up could involve dispersants, gelling agents and raking and bulldozing on shorelines.

The 1989 Exxon Valdez spill of some 34,000 tonnes (240,000 barrels) of crude oil onto Alaskan shores was the costliest ever. The clean up alone cost around US$2.5 billion while the total cost, including fines and claims settlement, is estimated at US$9.5 billion.

LARGEST EVER SPILLS

- The largest oil spill ever was during the 1991 Gulf war, when about 800,000 tonnes of crude oil was deliberately released by Iraq into the Persian Gulf.

- The biggest oil spill due to an accident at sea occurred in 1979 when the "Atlantic Empress" collided with another vessel and spilt 287,000 tonnes off Tobago.

Sources: Reuters; United Nations Environment Programme (www.unep.org); International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation (www.itopf.com); US Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov)


Read more!

San Francisco Oil Spill Larger Than Thought

Adam Tanner, PlanetArk 12 Nov 07

SAN FRANCISCO - Many beaches in the San Francisco area remained closed on Thursday as officials tried to clean up 58,000 gallons (220,000 litres) of fuel that spilled into the West Coast city's famous bay the day before.

"This is a major spill," said Wil Bruhns, a division chief at the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board. "It certainly has the potential to cause damage to birds, fish and other wildlife."

The Cosco Busan struck a tower of the Bay Bridge on Wednesday morning in dense fog, creating a long slash along the ship that allowed bunker fuel to spill into the water.

The Coast Guard initially called the spill minor but later realized the amount of fuel was greater than first thought. Environmentalists criticized the Coast Guard for not notifying other agencies fast enough and for being slow to put inflatable booms on the water's surface to prevent oil from spreading.

"The booms were not put in place quickly enough," said Sejal Choksi, director of programs for the environmental group Baykeeper. "We're looking at a pretty messy situation."

Bud Leland, deputy director of California's Office of Spill Prevention and Response, told Reuters the spill was the worst in the San Francisco Bay since his office came into existence in 1991. He said it would likely take several weeks to complete the cleanup effort.

Tides carried the bunker fuel towards the Pacific Ocean under the Golden Gate Bridge and people near the spill on Wednesday reported headaches and nausea. The spill reached the famed former prison island of Alcatraz and as far north as Marin County, environmentalists said.


HUNDREDS AT WORK CLEANING

The Coast Guard said 200 people were working on the cleanup and, as of Wednesday night, had recovered about 8,000 gallons (30,285 litres) of the oil.

Eight oil-skimming boats were in and around the bay and workers spread booms across long sections of beach and water.

The Cosco Busan, owned by China COSCO Holdings Co Ltd and leased to South Korea's Hanjin Group, left the Port of Oakland early on Wednesday and soon hit a fender around a support tower of the Bay Bridge on an especially foggy morning.

Only the fender was damaged on what is a vital transportation link between San Francisco and Oakland and Berkeley in the East Bay.

The spill forced closure of some of the region's most famous beaches, such as Crissy Field overlooking the Golden Gate Bridge and Baker Beach on the Pacific Ocean. Crissy Field is famed for its scenic views and is popular with windsurfers.

"Area Closed -- Oil Spill, Hazardous Contaminants in Water," a sign at Crissy Field read.

(Additional reporting by Robert Galbraith; Editing by Jim Christie and John O'Callaghan)


Read more!

Russian oil tanker sinks in Black Sea storm

Dario Thuburn, Yahoo News 11 Nov 07;

Five-metre (16-feet) high waves smashed apart a Russian tanker on Sunday, spilling 1,300 tonnes of fuel oil into the Black Sea in what environmentalists called an "ecological catastrophe."

Four other cargo ships including three carrying sulphur also sank as winds of up to 108 kilometres (67 miles) an hour battered the Kerch Strait separating the Black Sea from the Sea of Azov.

Rescue services plucked 36 crewmembers from stricken vessels but fears were growing for the fate of 23 missing sailors as weather conditions worsened, reports said.

Forty vessels were evacuated from Kavkaz, a busy Russian commercial port some 1,200 kilometres (750 miles) south of Moscow, officials said. Ten others were forced to stay in the port because of the storm.

Some 300 kilometres further west, high winds sank a cargo ship with 17 sailors on board. Two were rescued and 15 were still missing, officials said.

"This is a major ecological catastrophe," Vladimir Slivyak, head of Ekozashchita, or Ecodefense, a Russian environmental group, was quoted by Interfax news agency as saying.

"The pollution that has taken place will have to be cleaned up for a long time to come and the consequences will be felt for a year or even more."

Oleg Mitvol, head of the Russian government's environmental monitoring agency Rosprirodnadzor, said: "This is a serious environmental accident that will require a large amount of work.

"This problem may take a few years to solve," he said on the Vesti-24 news channel.

Prosecutors have opened a criminal inquiry for pollution, reports said.

The prow and the stern of the oil tanker, called Volgoneft-139, tore apart in the storm and "around 1,300 tonnes of fuel oil were spilled," a transport ministry spokeswoman told AFP.

Thirteen crew members were stranded in the stern and were later rescued but efforts to limit the oil spill were being hampered by harsh weather conditions, officials said.

A spokesman from the emergency response ministry said a second fuel oil tanker, the Volgoneft-123, had also been damaged in the storm and there had been an "insignificant spill" from the ship.

In November 2002, the Liberian oil tanker Prestige broke up and sank, spewing 64,000 tonnes of fuel oil into the waters and fouling thousands of kilometres (miles) along the Atlantic coast of France, Spain and Portugal.

Russia and Ukraine have set up a joint crisis centre to deal with Sunday's disaster and aircraft were on standby to fly to the area as soon as the weather allows, officials said.

The Volgoneft-139 was carrying fuel oil from the southern Russian city of Samara on the Volga River to an oil terminal in Ukraine, agency reports quoted a Russian official as saying.

Russian Oil Tanker Breaks Up Off Crimea

Dmitry Solovyov, Yahoo News 12 Nov 07;

MOSCOW - A severe storm broke a small Russian oil tanker in two off the Ukrainian port of Kerch on Sunday, spilling up to 2,000 tonnes of fuel oil in what a Russian official said was an "environmental disaster".

The same storm in the Black Sea and Azov Sea also sank four freighters, three carrying sulphur and one with a cargo of scrap metal. The heavy seas also cracked the hull of another oil tanker, but the ship was afloat and not leaking.

The sunken tanker, Volganeft-139, had travelled from the Russian port of Azov and was anchored outside Kerch in Ukraine's eastern Crimea to ride out the weather, when high waves broke its back at around 0445 (0145 GMT) on Sunday, media reported.

The 1978-built tanker, designed primarily for inland and coastal service, was carrying 4,000 tonnes of fuel oil in total when it was hit by the storm, which has knocked out electricity supplies to much of Crimea.

"This problem may take a few years to solve. Fuel oil is a heavy substance and it is now sinking to the seabed," Oleg Mitvol, deputy head of Russia's environment agency Rosprirodnadzor told state-run Vesti-24 television channel.

"This is a very serious environmental disaster."

Environment agency Rosprirodnadzor said some 2,000 tonnes of fuel oil had spilt, but Emergencies Ministry spokesman Viktor Beltsov told Reuters not more than 1,200 tonnes had leaked.

The tanker's 13 crew members drifted for hours in waves up to 6 metres high aboard the ship's stern before beaching safely a few miles from the bow section, the emergencies ministry said. The crew were safe, it added.

The likely effects of the spill were not immediately clear. A spill over 700 tonnes is considered large, but the biggest ones run into the tens or even hundreds of thousands.

The polluted area is at the heart of the migration route from central Siberia into the Black Sea of red-throated and black-throated Siberian divers.

"The peak of the migration season is right now," Kees Camphuysen, a marine ornithologist at the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, told Reuters by telephone.

"The quantity (of oil spilt) doesn't matter. One tonne in the wrong place will do a lot of damage while a 100,000 tonnes will do no damage in the centre of the ocean," he said.

The area is also home to porpoises.

STORM TOLL

Almost at the same time as the Volganeft-139 broke up, a freighter carrying 2,000 tonnes of sulphur sank off the port of Kavkaz in the Kerch Strait. Its crew of nine was rescued.

"We hope that in the water sulphur will not form any substances dangerous to humans," Mitvol said.

Several hours later, another freighter carrying sulphur sank off Kavkaz, Interfax news agency quoted the port adminstration as saying, adding three of its crew had been rescued by a Ukrainian ship. The fate of the other eight sailors was unclear.

The same storm, which is expected to rage for up to 3 days, also sank a freighter with scrap metal off Sevastopol in southern Crimea. Two of its crew were rescued, but the fate of the other 15 was unknown, Ukraine's emergencies ministry said.

The hull of the oil tanker, Volganeft-123, cracked after being hit by high waves, but Maxim Stepanenko, Novorossiisk transport prosecutor, told Russian television this tanker was afloat and its oil products were not leaking. (Additional reporting by Peter Graff in London and Natalya Zinets in Kiev; Editing by Matthew Jones)


Read more!

Fighting fat and climate change

Seth Borenstein, Associated Press, Yahoo News 11 Nov 07

America's obesity epidemic and global warming might not seem to have much in common. But public health experts suggest people can attack them both by cutting calories and carbon dioxide at the same time.

How? Get out of your car and walk or bike half an hour a day instead of driving. And while you're at it, eat less red meat. That's how Americans can simultaneously save the planet and their health, say doctors and climate scientists.

The payoffs are huge, although unlikely to happen.

One numbers-crunching scientist calculates that if all Americans between 10 and 74 walked just half an hour a day instead of driving, they would cut the annual U.S. emissions of carbon dioxide, the chief greenhouse gas, by 64 million tons.

About 6.5 billion gallons of gasoline would be saved. And Americans would also shed more than 3 billion pounds overall, according to these calculations.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is considering public promotion of the "co-benefits" of fighting global warming and obesity-related illnesses through everyday exercise, like walking to school or work, said Dr. Howard Frumkin, director of the CDC's National Center for Environmental Health.

"A simple intervention like walking to school is a climate change intervention, an obesity intervention, a diabetes intervention, a safety intervention," Frumkin told The Associated Press. "That's the sweet spot."

Climate change is a deadly and worsening public health issue, said Frumkin and other experts. The World Health Organization estimated that 160,000 people died in 2000 from malaria, diarrhea, malnutrition and drownings from floods — problems that public health and climate scientists contend were worsened by global warming. Officials predict that in the future those numbers will be higher.

The American Public Health Association, which will highlight the health problems of global warming in April, is seeking to connect obesity and climate change solutions, said executive director Dr. Georges Benjamin.

"This may present the greatest public health opportunity that we've had in a century," said University of Wisconsin health sciences professor Dr. Jonathan Patz, president of the International Association for Ecology and Health.

The key is getting people out of the car, Patz and Frumkin told the public health association at its annual convention. Reducing car travel in favor of biking or walking would not only cut obesity and greenhouse gases, they said, it would also mean less smog, fewer deaths from car crashes, less osteoporosis, and even less depression since exercise helps beat the blues.

In a little-noticed scientific paper in 2005, Paul Higgins, a scientist and policy fellow with the American Meteorological Society, calculated specific savings from adopting federal government recommendations for half an hour a day of exercise instead of driving.

The average person walking half an hour a day would lose about 13 pounds a year. And if everyone did that instead of driving the same distance, the nation would burn a total of 10.5 trillion calories, according to the scientist, formerly with the University of California at Berkeley. At the same time, that would cut carbon dioxide emissions by about the same amount New Mexico produces, he said.

"The real bang for the buck in reducing greenhouse gas emissions was from the avoided health expenses of a sedentary lifestyle," said Higgins.

But it's not just getting out of the car that's needed, said Dr. Robert Lawrence of the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health. A diet shift away from heavy meat consumption would also go far, he said, because it takes much more energy and land to produce meat than fruits, vegetables and grains.

Recent studies support that argument. Last year the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization reported that the meat sector of the global economy is responsible for 18 percent of the world's greenhouse gas emissions. Much of that is indirect, including the fertilizer needed to grow massive amounts of feed for livestock, energy use in the whole growing process, methane released from fertilizer and animal manure, and transportation of the cattle and meat products.

Similar calculations were made in a study in September in the medical journal Lancet.

The average American man eats 1.6 times as much meat as the government recommends, Lawrence said. Some studies have shown eating a lot of red meat is linked to a higher risk for colon cancer.

As for fighting obesity and global warming by walking and cycling, don't expect people to do it easily, said Kristie Ebi. She's a Virginia public health consultant and one of the lead authors of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report.

Citing the decades-long effort to curb smoking, she said, "It turns out changing people's habits is very hard."


Read more!

Seas to Absorb Greenhouse Gas, But Food Chain Hit

Alister Doyle, PlanetArk 12 Nov 07;

OSLO - Tiny ocean plankton can reduce global warming by soaking up unexpectedly large amounts of carbon dioxide but their carbon-bloated cells might damage marine food chains, scientists said on Sunday.

Experiments in a Norwegian fjord showed that plankton -- small drifting plants or creatures -- could absorb up to 39 percent more carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, in seawater pens mimicking projected climate conditions to 2150.

"This is a massive and surprising change in the carbon content of these organisms," said Ulf Riebesell, a marine biologist at the Leibnitz Institute of Marine Sciences in Kiel, Germany, who led the German and Norwegian experiments.

Other studies have shown that the oceans have soaked up almost half of the carbon dioxide emitted by burning fossil fuels since the Industrial Revolution, but few have looked at how greenhouse gases may affect life in the oceans in future.

The study was good news for the climate by indicating plankton could help absorb ever more carbon, helping brake rising temperatures that the UN climate panel says will bring more heatwaves, storms, droughts and floods.

But Riebesell said there was bad news for marine life from the study, published in the journal Nature.


OCEAN CURSE

"What appears to be a blessing for the atmospheric greenhouse effect may prove to be a curse for deep ocean ecosystems," the Leibnitz Institute said in a statement.

When plankton die and sink, their decomposition consumes oxygen vital to marine animals living in the depths. "This will enlarge the parts of the oceans that have very little oxygen," Reibesell told Reuters.

Dissolved carbon dioxide is a weak acid so a quicker transport of carbon to the seabed could accelerate acidification that makes it harder for creatures such as shellfish or crabs to build protective shells.

In addition, plankton are food for other marine life and may be less nutritious with a higher carbon content.

"When tiny crustaceans were fed on the carbon-rich plankton, their growth rate and their reproduction rate decreased," Riebesell said. He likened the shift to that from a healthy salad to a greasy hamburger.

The study was based on plankton grown in 27 cubic metre (950 cu ft) seawater containers reaching 10 metres deep in a west Norwegian fjord. The scientists hope to expand their research to other places, such as the Arctic or the US Great Lakes.

Global warming: Oceans could absorb far more CO2, says study
Yahoo News 11 Nov 07

The ocean's plankton can suck up far more airborne carbon dioxide (CO2) than previously realised, although the marine ecoystem may suffer damage if this happens, a new study into global warming says.

The sea has soaked up nearly half of the CO2 that has been emitted by fossil fuels since the start of the Industrial Revolution.

The gas dissolves into surface waters and is then transported around the oceans.

But a key role is played by plant micro-organisms called phytoplankton, which take in the dissolved gas at the ocean's sunlit surface as part of the process of photosynthesis. This plankton dies and eventually sinks to the ocean floor, thus storing the carbon for potentially millions of years.

One of the big questions is how much more of CO2 the sea can absorb.

If, like a saturated sponge, the oceans cannot take up any more, atmospheric concentrations of CO2, the principal greenhouse gas, would sharply rise and stoke global warming.

Another concern is that rising levels of dissolved CO2 also causes acidification of seawater. Wildlife such as coral, which secretes a skeletal structure, are known to be affected by acidification but the impact on other marine species is largely unknown.

In an innovative experiment reported on Sunday in Nature, researchers closed off part of Raune fjord in southern Norway to see how plankton reacted to different levels of CO2.

They used nine large enclosed tanks of seawater that were exposed to CO2 concentrations likely to prevail over the next 150 years.

These three levels were today's concentrations of CO2; double that concentration, to simulate the air in 2100; and triple, replicating the air in 2150).

To feed the plankton, the researchers added nutrients to simulate food usually brought up by ocean currents and upwelling, and then monitored plankton levels over the next 24 days.

The investigators found that, the higher the CO2 level, the more the plankton bloomed.

The organisms were able to gobble up to 39 percent more dissolved carbon compared with today, but did not need any additional nutrients to achieve this.

The findings "underscore the importance of biologically-driven feedbacks in the ocean to global change," say the authors, led by Ulf Riebesell of the Liebniz Institute of Marine Sciences in Kiel, Germany.

The paper, though, warns that taking the carbon out of the air and placing it into the sea could cause problems.

Algal blooms could inflict oxygen depletion in some parts of the ocean while rising carbon levels may cause an imbalance in primary nutrients, with implications that could ripple across the marine food web.

Supporters of so-called geo-engineering -- unconventional projects aimed at easing global warming -- have been closely looking at plankton, seeing in it fantastic potential as a carbon sponge.

Their schemes entail sowing the sea with iron filings and other nutrients to encourage plankton growth and thus suck up more of the atmospheric CO2.

Mainstream scientists say such experiments are unjustified, given the uncertainty surrounding the environmental impact and the many knowledge gaps that persist about ocean topography and currents.


Read more!

New Biofuel Crops Pose Risks to Farms, Ecosystems

Timothy Gardner, PlanetArk 12 Nov 07;

NEW YORK - New plants the biofuels industry has touted as potential sources of green domestic fuels pose risks as aggressive weeds that could damage farms and other ecosystems.

Botanists like Richard Mack at Washington State University said the new crops must be considered to help ease tightening oil supplies, but that they should be studied carefully before the nascent industry develops the new energy source.

Some could "jump the fence" and encroach on food crops or suffocate irrigation ditches and water systems in the US West, where water supplies are tight, he said.

Plants like miscanthus, switchgrass and giant reed grow rapidly in dense formations and have few pests and diseases -- traits companies say would make them ideal for biofuels.

As crude futures test US$100 a barrel and global concern grows about emissions of climate-changing gases, companies are racing to develop new biofuels using the plants like cellulosic ethanol for motors and biomass for power generation.

They say new crops could become better sources than corn, the current feedstock for US ethanol, because they can be grown on marginal areas rather than rich farmland, and producing them emits less greenhouse gas.

The Bush administration is granting hundreds of millions of dollars to companies to build cellulosic ethanol plants, which may use a range of feedstocks. And the farm bill being considered in the US Congress includes about US$1 billion in loans to encourage commercial-scale cellulosic ethanol plants.

"Several of the features deemed ideal in a biofuel crop species are the exact traits that raise red flags when we investigate risks of exotic plant introductions," Raghu Sathyamurthy, a plant expert at the Queensland University of Technology in Australia, said in an e-mail response to questions.

Many plants that had been introduced as beneficial species have had long-term costs due to their aggressiveness. A recent paper on biofuels in "Science" magazine said Johnsongrass, a type of sorghum, has become an invasive weed in 16 US states and costs cotton and soybean farmers in three states a conservative estimate of US$30 million annually.

Switchgrass is native in the eastern United States, but it is unknown how it would mingle with ecosystems in the rest of the country, said Jacob Barney, a scientist at University of California at Davis and co-author of a report this week on the risks of new biofuels by non-profit group, Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST).

John Ferrell, a US Department of Energy biofuels expert, said any risk of new feedstocks to places where they are not native could be lessened by government cooperation in regulating them.

FOCUS ON GIANT REED

The risk of any crop becoming invasive is 10 percent or less, WSU's Mack said. But the amount of marginal land needed to be planted with new crops will be huge, could make the economic costs of any problems worse, he added.

The plant scientists say poses the most risk, the giant reed, will be used to generate electricity that will be bought by a utility in Florida. The highly flammable plant is listed as a noxious weed species in Texas, and California has spent millions trying to eradicate it.

Ferrell said giant reed worries him and that the DOE does not fund any projects using it as a biofuel.

Private company Biomass Investment Group, however, will sell power generated by burning giant reed, to Progress Energy Florida, a subsidiary of Progress Energy Inc.

"Ignorance is a dangerous thing," Allen Sharpe, president of BIG, said in an interview about the CAST report. He admitted that if giant reed, known scientifically as Arundo donax, and being marketed by BIG as E-grass, is grown near rivers it could migrate and become a problem.

He said when grown in an agricultural setting, it poses no risk. A spokesman for Progress said its confident BIG can grow the plant safely, but added that the utility is simply buying the power, not generating it.

(Reporting by Timothy Gardner; Editing by Marguerita Choy)


Read more!

Israel to encourage development of electric cars

Yahoo News 11 Nov 07

Prime Minister Ehud Olmert said on Sunday his government will encourage the development of electric cars to help wean Israel off fossil fuels.

"We will encourage the research and development of electric cars and examine the possibility of giving aid to companies and industries that manufacture such vehicles," Olmert said in a statement released by his office.

He added during a weekly cabinet meeting that the government would also look at installing the necessary infrastructure to allow the cars to criss-cross the country.

In September, President Shimon Peres said Israel should become the first country in the world to develop entirely battery-operated cars, arguing that its relatively small size made the concept more realistic.

Israel relies on imported coal and oil for most of its energy needs.


Read more!

Australian plan to shoot wild horses provokes outrage

Yahoo News 11 Nov 07;

An Australian state government's plans to shoot more than 10,000 wild horses to protect the environment were Sunday attacked by some animal rights activists as inhumane.

The Queensland government had attempted to keep the cull of the horses, or brumbies, a secret because of fears of a public outcry.

But government documents confirming the cull were obtained by the media while the Save the Brumbies charity reproduced photographs it said are of the cull on its website.

One of the images shows a foal standing over its dead mother while the second shows a horse left to die with a wound to its rump and gut.

Animal rights groups accept the government's argument that the horses are causing soil erosion, destroying freshwater springs, damaging Aboriginal cultural sites and competing with native wildlife for food.

But they say the vast overpopulation of the animals should have been dealt with years ago, and shooting the brumbies from helicopters was the result of years of brushing the issue under the carpet.

"For years and years the problem of wild horses has not been addressed," Jan Carter of Save the Brumbies told AFP.

"And then the idea is 'Well, let's go in and shoot them.'

"It's very inhumane. You've only got to see the photos to know they died in agony."

Brumby Watch Australia's Kristine Sempf told Brisbane's Courier-Mail newspaper the animals could be tamed.

The RSPCA condoned the cull but said the better solution would be to inject the mares with infertility drugs rather than shoot the horses dead or maim them and leave them to die.

"We would like to see the anti-fertility drugs instigated immediately so it reduces the need to have culls like this in other areas in the future," spokesman Michael Beatty told AFP.

Thousands of feral animals roam Australia's vast continent including horses, camels, donkeys, pigs, European wild rabbits, European red foxes, cats and goats.

With few natural predators and vast sparsely-populated areas in which to live, their populations have soared, putting pressure on native species by preying on them, competing for food, destroying habitat and spreading disease.


Read more!

Ocean Autopsies: what whale, dolphin deaths tell us

Gabriel Margasak, TC Palm 9 Nov 07

Harbor Branch necropsy lab one of handful in nation tracking oceans' health through denizens' deaths

FORT PIERCE — The bloody work behind the science of ocean health happens in an uncommon marine mammal medical examiner’s office that sometimes resembles a scene straight out of a Halloween horror flick.

Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution’s necropsy lab is where top scientists meticulously perform the equivalent of a human autopsy on whales, dolphins and all sorts of aquatic life to understand how what affects them can affect us.

“We have a web going through every living organism on this planet, and we’re starting to see some serious signs that suggest the oceans are having problems,” Harbor Branch’s Senior Scientist Dr. Gregory Bossart said. “And a lot of these problems could come back and impact us.”

Those impacts — such as people getting sick from the water — are why this high-tech research morgue exists. The facility, which handles animals brought in from all over the southeast coast of Florida, is one of perhaps less than 10 of its kind across the nation, say the researchers who work there.

And the gross anatomy in the lab has led Bossart and noted colleagues to a plethora of discoveries that help tell the story of ocean health and the state of the Indian River Lagoon.

Last week, Bossart’s team discovered another pygmy sperm whale died from congestive heart failure, the same type that kills people.

Last month, they found lagoon dolphins had high levels of the most toxic form of mercury, called methylmercury, which has been linked to birth defects in humans and cancer in marine mammals.

And a team headed by Steve McCulloch, Harbor Branch’s marine mammal stranding program manager, discovered an alarming number of other diseases and ailments in the dolphins.

McCulloch remembered the days when such work was performed on a makeshift, outdoor concrete slab where you “put on the mosquito repellent and bent over for eight hours.”

He was the principle pioneer of the lab in 2001.

“It’s probably one of the finest necropsy labs for marine mammals on the planet,” he said.

The research done here frequently is published in scientific journals.

And the whole necropsy process can be broadcast to researchers from Latin America to Africa using an advanced video system, said Bossart, who began his career studying human pathology in Miami.

“So what you see here today is patterned very similar to what the medical examiner’s office in Dade County would do if they had a person wind up on the beach dead,” he said, “except the patient is 600 pounds and 9 feet long.”

Then, Bossart, who is also Harbor Branch’s chief marine mammal veterinarian, cut into just such a patient that washed ashore in Vero Beach recently.

During a three-hour necropsy, doctors initially determined the male pygmy sperm whale had died from cardiomyopathy, marked by muscle damage caused by stress on his heart.

“I think if you look at the DNA, it’s only a few percent difference between us and them,” said Dr. Glenn Tremml, medical director of the emergency department of Indian River Medical Center in Vero Beach, who assisted with the necropsy. “Certain problems they have that we have, like this cardiomyopathy, is a common problem we see in humans.”

During a busy year, the lab might handle 10 necropsies a month, said Kenny Kroell, the lab manager and published researcher.

A full work-up of a pygmy sperm whale can cost about $5,000.

Money for such work comes from the sale of specialized wild dolphin and whale Florida license plates, fundraising efforts and private donors.

The dolphin plate, the most popular, brings about $1.7 million a year to Harbor Branch, McCulloch said. The whale plate adds about $600,000 more.

Harbor Branch shares a portion of that money with other research institutions such as the University of Florida and the Smithsonian, along with scientists and students working on their theses. That leaves Harbor Branch’s necropsy lab, extensive dolphin research program and 12 staff with about a $2.5 million yearly budget.

“$2.5 million is not a lot of money at the end of the day for the science we produce,” McCulloch said.

All data collected go into government and Harbor Branch databases for future study, critical to finding any solutions.

“Well first, you generate the data and then you start to educate the public and the politicians that influence how we treat the ocean ...” Bossart said. “I think these animals have a lot to teach us about, not only us, but the health of our environment. ... Not only are we learning about these whales and dolphins and manatees, but we’re learning about the environment, environmental issues that could potentially come back and haunt us.”


Read more!

Failure to tackle climate peril 'criminally irresponsible', IPCC told

Marlowe Hood, Yahoo News 12 Nov 07;

The Nobel-winning panel of world climate experts gathered here Monday to hammer out a key report as a top UN official warned that political failure to fix global warming would be "criminally irresponsible."

"The effects of climate change are being felt already," Yvo de Boer, executive secretary of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), said.

"Climate change will hit hardest the poorest and most vulnerable countries. Its overall effect, however, will be felt by everyone and will in some cases threaten people's very survival."

"Failing to recognize the urgency of this message and acting on it would be nothing less than criminally irresponsible," he said.

The Valencia meeting gathers scientists, economists and other experts of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which won this year's Nobel Peace Prize alongside climate campaigner and former US president Al Gore.

"This meeting of the IPCC represents a watershed," said IPCC head Rajendra Pachauri, adding that more than 2,500 scientists from 130 countries had contributed to its findings.

The document to be issued on Saturday distills a 2,500-page, three-volume assessment issued earlier this year -- the first such review since 2001 -- into a 25-page synthesis for policymakers.

It aims to provide a compass for governments, legislators and other decision-makers on how to mitigate carbon emissions and adapt to a changing climate.

"This will be the report that everyone will turn to time and time again over the next five years to see what the science is telling us," said Hans Verolme, head of WWF's Global Climate Change Programme.

A crucial UNFCCC conference in Bali, Indonesia next month will focus world attention on how to tackle global warming.

It will touch on politically sensitive solutions ranging from carbon taxes to cap-and-trade schemes for CO2 emissions to major investment in renewable energy.

"There are ways to deal with the problem," said de Boer. "Addressing climate change is affordable, and concerted action now can avoid some of the most catastrophic projections."

"What is needed is the political will for enhanced multilateral action," he said.

Yan Hong, deputy secretary of the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO), one of the IPCC's two parent bodies, said climate change bore "potential implications for world peace" by intensifying squabbles over water, food and energy.

"It could also lead to massive population resettlement, especially to urban areas that may not have capacity to shelter, feed and employ them," he said.

By 2100, global average surface temperatures could rise by between 1.1 C (1.98 F) and 6.4 C (11.52 F) compared to 1980-99 levels, the three IPCC reports issued earlier this year predicted.

Among the consequences already visible are retreating glaciers and snow loss in alpine regions, thinning Arctic summer sea ice and thawing permafrost.

Sea levels will rise by between 18 and 59 centimetres (7.2 and 23.2 inches), the experts say.

Heatwaves, flooding, drought, tropical storms and surges in sea level are among the events expected to become more frequent, more widespread and more intense this century.

None of these findings is expected to be changed by the Valencia meeting, with the main focus on the language of the policymakers' summary. The more forceful the text, the more pressure will be exerted on governments to take action.

Some scientists and environmental groups caution, though, that the IPCC report may already be out of date, as it fails to take into account recent evidence that suggests climate change is accelerating.

The December 3-14 Bali meeting of the UNFCCC will seek to set down a roadmap to deepen and accelerate emission cuts when the Kyoto Protocol runs out in 2012.

Greenhouse-gas pollution from fossil fuels is now rising so fast, especially from China, the world's No. 2 emitter, that Kyoto will not even dent the problem.

Experts to complete final climate report
By Arthur Max, Associated Press, Yahoo News 12 Nov 07

The U.N.'s top climate official challenged world policymakers Monday to map out a path to curb climate change, charging that to ignore the urgency of global warming would be "nothing less than criminally irresponsible."

Yvo de Boer issued his warning at the opening of a weeklong conference that will complete a concise guide on the state of global warming and what can be done to stop the Earth from overheating. It is the fourth and last report issued this year by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, co-winner of this year's Nobel Peace prize.

Environmentalists and authors of the report expected tense discussions on what to include and leave out of the document, which is a synthesis of thousands of scientific papers. A summary of about 25 pages will be negotiated line-by-line this week, then adopted by consensus.

The document to be issued Saturday sums up the scientific consensus on how rapidly the Earth is warming and the effects already observed; the impact it could have for billions of people; and what steps can be taken to keep the planet's temperature from rising to disastrous levels.

The IPCC already has established that the climate has begun to change because of the greenhouse gases emitted by humans, said de Boer, director of the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change.

Everyone will feel its effects, but global warming will hit the poorest countries hardest and will "threaten the very survival" of some people, he said.

"Failing to recognize the urgency of this message and act on it would be nothing less that criminally irresponsible" and a direct attack on the world's poorest people, De Boer said.

U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon is to attend the launch of the report, which will provide the factual underpinning for a crucial meeting next month in Bali, Indonesia.

That conference will begin exploring a new global strategy to curb greenhouse gas emissions after the 2012 expiration of the first phase of the Kyoto Protocol, the landmark agreement that assigned binding reduction targets to 36 countries.

De Boer, citing agreements reached earlier this year by European and other industrial countries, said political inertia seemed to be disappearing in the lead-up to Bali. But he cautioned that governments must come up with the political will to complete a post-2012 road map.

"It will not cost the earth to save the Earth," as little as 0.1 percent of the gross global product for 30 years, said Janos Pasztor, of the U.N. Environmental Program, a parent body of the IPCC.

Pasztor said this week's report, synthesizing the three scientific reports released earlier this year, will be the one document that the thousands of delegates at Bali "will be packing in their suitcases and carrying in their back pockets."

The top IPCC leaders will be in Oslo accepting the Nobel prize on Dec. 10, just when the Bali meeting reaches its stride with the final ministerial-level meetings. But panel chairman Rajendra Pachauri said technology will enable them to stay in touch.

Pachauri called this week's meeting a "watershed" that will issue the final product of years of work by 2,500 contributing researchers and hundreds of authors who reviewed the science and organized the data.

The report will be the first to include a brief chapter on "robust findings and key uncertainties," in which the authors pick out what they believe are the most relevant certainties and doubts about climate change.

"We summarize which kind of things we are very confident in and what is much less certain. That can be quite a complex discussion," said Bert Metz, one of about 40 authors. Some delegations want to stress certain points that others would prefer to avoid, he said.

Among the uncertainties cited in an early draft obtained by The Associated Press: the lack of data from key areas of the world, conflicting studies on the effects of cloud cover and carbon soaked up by oceans, and projections on how planners in developing countries will factor climate change into their decisions.

The IPCC has already been criticized for the selectivity and language of the policy summaries, which have been softened on several points because of objections by countries including the United States, China and some big oil-producing nations such as Saudi Arabia.

On Monday, WWF International, one of several environmental groups invited to observe the process, said "governments cut vital facts and important information" during the negotiations.

Without naming them, the WWF accused governments of "politically inspired trimming" of facts from the summaries, which it said diluted the urgency to make deep cuts in emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.

Scientists say the full reports on which the summaries are based, each comprising more than 1,000 pages, remain valid, and that their own presence during the discussions ensures the scientific integrity of the summaries.

De Boer said getting governments to sign off on the summaries is a critical element of the IPCC's value.

"Because those reports are adopted by governments, there is no government that can now stand up and say, 'I don't accept what's in the IPCC report.' That means that you have a common scientific base," he said in an interview Friday.

Links
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: http://www.ipcc.ch


Read more!