Australia says carbon emissions keep growing

James Grubel, Reuters 25 Feb 08;

CANBERRA (Reuters) - Australia's carbon emissions would continue to grow due to a heavy reliance on coal for electricity, a government report said on Monday, although the country would meet its Kyoto emissions targets by 2012.

Climate Change Minister Penny Wong said emissions would grow by 108 percent of 1990 levels from 2008 to 2012, meeting commitments under the Kyoto Protocol which sets binding Greenhouse gas targets for developed nations.

Wong said the figures were good for Australia, and showed a cut in expected emissions, although emissions would continue to grow to 120 percent of 1990 levels by the year 2020.

"We should not be celebrating an increase in Australian greenhouse pollution," said climate lobbyist John Connor, from the Australian Climate Institute.

The driest inhabited continent is also the world's largest coal exporter with an economy reliant on fossil fuel for transport and energy, with about 80 percent of electricity coming from coal-fired power stations.

Australia is responsible for about 1.2 percent of global emissions, but remains one of the highest polluters per capita.

The former conservative government negotiated a generous deal under the Kyoto Protocol, allowing for a 108 percent increase in emissions by 2012, but then refused to ratify the pact, saying the targets would unfairly hurt the economy.

But Prime Minister Kevin Rudd ratified the Kyoto Protocol on climate change last December in his first act after being sworn in to power, leaving the United States isolated as the only developed nation not to sign up to the pact.

The emissions report on Monday found government decisions to stop landclearing and deforestation were the main reasons Australia would reach its Kyoto targets, with most other sectors set to record large increases in carbon pollution.

Emissions from stationary energy, including electricity generation, would increase by 56 percent on the 1990 levels by 2012, and would be 64 percent higher by 2020.

Emissions from transport were projected to increase 42 percent on 1990 levels by 2012, and be 67 percent higher by 2020, while industrial process emissions would rise 49 percent by 2012 and 95 percent by 2020.

Greenhouse emissions from land use and forestry would fall 68 percent from 1990 levels by 2012 and remain stable from 2010 to 2020, the report predicted.

But while emissions per capita would fall 13 percent from 1990 levels, from 33 tons to 28 tons, by 2012, they would climb back to 29 tons per person by 2020, it said.

"We recognize that much more needs to be done," Wong said, adding Australia planned to introduce a system of carbon trading by 2010 to give business a financial incentive to cut emissions.

(Editing by Sanjeev Miglani)


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Indonesian government moves to regulate turtle trade

WWF 22 Feb 08;

The Indonesian government has moved against rampant illegal trade in threatened species of turtles and tortoises, tightening regulations and contacting countries where turtles and tortoises are being obtained or sold.

The action follows revelations that more than half the species of freshwater turtles and tortoises being sold in Jakarta’s markets are threatened and illegally obtained.

The report, by TRAFFIC, a joint programme of WWF and IUCN - the World Conservation Union, was released last month.

From 1 March 2008, all specimens of freshwater turtles and tortoises listed in CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) will require an import permit before entering into Indonesia. Those without will be disposed of.

The Indonesian government went into action in response to a report issued by the WWF-linked wildlife trade monitoring network TRAFFIC which highlighted the rampant illegal trade in tortoises and turtles in the pet markets of Jakarta.

“This is the kind of swift and decisive action that is needed to stamp out the illegal trade in threatened tortoise and turtle species”, said Azrina Abdullah, Director of TRAFFIC Southeast Asia.

Countries of origin will also need to notify Indonesia before issuing export permits.

Private people already owning tortoises and turtles in Indonesia will have to comply with a new CITES Management Authority registration, the government announced.

The new regulations will benefit threatened species such as Radiated Tortoise and Indian Star Tortoise, which are amongst the most popular in trade, despite both being listed in the CITES Appendices and being protected in their native countries of origin.

Related articles

Southeast Asia's illegal pet trade threatens turtles: experts

Yahoo News 8 Jan 08;


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Manila Rice Plea a Wake-Up Call for a Hungry World

Carmel Crimmins and Rosemarie Francisco, PlanetArk 25 Feb 08;

MANILA - The Philippines' unusual plea for Hanoi to guarantee rice supplies is the clearest sign of a growing global anxiety over how nations will feed their people.

President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo had contacted Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung to see if he could pledge an undisclosed supply of rice, officials said on Thursday, an exceptional move in a market that normally operates on a purely commercial basis among traders or state procurement agencies.

It was not the first time an Asian government has taken action in the face of soaring grain prices and growing fears over the security of food supplies. India has restricted some rice exports, Indonesia has raised taxes on palm oil shipments and Malaysia is building up stocks.

But Arroyo appears to be the first to take an overtly political route to allay fears that the Philippines, whose rapidly expanding population is among the most dependent on imports, could run short of its staple national food.

"This is a wake-up call," Robert Zeigler, director general of the Philippines-based International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), told Reuters on Friday. "We have a crisis brewing in terms of rice supply."

Nearly half the planet's 6.6 billion people depend on rice to survive but rising populations and economic growth mean that the world is already eating more of the grain than is harvested. Vietnam, the world's second-biggest exporter, has put a temporary ban on shipments to meet domestic demand between harvests.

World stocks of the grain are currently around 72 million tonnes, their lowest levels since the early- to mid-1970s when food shortages triggered a devastating famine in Bangladesh.

Zeigler said other importing nations in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia could also be at risk and as soon as this year.

"When you have a president calling a prime minister asking them to guarantee rice supplies it's a possibility, that's for sure," said Zeigler.

Bangladesh is currently scrambling to secure supplies of rice after a devastating cyclone last year washed away about 1 million tonnes of the grain.

The rising price of food has triggered protests in Indonesia and Jakarta is having to hike its food subsidy bill by over a third to around 9 trillion rupiah this year, partly due to climbing prices.

China, a net exporter of corn, rice and wheat in 2007, has removed import taxes, raised export taxes and imposed export quotas on grains and flour due to red-hot inflation.

NO RELIEF IN SIGHT

Average rice prices have nearly doubled to around $393 per tonne in the past five years but yields are plateauing as rapid urbanisation shrinks available farmland and diverts water and labour away from production. Meanwhile soaring grains prices are also driving up competition for arable land.

Surging demand from the fast-growing Middle East and growing African consumption have boosted the price of rice from Thailand, the world's biggest exporter, by over 20 percent to their highest in a decade -- yet another inflationary headache for policymakers.

"There is no easy relief in sight," said Ted James, principal economist at the Asian Development Bank. "I don't think we will see them (prices) falling precipitously any time soon."

"But I don't think there will be a shortage if the price is allowed to reflect the market. If you try to keep prices below the market then shortages could emerge because of hoarding and speculation."

The IRRI, which spearheaded the development of high-yielding rice seeds in a Green Revolution around 40 years ago, says more research and development is needed to kickstart another Green Revolution that will help feed the world for decades to come.

Meanwhile the Philippines faces a sterner test than many other nations, as it has one of the fastest-growing populations in the world with three babies born every minute.

It is planting more high-yielding varieties of rice and is hoping to produce a record 17 million plus tonnes this year, but is constantly struggling to keep pace with demand.

"They have a challenge that is much greater than in other countries in terms of trying to be somewhere near self sufficiency. They have to keep running faster than other countries run," said Randy Barker, of the IRRI's social services division.

(Reporting by Carmel Crimmins and Rosemarie Francisco; Editing by Jonathan Leff and Sonya Hepinstall)


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Best of our wild blogs: 25 Feb 08


New Semakau Walk buttons
join the walks to get them! on the rmbr news blog

Life History of the Baron
A pretty butterfly on the butterflies of singapore blog

Mass leaf bathing
sunbirds making a splash on the bird ecology blog

Free Chek Jawa Boardwalk Tour
a brand-new approach on the adventures with the naked hermit crabs blog

Green Tip #8: use rechargeable batts
on the Asia Is Green blog

Reflections on the Chek Jawa project
Kok Sheng shares on the cj project blog

Tagore: My Heart Beats her Waves at the Shore
on the flying fish friends blog

Mantid montage
on the budak blog

At Central Nature Reserve
on the manta blog and tidechaser blog

Semakau guide training
more posts on the manta blog and ginger rocks the shores blog


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Air quality in Singapore dips as Riau fires rage on

Salim Osman , Yeo Ghim Lay, Straits Times 25 Feb 08;

SINGAPORE'S air quality dipped further yesterday as smoke from raging fires in the Indonesian province of Riau continued to make its way north.

A haze hung over parts of Singapore yesterday afternoon and the island's official air quality index worsened but remained in the 'moderate' range.

'They (Indonesia) know that we are concerned about this and I hope they do something about it,' said Singapore's Minister for the Environment and Water Resources Yaacob Ibrahim.

Firefighters in Riau province are facing an uphill battle against the blazes, which are sweeping across peatlands and almost inaccessible forests, governor Rusli Zainal told an Indonesian news portal.

'I have asked the central government for help. Fighting fires on peatland is much more difficult than battling flames elsewhere,' he said.

Yesterday, he joined firefighting teams in worst-hit Rokan Hilir, injecting water into peatland to help douse the embers still smouldering several metres underground. Fires there have been raging for almost a week.

Choking smoke from the flames has blanketed parts of neighbouring North Sumatra and Jambi provinces, and also covered the coast of Serdang Bedagi, forcing fishermen to stay indoors instead of sailing out to the sea, according to reports.

Visibility in some places has been reduced to 500m, according to state-owned Antara news agency.

Meanwhile, Singapore is doing what it can to help Indonesia tackle the haze, Dr Yaacob said. This country has sent satellite images to Indonesia outlining the hotspots and in November pledged $1 million to prevent fires in Jambi's Muaro Jambi regency.

'We have given the commitment, the funding has already been established,' Dr Yaacob told reporters yesterday.

In Singapore, the PSI reading - which measures the quality of air - has stayed in the moderate range for three days, and went from 52 to 56 yesterday. A reading of 0 to 50 is considered good while 51 to 100 is moderate. A figure above 100 is unhealthy.

The haze comes almost five months early. It is usually present in July, when smoke from land-clearing fires in Indonesia drifts over to Singapore.

The last time haze struck this early in the year was 2005, when there were six days when the air quality was moderate.

The National Environment Agency said weak winds are expected to continue for the next few days, so the haze could be hanging around.

Haze cloud weekend skies
PSI reading rising, hitting a high of 56 yesterday
Sheralyn Tay, Today Online 25 Feb 08;

DON'T rub your eyes, it's not your vision blurring. It's just the haze which returned this weekend.

Yesterday, Singapore experienced its haziest day this year, with the 24-hour Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) reading hitting a peak of 56 (picture) at 4pm. This is the highest reading since December last year.

Yesterday was also the third consecutive day that the 24-PSI reading has crept past the good range into the moderate range of 50-100. On Saturday, the 24-hour PSI reading hit 52, up from 51 on Friday.

According to the National Environment Agency's (NEA) hot spot map, there are "numerous" hotspots over Thailand and Laos. Hot spots indicate areas with fires or hot smoke and are detected by infrared images captured by weather satellites.

While isolated hotspots have been detected over Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam, western Borneo and parts of Sumatra, it was Riau in Sumatra that had been enveloped in thick smoke over the weekend as land-clearing fires created a choking haze that reduced visibility in some parts to 20 metres.

But the number of hot spots in Riau appears to be dropping, as yesterday's hot spot count was four, compared to 100 on Thursday and 50 on Friday.

According to NEA, the moderate haze is due, in part, to drier conditions. So far prevailing winds have kept most of the smoke away from Singapore, although changes in wind direction could account for hazier days ahead.


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Don't make Jurong Lake another white elephant

Letter from Heng Cho Choon, Straits Times Forum 25 Feb 08;

THE report, 'Jurong Lake area: Big changes planned' (ST, Feb 20) gave an optimistic account of plans the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) has in the pipeline. I hope those proposals - to turn the area into a commercial, retail and entertainment centre - when materialised, will not result in another fiasco like Tang Dynasty City and the moribund Chinese Garden.

My visit to the Chinese Garden two months ago set me thinking why there are so few visitors to this sprawling garden with its inconspicuous fountains, dilapidated buildings, god-forsaken pagodas and drink kiosks with only a few miserable customers. In the lake lie the forlorn row- boats which were an attraction to courting couples in their heyday.

Next to this garden is Jurong Park which was once used by many schools for their annual cross-country races. The cement tracks and stone benches are worn down and the place is filled with litter.

Across Sungei Jurong lies Jurong Country Club with its pristine and manicured lawns, and this golf course is always bustling with night golfers.

Mosquitoes breed in abundance in the Chinese Garden and since that visit I have avoided this once beautiful park which used to attract hordes of morning joggers.

I have always made a weekly pilgrimage to those fascinating places in Johor like the Jusco supermarkets in Tebrau City and Permas Jaya, and the Danga Bay entertainment resorts. On weekends, Tebrau City teems with shoppers and bargain hunters, while Danga Bay comes alive at night with children, shoppers, diners and pub crawlers.

Our URA planners should visit these places which never fail to pull in the crowds from both Johor and Singapore.

Danga Bay has both cheap cafes and pasar malam stalls on the pavements and also air-conditioned Chinese restaurants for the jet-setters. The famous Grand Straits Garden Restaurant next to Danga Bay is a favourite watering hole for drinkers from near and far, and its Chinese cuisine draws the crowds, including tycoons, bankers, politicians and businessmen.

My fervent hope is that the 'big changes' will signal a resurrection on our doorstep of another Chatuchak Market in Bangkok, another Danga Bay or another Gurney Drive in Penang, where tourists from near and far will not hesitate to make a beeline.


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Going green a PR stunt in Singapore?

Still lots of paper, disposable cutlery wasted
Letter from Phillip Keng Hong, Today Online 25 Feb 08;

Singaporeans' support on climate change issues may just be academic. From my experience, the number of changes many companies have implemented is negligible.

No business can claim it is environmentally-friendly when it has yet to take the first step of conducting a business review to factor in its cost to the environment. The "environmental-friendly" label has largely been a public relations stunt.

Financial institutions have not done enough to reduce paper wastage. For example, both DBS and United Overseas Bank insist that their customers must receive mailed statements, citing that it is a Monetary Authority of Singapore requirement.

The archaic rules of the Singapore Exchange still require shareholders of listed companies to receive mailed copies of annual reports, when such information is already available on the Internet and is easier to archive.

At Changi Airport's staff canteen (a food court also open to the public), disposable cutlery is used, unlike at other food centres. Fast food restaurants have a similar practice and seem resistant to change. Shouldn't disposable cutlery be totally prohibited for dining-in patrons?

There also seems to be a lack of recycling bins at most shopping centres. Ikea gets the kudos for being one of the most environmentally-friendly companies but its restaurant has yet to cease the use of disposable cutlery totally.

While teaching students about the environment, schools do not take into consideration the amount of resources used in projects. The Ministry of Education should have a list of guidelines for schools, for instance on the practice of double-sided printing. Lessons on reducing carbon footprints would be more meaningful when students can see their lessons in action.

Ditto for our country's biggest employer, the Singapore Civil Service. I would be interested to know if it has a list of environmentally-friendly practices and measures to ensure their implementation.

The inter-ministerial committee on sustainable development, recently formed by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, shows the Government's resolve to address climate change issues head on. If it embarks on an educational approach, it should be directed at those whose policies/actions will have trickle-down effects.


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Is Kusu Island Auntie Ah Meng's 'Mum'?

Tay Shi'an, The New Paper 25 Feb 08;

FOR the last 60 years, she has been taking care of the famous Da Bo Gong (Merchant God or God of Prosperity) temple on Kusu Island.

And that may not be the only Singapore icon Madam Shim Choy Yeng, 78, is linked to.

She and her late husband, Mr Seet Hock Seng, may have been the original owners of Ah Meng, the much-loved orang utan who died of old age in the Singapore Zoo earlier this month.

According to the zoo, back in 1971, eight orang utans including Ah Meng, were confiscated from homes and given to the zoo after a crackdown on those who illegally kept wildlife as pets.

Ah Meng, who was 48 when it died, was 11 then.

Neither the zoo nor the Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority (AVA) has written records of who and where Ah Meng was taken from.

But one of the officers involved in the crackdown is certain it had been confiscated from a family on Kusu Island.

Mr Madhavan Kannan, 60, head of the AVA's Centre for Animal Welfare and Control, was then an officer with the Primary Production Department – the AVA's predecessor.

He recalled going to Kusu Island in the early 70s with three fellow officers to confiscate an orang utan there – after they had received a tip-off from a member of the public.

"It was a pet kept on the temple premises. There was a male caretaker and a woman," Mr Madhavan told The New Paper on Sunday.

He said the man told him the orang utan's name was Ah Meng. "They agreed to surrender her, but they were sad to part with it," he said. "But as they knew it was going to the Singapore Zoo and that they could see it there, they felt comforted."

He remembered the orang utan clinging on to the officers like a baby and refusing to let go.

For decades, the Seets have been the only family living on Kusu Island. The temple has been passed down the family for generations.

When contacted by The New Paper on Sunday, Madam Shim confirmed her family had kept an orang utan as a pet back then.

But was the primate Ah Meng?

Madam Shim said while she could not be totally sure, she did not rule out the possibility.

She is uncertain as the family had named their orang utan Datuk (grandfather in Malay). The name came about because even though it was young, the orang utan had an "old person's face".

But neither Mr Madhavan or Madam Shim's family can shed light on how Datuk could have been eventually renamed Ah Meng.

Madam Shim's late husband bought the orang utan from a man on a passing ship some 40 years ago.

His daughter, Madam Cecelia Seet, 50, said: "My father was an animal lover. We had up to 12 dogs, parrots, and a goat. If you had given him an elephant, he would have kept it too."

The family claimed they did not know then that keeping an orang utan – an endangered species – was illegal.

Madam Shim's son, Mr Seet Nan Hua, 58, said: "Datuk was naturally smart. It would drink milk out of a cup instead of a plate, then make a face and make us laugh."

FRIENDLY

Madam Seet: "It was very friendly, and it knew how to comb its hair."

Pointing to a tree on the temple premises next to a turtle enclosure, Mr Seet said: "We would chain it to the tree in the day, for fear of scaring the devotees. At night, we let it free."

But after two years, some visitors complained about it and tipped off the authorities.

Madam Shim said: "The day Datuk was taken away, the children couldn't stop crying."

Even though the family was told that Datuk would be kept in the zoo, they still feared it might be put to sleep.

Mr Seet said: "We went down to the zoo to see if it was really there.

"But there were so many orang utans, and they all looked the same."

SAD MEMORIES

After two visits, the family didn't go back as it was too inconvenient to travel from the island. They didn't want to dig up sad memories, Madam Seet said.

Zoo curator Alagappasamy Chellaiyah, 57, had looked after Ah Meng from the day it arrived at the zoo until the day it died.

He said he remembered a middle-aged couple visiting the zoo with a teenage girl and feeding Ah Meng.

"But it was more than 35 years ago – I can't remember their faces," he said. He didn't ask them for personal details about their lives.

But he remembered the family telling him that the orang utan's name was Ah Meng.

The zoo had wanted to change the name to an Indonesian one to better suit her roots. Ah Meng was born in Sumatra, Indonesia.

But since it responded well to the name Ah Meng, they left it at that.

Madam Seet said that the family had lost all the photographs they had of their orang utan.

But Madam Shim said she did follow Ah Meng's death in the news. She said: "They did the funeral very nicely. She was happy and had a good life, that's what matters."

...OR ARE YOU THE ORIGINAL OWNER?

THE long passage of time, coupled with the lack of formal records, has made Ah Meng's past before it became a celebrity at the zoo a mystery.

Madam Shim Choy Yeng and her family are not the only ones who could possibly be AhMeng's former owners. Ah Meng was among eight orang utans confiscated from homes and given to the zoo in 1971.

Zoo curator and long-time employee Alagappasamy Chellaiyah, better known as Sam, 57, recalls that about 17 orang utans came to the zoo under similar circumstances during that period.

Over the years, he said, several other families have come forward to claim the zoo's former grand dame as theirs.

All of them, like Madam Shim and her family, had seen their pet orang utans confiscated during that period and taken to the zoo.

Just yesterday, it was reported that Australian oil rig worker Paul Carter had claimed in his new book, Don't Tell Mum I Work On The Rigs, that Ah Meng spent 15 years serving cocktails on an oil barge that plied South-east Asia's waters.

He wrote that the crew was forced to give her up to the zoo when the ship was sold to new owners in the 1970s.

Do you think you or your family could be Ah Meng's former owner? Do you have pictures of the orang utan from all those years ago?


RETIREE CLAIMS HE'S ORIGINAL OWNER
Ah Meng? That's my 'Frankie'

Tay Shi'an, The New Paper 12 Mar 08;

SINGAPORE's most famous orang utan has been gone for a month.

But even after her death, Ah Meng is still causing waves.

Who is her original owner?

Three weeks ago, The New Paper ran a report on whether Madam Shim Choy Yeng, 78, and her late husband, who live on Kusu Island, may have been Ah Meng's original owners.

Now, another person thinks he used to own the Singapore icon.

Retiree Yeo Cheng Siah, 71, said he kept an orang utan and a bear as pets for about 10 years – from the 1960s to the early 1970s – before they were both taken away by the authorities.

The former pig farmer's relatives contacted The New Paper after our earlier report.

Ah Meng died of old age in the Singapore Zoo on 8 Feb.

She was 11 when she and seven other orang utans were confiscated from homes and then given to the zoo in 1971.

Neither the zoo nor the Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority (AVA) has written records of who and where Ah Meng was taken from.

So for years, families who had their pets taken away have been wondering if the zoo's former star was their long-lost pet.

Mr Yeo is one of them.

He said he bought his orang utan in the early 1960s when he was living in a kampung in Kallang with his parents and eight siblings.

He recalled: 'My friend's uncle was a merchant who sailed the seas, and he bought (the orang utan) for me. I paid him $100 for it.

'It came to me in a basket. That time, it was very, very small, and had very little hair on its belly.'

His family named the orang utan Frankie, but realised later it was female after it grew breasts.

But they continued calling it Frankie anyway, as the name had stuck.

Two to three years after he bought Frankie, Mr Yeo, an animal lover, also bought a baby bear, which he kept in a cage, for $100.

MOVING HOUSE

When the family moved to a farm in Jalan Lembah Bedok, near Bedok Reservoir, they brought the animals with them.

Mr Yeo's wife, Madam Ngo Kee Ngan, 60, said Frankie, which they kept chained to a tree, was adorable and obedient.

Mr Yeo added: 'It was friendly to everyone, even strangers.

'If you held out your hand, it would take it and follow you to the well to take its bath.'

Frankie was also very strong, and broke its lock several times. But it never ran away or disturbed the neighbours, said Mr Yeo.

'Once, it ran to my sister's room and slept on her bed with her.'

Mr Yeo would also walk around town with Frankie on his shoulders, making him an instant hit with the children.

Madam Ngo said: 'At my father's provision shop, many children would surround it and play with it.'

Mr Yeo's nephew, Mr Tan Yeow Lang, 45, a taxi driver, said: 'I was about 8 then and I remember shaking hands with it.'

Mr Yeo said he went to the authorities to get Frankie back after it was taken away but to no avail.

A few months later, he and a friend went to the zoo to visit the orang utan.

But he stopped going after that.

'We had already given it up, no point going again,' he said.

'I also didn't think it could recognise us anymore.

'If I knew it would became famous, I would have gone to the zoo every month to take a picture with it. Then people would know it's mine.'


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Butterflyfish may go extinct

ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies
Science Alert 25 Feb 08;

A beautiful black, white and yellow butterflyfish, much admired by eco-tourists, divers and aquarium keepers alike, may be at risk of extinction, scientists have warned.

The case of the Chevroned Butterflyfish is a stark example of how human pressure on the world’s coral reefs is confronting certain species with ‘blind alleys’ from which they may be unable to escape, says Dr Morgan Pratchett of the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and James Cook University.

In a study published in the journal Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology Dr Pratchett and Dr Michael Berumen of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (USA) warn that the highly specialized nature of the feeding habits of this particular butterflyfish – the distinctively patterned Chaetodon trifascialis - make it an extinction risk as the world’s coral reefs continue to degrade due to human over-exploitation, pollution and climate change.

“The irony is that these butterflyfish are widespread around the world, and you’d have thought their chances of survival were pretty good,” Dr Pratchett said today.

“But they only eat one sort of coral – Acropora hyacinthus – and when that runs out, the fish just disappear from the reef.”

The team found it hard to believe a fish would starve rather than eat a mixed diet, so they tested C. trifascialis in tank trials on a range of different corals. The fish grew well when its favourite coral was available – but when this was removed and other sorts of corals offered, it grew thin, failed to thrive and some died.

“We call these kinds of fish obligate specialists. It means they have a very strong dietary preference for one sort of food, and when that is no longer available, they go into decline. We still don’t have a satisfactory scientific explanation for this, as it seems like rather a risky tactic in evolutionary terms – but it must confer some advantage provided enough of its preferred food is available,” Dr Pratchett says.

The A. hyacinthus coral, which the butterfly fish feeds on, is itself highly vulnerable – to attacks by plagues of crown-of-thorns starfish (thought to be triggered by humans releasing excess nutrients onto the reef as sediment, fertilizer or sewage), to storms and to the coral bleaching caused by the heating of ocean surface waters to 32 degrees or more, which is thought to be linked to global warming.

“Although extremely widespread, the Chevroned butterflyfish may be at considerable risk of extinction following ongoing degradation of coral reefs around the world, because the coral itself is exceptionally vulnerable," Dr Pratchett explains.

“It is estimated that up to 70 per cent of the world’s coral reefs are now badly degraded, which usually involves the loss of this particular coral – and, when it goes, the C. trifascialis also disappear from the reef."

“To make matters worse, butterflyfishes are one of the main families of coral reef fishes being targeted by aquarium collectors. However, the specialized coral-eaters are clearly not suitable for keeping in aquaria - and often die because they cannot obtain their main food source.”

A previous case where a coral-dependent fish vanished was that of Gobiodon; a specialized coral-dweller known only from one site - Kimbe Bay in Papua New Guinea - which was thought by scientists to have possibly become extinct after its habitat was destroyed.

Researchers consider that such extinctions are likely to occur as part of the global mass extinction of species now taking place, and that marine ecosystems may be particularly vulnerable in that small changes in habitat or water quality can have a big impact on their species.

Dr Pratchett and Dr Berumen say theirs is one of the few studies so far to consider the evolutionary and ecological basis of dietary versatility, and has implications for the fate of specialised feeders throughout the animal kingdom.


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Getting a handle on the plastic bag problem

Georgina Smith, The Guardian 23 Feb 08;

The campaign against plastic bags has been gathering steam in the UK, while China recently announced that it would ban the use of some bags and force consumers to pay for others. But how are other countries tackling the problem? Georgina Smith reports

There is an old Chinese expression: if you want to correct something that others do, you should first correct it yourself. It's an expression the Chinese government can claim it is following in its efforts to tackle one of the country's most significant litter problems: the plastic bag.

The issue of flimsy plastic bags may seem trivial on the list of environmental challenges facing one of the world's emerging superpowers, but its ramifications are more than aesthetic. Discarded plastic bags disrupt waterways, clog sewers, and choke soil.

So, as one of its new year's resolutions, China has pledged to put a stop to its 3bn-a-day habit, and ban the use of free and flimsy plastic bags by introducing levies. As of June this year, plastic bags must be paid for, and they will be banned from all public transport, airports and scenic places.

Plastic is fantastic. It's versatile, durable, waterproof, convenient and very, very cheap. But with all benefits of plastic bags come a long list of nagging problems, and the most problematic of all is their sheer persistence.

Depending on the thickness, plastic bags take between 20 and 1,000 years to break down in the environment. They release toxic gases when they burn; they create stagnant pools which can become a breeding ground for malarial mosquitoes; and they suffocate or disrupt the indigestion of animals that accidentally consume them.

So, how easy is it to regulate a blanket ban on something so integral - yet so destructive - to modern living? And does it work? In Europe, good waste management has meant that the menace of the plastic bag has not been unleashed as it has in the developing world. China's situation is perhaps better reflected by experiences on the continent of Africa.

In South Africa, according to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), a ban is already working. Before action was taken to curb the problem, consumers in South Africa got through 8bn plastic bags a year. The problem was so bad that plastic bags became known as the "new national flower", competing with the protea - the true national flower - for the limelight.

South Africa's answer was to ban the manufacture, trade and commercial distribution of plastic bags with a thickness of less than 30 microns (0.03mm). Anything below 30 microns can blow away in even a light wind, and cannot be easily recycled. Increasing the thickness of plastic bags has been found to have a positive impact on littering.

A levy is in place, and the penalties for non-compliance are tough: fines and even imprisonment.

Before regulation in South Africa, the cost of producing, delivering and distributing plastic bags was hidden in food prices, so even if customers did not want a bag, they would pay for it. Now they can make the choice - and UNEP reports that consumers have benefited from lower food prices as a result.

But bans have not been so successful everywhere. In Bangladesh, serious and repeated flooding, which resulted in major loss of life, was reportedly linked to drain blockages caused by plastic bags. The floods prompted the government to impose a ban on the sale and use of polythene bags in the capital city, Dhaka, in 2002. But no results are available on its success, suggesting there has been little evidence of a positive outcome on the streets.

In Kenya, roughly 82% of plastic bags used each year end up on the streets or in the sewage system. No outright ban has been considered, and even levies have been opposed by those who say it will kill an industry that supports thousands of people.

In Somaliland, regardless of a ban prohibiting the importation, production and use of plastic bags since March 2005, a UNEP report suggests that both importation and local production continue.

Yet even when there are alternatives such as paper bags or boxes available, consumers continue to opt for the plastic bag. It seems that we are addicted. It remains to be seen whether China can kick the habit, or find a truly fantastic - and biodegradable – plastic bag.


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How it happened: The catastrophic flood that cooled the Earth

Yahoo News 24 Feb 08;

Canadian geologists say they can shed light on how a vast lake, trapped under the ice sheet that once smothered much of North America, drained into the sea, an event that cooled Earth's climate for hundreds of years.

During the last ice age, the Laurentide Ice Sheet once covered most of Canada and parts of the northern United States with a frozen crust that in some places was three kilometres (two miles) thick.

As the temperature gradually rose some 10,000 years ago, the ice receded, gouging out the hollows that would be called the Great Lakes.

Beneath the ice's thinning surface, an extraordinary mass of water built up -- the glacial lake Agassiz-Ojibway, a body so vast that it covered parts of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, North Dakota, Ontario and Minnesota.

And then, around 8,200 years ago, Agassiz-Ojibway massively drained, sending a flow of water into the Hudson Strait and into the Labrador Sea that was 15 times greater than the present discharge of the Amazon River.

By some estimates, sea levels rose 14 metres (45 feet) as a result.

How the great flood was unleashed has been a matter of debate.

Some experts suggest an ice dam was smashed down, or the gushing water spewed out over the top of the icy lid.

Quebec researchers Patrick Lajeunesse and Guillaume Saint-Onge believe, though, that the outburst happened under the ice sheet, rather than above it or through it.

In a study appearing on Sunday in the journal Nature Geoscience, the pair describe how they criss-crossed Hudson Bay on a research vessel, using sonar to scan more than 10,500 kilometres (6,000 miles) to get a picture of the bay floor.

In the south of the bay, they found lines of deep waves in the sandy bed, stretching more than 900 kilometres (562 miles) in length and some 1.7 metres (5.5 feet) deep.

These are signs that the bay's floor, protected by the mighty lid of ice, was swept by a mighty current many years ago but has been still ever since, they say.

In the west of the bay, they found curious marks in the shape of parabolas twisting around to the northeast.

The arcs were chiselled as much as three metres (10 feet) into the sea bed and found at depths of between 80 and 205 metres (260 and 666 feet).

The duo believe that this part of the bay had icebergs that were swept by the massive current.

The bergs' jagged tips were trapped in the sea bed and acted like a pivot. As the icebergs swung around, other protruding tips ripped arc-like tracks on the bay floor.

Also presented as evidence are deep submarine channels and deposits of red sediment that stretch from land west of Hudson Bay right across the northwestern floor of the bay itself -- both point to a current that swept all before it.

"Laurentide ice was lifted buoyantly, enabling the flood to traverse southern Hudson Bay under the ice sheet," the study suggests.

Previous work suggests the flood was so huge that it affected climate around the world.

The influx of freshwater into the North Atlantic reduced ocean salinity so much that this braked the transport of heat flowing from the tropics to temperate regions.

Temperatures dropped by more than three degrees Celsius (5.4 degrees Fahrenheit) in Western Europe for 200-400 years -- a mini-Ice Age in itself.


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Fairtrade fails to tackle poverty, report says

The Telegraph 24 Feb 08;

The multi-million pound Fairtrade industry has been accused of failing to help the world's most impoverished farmers as Britain's second biggest sugar firm announced plans to convert its entire range to the scheme.

A report by the Adam Smith Institute claims Fairtrade products do not aid long-term economic development and often fail to help the poorest farm workers.

Consumers spent more than £290 million a year on Fairtrade goods in 2006 and sales of products bearing the distinctive black, green and blue logo have continued to soar.

They are likely to rise further after the sugar company Tate & Lyle said it would convert its entire operation to Fairtrade-certified farmers. Under the scheme, 40 per cent of the cost of each bag of sugar will now go back to Belize, where it will be shared by farmers, cane mills and community projects.

But the report, named Unfair Trade, has sparked a row over the scheme's effectiveness in tackling poverty. It claims that paying farmers for their produce sustains uncompetitive farming methods rather than encouraging modern techniques. The institute also says the payment structures put in place by the Fairtrade Foundation, which operates the Fairtrade label, unintentionally encourage farms in developing countries to take on labourers only during harvest time rather than employing them full-time.

In addition, it claims that just a fraction of the Fairtrade premium paid by consumers actually reaches the producer, while retailers pocket the rest.

The Fairtrade Foundation, however, insists it ensures farmers are paid a better wage than they would normally receive and this helps them to improve the lives of their families and the local community.

Tom Clougherty, policy director at the Adam Smith Institute, said: "At best, Fairtrade is a marketing device that does the poor little good.

"At worst, it may inadvertently be harming some of the planet's most vulnerable people. There is nothing wrong with being concerned about the working conditions, wages and environment of workers, but we don't believe Fairtrade is the most effective model.

"They make assumptions about agriculture in the developing world - that they must be small farming cooperatives, but this is just not sustainable if countries are to develop."

He said free trade was a more effective strategy for reducing poverty, as it encouraged countries to industrialise and develop more efficient farming practices.

The report also claims Fairtrade is actually failing to operate in countries that suffer from the lowest wages.

Mexico, for instance, is the largest Fairtrade coffee producer in the world, with 51 certified organisations, while Ethiopia has just four and Rwanda 10.

The institute also says the Fairtrade Foundation has tried to monopolise the so-called ethically branded produce market by persuading organisations, schools and towns to declare themselves Fairtrade at the expense of other ethical brands such as Cafe Britt.

There are more than 300 Fairtrade towns and cities across the UK, where councils are required to pass a resolution to support Fairtrade and ensure such products are readily available in shops.

Fairtrade is one of the ­fastest-growing retail sectors in Britain, with sales soaring by 46 per cent between 2005 and 2006. More than 3,000 products are Fairtrade-certified including coffee, tea, chocolate, fruit, vegetables and cotton.

The Fairtrade Foundation, which will launch its Fairtrade Fortnight promotion this week, claims more than seven million people in 58 countries benefit from the system.

The organisation said: "This is a cynical attempt to undermine our pragmatic approach to trade. Fairtrade products cost the consumer no more than ordinary products in many cases, yet we ensure farmers receive a higher price. We also work with other ethical brands such as those in the organic movement."

Other charities remain divided over Fairtrade. While Oxfam said it supported the brand, others criticised it.

Ceri Dingle, director of educational charity WorldWrite, said: "Fairtrade is much more about satisfying the Western consumer's guilt. No country has ever become a successful economy by being a farm - they need to industrialise."


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