Eric Bellman Wall Street Journal 23 May 12;
JAKARTA—After drawing international acclaim, Indonesia's moratorium on forest clearing has proved hard to implement, as special interests whittle down the area protected under the agreement, environmental groups say.
A year ago this week, Indonesia kick-started plans to radically reduce its greenhouse-gas emissions by pledging to stop issuing new forest-clearing permits for two years. But the plan to make millions of hectares of pristine jungle off-limits for development has been hurt by violations, challenges to the agreement and the emergence of numerous forest-clearing permits the central government didn't know had existed.
Environmentalists are calling for better legislation, tougher enforcement and an extension of the moratorium.
Overall, Indonesian officials say, about 60 million hectares of forest are subject to the moratorium—a major achievement in a country long known as having one of the world's fastest deforestation rates, but less than what some had hoped to achieve. The exact amount of land under protection is disputed, and may be getting smaller as more exemptions to the moratorium are allowed, environmentalists say.
Last year, the country drafted a map showing areas that fell under the plan, but individuals and corporations with claims on different tracts of land came forward to dispute it. As a result, millions of hectares of forest have been moved off the protected list.
So many clearing permits were issued over the years by different levels of government that Jakarta still doesn't know exactly who holds unused claims. The map has been redrawn every six months to keep up with disputes. The version drawn late last year showed close to five million hectares reclassified as unprotected because of previous permits, mostly to make way for palm-oil plantations, said Daniel Murdiyarso, a Jakarta-based senior scientist for the Center for International Forestry Research.
"My impression is more [exceptions] will be revealed" with every new map, he said. "The most important thing to do in the second year is improve governance" to prevent legal loopholes and local officials from opening new spaces for clearing.
Enforcement of the clearing ban in far-flung provinces and deep jungles has been particularly difficult, with cutting and burning continuing in some supposedly protected areas.
"The moratorium has been breached many times in its first year," said Hapsoro, director of Forest Watch Indonesia, who like many Indonesians goes by only one name. "The two-year limit needs to be extended to allow the moratorium to be strengthened and improved."
Indonesia's forest-protection project was announced with fanfare at a conference in Oslo in 2010. The government aim is to reduce the country's greenhouse-gas emissions by 26% by 2020, through the moratorium and through increased forest-monitoring efforts. It could slash emissions by as much as 41% if richer countries give more support, the government said.
The clearing of peat and forest land for industry—including paper and palm-oil production—is important to growth in Southeast Asia's largest economy, but makes Indonesia one of the world's top sources of greenhouse gases.
Huge amounts of carbon dioxide are released into the air when forests and peat lands are cut down and burned. In tropical developing countries like Indonesia, most greenhouse gases come from forest clearing rather than automobiles or industry.
Norway has pledged to pay Indonesia as much as $1 billion for proven emissions reductions—a test of whether international incentives can persuade developing countries to risk crimping economic growth to help the environment. Government officials in Indonesia and Norway, as well as some environmentalists, say the moratorium is only the beginning, meant to give officials time to write rules and build institutions to better monitor and protect pristine forest.
"We are impressed by Indonesia. We think the moratorium has been a breakthrough in terms of transparency in the forest sector," said Bård Vegar Solhjell, Norway's environment minister. "We have also seen significant change in policy debate around land usage."
Supporters of the plan say much of the criticism is only possible because of new disclosures by the government connected to how Indonesia's forests are being exploited. The government's map, for example, has made it easier for environmental groups to see changes in forest status and has helped the groups report violations of the moratorium.
The moratorium still represents a crucial change in the way Indonesia thinks about and protects its lush jungles, said Agus Purnomo, head of the secretariat for Indonesia's National Council on Climate Change. "You can't say that we are not succeeding or not achieve something here," he said.
Many environmentalists beg to differ. They say moratorium has brought the issue to the forefront and has given advocates more information about what is happening in the jungles, but it also has exposed the plan's loopholes and a lack of enforcement.
"President [Susilo Bambang] Yudhoyono's moratorium commitment to protect our remaining natural forests and peat lands is being undermined by weak legislation and weak enforcement," said Bernadinus Steni, program manager of Indonesia's Association for Community and Ecologically Based Law Reform. "The first year of the moratorium provides little extra protection for forests or carbon-rich peat lands."
—Yayu Yuniar contributed to this article.
Indonesia Wilts as Deforestation Moratorium Loopholes Go Unaddressed
Alexandra Di Stefano Pironti Jakarta Globe 23 May 12;
Unless the rapid deforestation in one of the world’s most richly-forested countries is controlled, Indonesians may one day wonder, “where are all the flowers gone.” To those lyrics by legendary US singer Joan Baez they might also have to add, and where are all the tigers, elephants, orangutans, birds and ancient forest communities gone.
While the 1960s icon was singing against the US war in Vietnam, green groups in Indonesia are waging war against deforestation, in a country that is home to about 15 percent of all known species of plants, mammals and birds. Some are already critically endangered as a result of deforestation by the palm oil, mining and paper industries.
As Indonesia marks the first year of a two-year moratorium on deforestation that followed a pledge of a billion dollars from Norway, a coalition of international and local green groups urged Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono this week to strengthen the moratorium so that it becomes a real instrument to reduce, and ultimately halt, deforestation in the country.
“The existing moratorium only suspends the issue of new forest use permits, it did not order a review of existing permits. There are other glaring loopholes in the moratorium which need to be addressed if Indonesia is to honor its international commitments,” Yuyun Indradi, forests policy adviser, Greenpeace Southeast Asia, said at a press briefing on Monday.
Such concerns are being raised ahead of the Rio+ summit on sustainable development next month.
The environment groups say the ban is being undermined by weak legislation and weak enforcement, and provides little extra protection for forests or carbon-rich peatlands, and nothing to protect the rights of forest-dependent indigenous peoples and local communities.
They added that if deforestation rates continue to average more than a million hectares a year, all of Indonesia’s forests will have been destroyed within the next 50 years.
Earlier this month, the groups said they had witnessed continuing forest destruction by several companies despite the moratorium. They estimated that 4.9 million hectares of primary forests and peatland, out of a total 71.01 million hectares covered by the moratorium, will be lost to palm-oil industries, coal mines and other forest conversions by the end of May.
Last week, Indonesia’s Asia Pulp & Paper (APP), one of the world’s largest paper companies and one that has been most criticized by green groups, announced that it would suspend natural forest clearance from June 1, and would hold better environmental procedures.
The announcement brought a quick reaction from Greenpeace, denying good practices from APP. It said images from their latest overflight in February indicate ongoing clearance of forests across Sumatra region.
Deforestation is devastating wildlife. Fewer than 400 Sumatran tigers remain in the wild, orangutans on Sumatra island have gone down from 1,000 in early 2000 to less than 200 in 2012, while only 3,000 Sumatran elephants are still in the wild, half the number since 1985, the groups say.
“It is reasonable to expect that there are many threatened undocumented species,” Louis Verchot, a scientist with the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), told Inter Press Service.
Deforestation has also affected whole communities of indigenous people dependent on the forest for food, shelter and their livelihood. Since most of the land belongs to the state, the government has given up ancestral rights of the native communities to businesses, according to indigenous rights groups.
The deforestation taking place in Indonesia goes much beyond the archipelago’s more than 17,000 islands. The country is the third largest emitter of climate changing greenhouse gases after China and the United States.
Greenpeace says a large volume of the gases comes from the destruction of Indonesia’s peatlands, considered the world’s most critical carbon stores. They are believed to store about 35 billion tons of carbon, and when drained, burned and replaced by acacia, eucalyptus or palm oil plantations, they release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
While green groups believe Indonesia should do more to stop deforestation, some Indonesian officials believe the country needs more incentives to do so.
“The Ministry of Forestry needs a budget of Rp 5 trillion ($538 million) per year to fight deforestation,” Darori, director general of the Forest Protection and Nature Conservation from the Ministry of Forestry, told IPS. With a wave of his hand Darori dismissed the billion dollar pledge by Norway as “not enough.” Indonesia “needs the support of the world” to carry out this task, he said.
Commenting on Darori’s remarks, Greenpeace spokesman Indradi said money “is never enough if we cannot solve the corruption problems in the forestry sector.”
CIFOR’s Verchot said, “the pledge by Norway was not supposed to solve the whole problem, but it has transformed the discussion in Indonesia, and in that sense it is successful … Norway’s pledge over several years is significant and if it paves the way for additional REDD + money, then the programme can become sustainable.” REDD+ (Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Plus) is a global mechanism to reduce emission and deforestation as well as forest degradation.
Darori, the Indonesian official, told IPS that authorities have given eight-year jail terms to 12 plantation owners in Sumatra for illegal logging, and imposed five billion rupiah ($534,000) fines on each.
Indonesian President Yudhoyono has pledge to cut emissions in his country between 26 percent and 41 percent with the help of the international community by 2020. But he has pointed out the importance of the contribution of the forest-based industries to the country’s economy.
A recent study showed this contribution to be approximately 21 billion dollars a year — 3.5 percent of the national economy. The sector employs around 4 percent of the working population.
Inter Press Service
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