Dalai Lama bemoans deforestation of Tibet

Yahoo News 21 Nov 07;

The Dalai Lama called Wednesday for special care to preserve Tibet's ecosystem, saying that corruption among Chinese bureaucrats was worsening deforestation.

Tibet's exiled spiritual leader, who is on a visit to Japan, said that as the Tibetan plateau was high in altitude and dry, "once you damage the environment, it will take a long period to recover".

"Therefore, we need special care," the Dalai Lama said.

Because major rivers originating in Tibet feed into South Asia, "special care of the Tibetan ecology is not only the concerns for six million Tibetans, but also the concerns for millions of people," he said.

But some people from China "have no knowledge of ecology. They are only concerned about industries (with) no idea of ecological consequences," he said.

The Chinese government has begun to impose "some restrictions on deforestation in some parts of Tibet. However, unfortunately now in China, sometimes restrictions can be easily ignored through pocket money, corruption," he said.

"Some Chinese businessmen still can carry out deforestation and also they exploit natural resources with poor care for the ecology," he said.

The comments came as China's state Xinhua news agency said climate change was causing more weather-related disasters than ever in Tibet.

China's director of the Tibet Regional Meteorological Bureau, Song Shanyun, was quoted as saying "natural disasters, like droughts, landslides, snowstorms and fires are more frequent and calamitous now" in Tibet and "the tolls are more severe and losses are bigger".

Climate change a growing threat in Tibet, media report
Yahoo News 20 Nov 07

Climate change is causing more weather-related disasters than ever in the Himalayan region of Tibet, where the temperature is rising faster than the rest of China, state press reported Wednesday.

"Natural disasters, like droughts, landslides, snowstorms and fires are more frequent and calamitous now," Xinhua news agency quoted the director of the Tibet Regional Meteorological Bureau, Song Shanyun, as saying.

"The tolls are more severe and losses are bigger."

The temperature in Tibet has been rising by 0.3 degrees Celsius (0.54 degrees Fahrenheit) every decade, about 10 times faster than the national average, with visible consequences, a bureau study found.

"Problems like receding snow lines, shrinking glaciers, drying grasslands and desert expansion are increasingly threatening the natural eco-system in the region," Song said.

The report is the latest in China to warn of the dramatic impact of global warming on the region known as the "roof of the world" and regarded as a barometer of world climate conditions.

The region's glaciers have been melting at an average rate of 131.4 square kilometres (50 square miles) per year over the past 30 years, according to previously released Chinese government research.

Chinese researchers have said that even if global warming did not worsen, the region's glaciers would be reduced by nearly a third by 2050 and up to half by 2090, at the current rate.

Song directly attributed two disasters in 2000 to climate change.

In one of them, a thawed snow cap caused a "rare and extremely large-scale" landslide in Nyingchi prefecture in southeast Tibet.

More than 300 million cubic metres (10.6 billion cubic feet) of debris, piling up to 100 metres (330 feet) high, blocked a river and impacted 4,000 people in the area, the report said.

The other disaster was in Shigatse in southern Tibet, when a "once-in-a-century" flood affected more than 60,000 people and inundated thousands of hectares of cropland.


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Asia signs 'green region' environment pact

Yahoo News 21 Nov 07;

Asked why the declaration did not include any numerical targets, Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said: "This is a declaration of intent, not a negotiated treaty of what we are going to do to restrict ourselves."

Leaders of 16 Asian nations including China and India signed an environmental pact on Wednesday, pledging action on climate change and forest cover, and promoting the use of nuclear energy.

The East Asia Summit members threw their support behind a UN plan as the "core mechanism" for tackling global warming.

They committed to work harder to develop alternative energy sources and cleaner fossil-fuel technologies, and to improve energy efficiency and conservation.

The East Asia Summit, which embraces the 10-nation ASEAN bloc plus Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand and South Korea, now sets the stage for next month's UN-backed global climate change talks in Bali.

After the United Nations warned that illegal logging is devastating Southeast Asia's tropical rain forests, the leaders set a goal to increase forest cover by at least 15 million hectares (37 million acres) by 2020.

They also agreed to cooperate on the "development and the use of civilian nuclear power," amid concerns soaring oil prices could hurt regional economic growth, according to their joint declaration.

But they stressed that the use of atomic energy will be carried out in a "manner ensuring nuclear safety, security and non-proliferation" by adopting safeguards within the framework of the International Atomic Energy Agency watchdog.

Environmental groups have voiced concerns over the disposal of nuclear waste and the danger that plutonium -- a key ingredient for making atomic weapons -- could fall into the wrong hands.

A key focus of concern is Southeast Asian extremist group Jemaah Islamiyah, blamed for a series of attacks in the region including the 2002 Bali bombings that killed 202 people.

The 16 nations also agreed to work towards reducing energy intensity -- a measure of the energy efficiency of a nation's economy -- but dropped plans to aim for a 25 percent reduction by 2030.

An earlier draft of the declaration obtained by AFP indicated that India had objected to the 25 percent goal.

Australian Foreign Minister Alexander Downer expressed optimism that China and India would agree to eventually cut greenhouse gas emissions and said the East Asia Summit pact helped "pave the way for a successful Bali meeting."

"I think there has been a turning of the tide in terms of China and India's positions on climate change," Downer told reporters.

"Now we are at last seeing these major developing countries saying yes, we need to do things as well to stabilise greenhouse gas emissions," he said.

Two of the world's worst polluters, China and India ratified the Kyoto Protocol on climate change but, as developing nations, were not obliged to achieve fixed emissions reduction targets.

Delegates to the Bali talks will discuss a successor treaty to the Kyoto Protocol, which developed nations say must push China and India to cut pollution.

China's Prime Minister Wen Jiabao said earlier Wednesday that he will seek to increase cooperation with Asian nations on climate change and that the country will try to freeze its key pollution emissions at 2005 levels.

He said he would propose an international climate change forum in China next year to improve the region's ability to address global warming.

Japanese Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda also unveiled a hefty two-billion-dollar aid package over five years for developing Asian nations to help them tackle climate change.

It includes soft loans and training programmes aimed at helping developing nations address the issue while pursuing economic growth, and is focused on improving sewage processing and fighting pollution.


Asian leaders sign vague climate pact

Neil Chatterjee, Reuters 21 Nov 07;

SINGAPORE (Reuters) - Leaders of 16 Asian countries, including top polluters China and Japan, agreed to a vague pact on climate change on Wednesday, trying to put aside discord over Myanmar's suppression of democracy protests.

In the declaration signed in Singapore, leaders of the East Asia Summit (EAS) committed to stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the long run.

But the pact, which contains no fixed targets on cutting emissions or even limiting their growth by a specific date, would serve as a basis for climate change negotiations at a major U.N. meeting next month in Bali.

The EAS -- 10 Southeast Asian nations plus China, India, Japan, Korea, Australia and New Zealand -- -- also agreed that "all countries should play a role in addressing the common challenge of climate change, based on the principles of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities."

Asked why the declaration did not include any numerical targets, Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said: "This is a declaration of intent, not a negotiated treaty of what we are going to do to restrict ourselves."

Australia said the pact would make it easier to negotiate a replacement for the Kyoto Protocol on limiting greenhouse gas emissions. The United Nations hopes the Bali meeting will kick off two years of talks to agree on a new global framework to fight climate change.

"There has been a turning of the tide in China and India's position -- they're saying 'yes we need to do something to stabilize emissions'," Australia's Foreign Minister Alexander Downer said earlier.

China, the world's second-largest emitter of carbon dioxide after the United States, and India have steadfastly refused to agree to fixed targets and want rich nations to take the lead in cutting emissions and pay for cleaner energy technology.

"It's not positive but what can we expect? We can't expect countries like China or India to be on the same line as Japan -- these emerging countries are not ready to move first," said Emmanuel Fages, carbon analyst at French bank Societe Generale.

"There's nothing homogenous in Asia," he added.

The only numerical target in the climate pact was on forest cover.

The group agreed to "work to achieve an EAS-wide aspirational goal of increasing cumulative forest area in the region by at least 15 million hectares (37.5 million acres) of all types of forest by 2020".

MAD ABOUT MYANMAR

While the East Asian leaders tried to focus on climate change and trade, the issue of how to encourage wayward member Myanmar to embrace democracy soured ASEAN's 40th anniversary celebrations at which the grouping adopted a legal charter.

The Philippines broke ranks with other Association of South East Asian Nations members and called for the immediate release of detained Myanmar opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi.

"We particularly deplore the treatment of Aung San Suu Kyi. She must be released. Now," Philippines President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo said in a statement.

Arroyo said on Monday the Philippine Congress might not ratify the charter if Myanmar did not commit to democracy and release Suu Kyi.

The charter -- which gives ASEAN a legal identity and enshrines principles of democracy and human rights -- needs to be ratified within 12 months following the signatures on Tuesday.

"All countries have to ratify it to bring it into effect," Singapore's Lee told reporters.

He added the sanctions that Western countries had slapped on Myanmar were ineffective because the regime had chosen to isolate itself from the outside world.

"You say I don't want to do business in Myanmar but it's water off a duck's back," Lee said.

(Additional reporting by Geert De Clercq, Jan Dahinten and Koh Gui Qing; editing by Bill Tarrant and David Fogarty)


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Plywood producers in danger: Indonesian Industry body

The Jakarta Post 21 Nov 07

With illegal logging of ever-increasing concern, the country's plywood industry has suffered an acute shortage of raw materials, threatening to close almost half of the companies involved in the business.

Chairwoman of Forest Industry Revitalization Body Soewarni said here Tuesday that almost a half of the 100 or so companies engaged in the production of plywood and other wood products had been forced to close down due to lack of raw materials.

The shortage, for which she said government efforts to curb illegal logging was responsible, began in 2005.

Wood taken from licensed forest areas was often seized. "As a result, most plywood companies close down their businesses, lay off their workers or reduce production capacity. Of around 100 companies in the plywood industry, only between 40 and 50 companies can survive," Soewarni said on the sidelines of Asean Wood Furnitechno 2007.

She said the decline of the industry was shown by the continued drop in the country's plywood exports. According to her, plywood exports in the first nine months of this year reached only about US$1 billion, as compared to $1.6 billion in 2006.

She added that woodworking exports as of September 2007 were only about $940 million, compared to $1.3 billion in 2006.

Director General for Agro and Chemical industries at the Industry Ministry Benny Wahyudi also acknowledged that the lack of raw materials posed a major blow to the industry.

He said that the volume of semi-finished wood (mostly plywood) exports fell sharply to 2.08 million tons in 2006 from as high as 4 million tons in 2002. The highest drop was suffered by plywood exports, which plunged to 1.98 million tons in 2006, from 3.58 million tons in 2002.

He said that the decline in timber production had caused the industry to suffer a raw material deficit of about 20 million cubic meters a year.

According to him, the annual demand had reached about 62 million cubic meters while the supply is only about 42 million cubic meters.

Soewarni said the soaring of international oil prices and the high-cost economy caused by red tape and legal uncertainty also posed a threat to the industry.

"With international oil prices reaching $100 per barrel, the industry is facing hard times because production costs could rise by between 4 and 10 percent."

Soewarni estimated that the limited supply of raw materials would push plywood export prices up to $480 per cubic meter from $460 and woodworking export prices to as high as $700 per cubic meter, from $500 per cubic meter now.

With the increase in production costs, it is unlikely that producers will be able to enjoy the price increase, she said.


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Japan pledges $1.8 bln for green projects in Asia

Reuters 21 Nov 07

"For ASEAN nations, the efforts to address climate change must not hinder them from seeking development and economic prosperity," said an official.

SINGAPORE (Reuters) - Japanese Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda pledged 200 billion yen ($1.83 billion) in loans over the next five years for environmental projects in Asia, officials said on Wednesday.

The projects include sewage disposal and sulphur dioxide scrubbing from power plant smoke stacks.

Tokyo also said it was ready to provide up to $10 mln for a World Bank fund aimed at preserving forests, an issue Indonesia will push for at a U.N. meeting in Bali next month to try to find a successor to the Kyoto Protocol.

Japan also plans to launch a satellite by the end of March 2009 that would monitor greenhouse gas emissions and share the data with Asian nations.

Experts say dealing with the effects of climate change will be a major problem for Asia, where greater extremes of weather are expected to cause more intense storms and droughts, while melting of Himalayan glaciers could lead to summer water shortages for tens of millions.

China is expected to overtake the United States as the world's top carbon dioxide polluter and Indonesia might have risen to the No.3 emitter because of deforestation and massive forest fires. India's emissions are also rising quickly.

Japan is among the world's top-five greenhouse gas emitters.

(Reporting by George Nishiyama, writing by Neil Chatterjee, editing by David Fogarty)

($1 = 109.10 Yen)

Japan pledges 2bln dlr Asia aid to fight climate change
Yahoo News 21 Nov 07;

Japanese Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda on Wednesday unveiled a two-billion-dollar aid package to help developing Asian nations fight pollution and combat climate change.

The initiative, announced by Fukuda at a summit of Asian leaders, includes soft loans and training programmes over five years, and is aimed at helping the region tackle global warming and push forward with economic development.

The package "includes loan and grant aid as well as technological training, targeting East Asian countries," a Japanese official said, without specifying which nations would receive aid.

"For ASEAN nations, the efforts to address climate change must not hinder them from seeking development and economic prosperity," said another official.

At Wednesday's summit, the 10-member Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) plus Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand and South Korea issued a separate declaration on fighting climate change.

The new Japanese aid is aimed specifically at helping developing Asian countries tackle air and water pollution, as well as improve sewage processing.

Rafael Senga, Asia-Pacific energy coordinator for conservation group WWF, commended the Japanese pledge and said other rich nations should follow suit to help large emerging economies "develop in a cleaner way".

"The offer of Japan is very timely because it will help countries like China and India achieve the targets that they have set and implement the laws that they have enacted," he said.

Senga noted that both countries had long said they were willing to adopt environmental protection policies but that implementation was the key and China was lagging way behind its targets.

Japan has long relied on aid as a primary instrument of its foreign policy and considers Southeast Asia a key region to exert influence.

Pollution in China is already affecting parts of western Japan, and Japan is keen to share information to help other countries clean up the environment while ensuring economic growth.

Fukuda's pledge came ahead of crucial UN-backed global climate change talks next month on the Indonesian resort island of Bali.

The Bali talks, expected to involve more than 100 governments, are intended to generate a global consensus on a follow-up to the Kyoto Protocol, named after the Japanese city where it was first negotiated.

Environmentalists and aid agencies warned in a report released Monday that decades of development in Asia would be reversed and the lives of millions of people threatened or disrupted by climate change.


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Best of our wild blogs: 21 Nov 07

Sungai Pulai's loss also a loss for Sungei Buloh
Impending Loss of Mangrove and Seagrass Flat at Sungei Pulai
and relevancy of loss to Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, Singapore
on Joseph Lai's eart-h.com website

Mandai: a repeat of the losses at Bukit Timah Nature Reseve
due to over-development? and more thoughts on the nature scouter blog

Leafmonkey gets 2,000+ hits in one day!
as her blog is posted on Bloggers Blogs of Note and today, was also highlighted in tomorrow.sg. See the comments of people all around the world on the Singapore environmental issues raised in her leafmonkey blog

What do YOU think of the haha crabs?
A poll on the leafmonkey blog for a most unamusing situation (IMHO).

Fred's Footprint: Can we buy a green future?
Can the planet afford the rich? on the New Scientist Environment Blog by Will

Are there too many monitor lizards at Buloh?
on the bird ecology blog

Community Gardens in bloom
a wild transformation on the garden voices blog

Daily Green Actions: 20 Nov
no straws but too many taxis? on the leafmonkey blog


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Indonesia pins hopes on forests at Bali meeting

Sugita Katyal, Reuters 20 Nov 07

JAKARTA (Reuters) - For years, Indonesia has made money by chopping down its forests. Now it wants to earn billions by preserving what is left.

The huge archipelago, with about 10 percent of the world's tropical rainforests, is pinning its hopes on next month's U.N. climate talks in Bali.

The government is backing a scheme that aims to make emission cuts from forests eligible for carbon trading.

Experts estimate Indonesia could earn more than $13 billion by preserving its forests if the carbon trading plan gets support in Bali.

About 190 countries will gather on the Indonesian resort island to try to hammer out a replacement for the Kyoto Protocol, a global pact aimed at fighting global warming.

"Carbon will be the new valuta (currency)," Marcel Silvius, senior program manager of Wetlands International, told Reuters.

"In the coming years we may see investments in millions, in the next decade it may be hundreds of millions."

Indonesia's forests are a massive natural store of carbon, but environmentalists say rampant cutting and burning of trees to feed the pulp, timber and palm oil sectors has made the country the world's third-largest emitter of greenhouse gas emissions.

Indonesia's forests, a treasure trove of plant and animal species including the threatened orangutan, emit a staggering 2.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide a year, according to a report sponsored by the World Bank and British development agency.

Deforestation is estimated to contribute 20 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions -- more than all the emissions of the world's cars, trucks, trains and airplanes combined.

Environmental groups say that protecting tropical forests is the most direct and fastest way to mitigate some of the impact of climate change.

"Trade in palm oil by some of the world's food giants and commodity traders is helping to detonate a climate bomb in Indonesia's rainforests and peatlands," global environmental group Greenpeace said in a recent report titled "How the Palm Oil Industry is Cooking the Climate."

TROPICAL RAINFORESTS

Indonesia is one of the few countries that still has swathes of tropical rainforests left.

Even though it has lost an estimated 70 percent of its original frontier forest, it still has a total forest area of more than 225 million acres, with a host of exotic plants and animals waiting to be discovered.

The richest forests are found in Borneo -- the world's third-largest island shared among Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei -- which is home to about 2,000 types of trees, more than 350 species of birds and 210 mammal species.

Many animals such as pygmy elephants, orangutans as well as the clouded leopard, the sun bear and the Bornean gibbon top the list of Borneo's endangered species.

Charles Darwin described Borneo as "one great untidy luxuriant hothouse made by nature for herself."

But environmentalists say the island is being stripped by illegal logging, slash-and-burn farming and creation of vast oil palm plantations.

Greenpeace estimates Indonesia had the world's fastest rate of deforestation between 2000-2005, losing the equivalent of 300 soccer pitches every hour.

There is no clear estimate of Indonesia's current deforestation rate, but figures range between 2.5 million and 3.5 million hectares a year.

'HEADING FOR THE WATERFALL'

"We're in a canoe heading for the waterfall," Frances Seymour, director-general of the Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), said.

"Current rates of deforestation, whether it is here in Indonesia or anywhere else in the world, are unsustainable and need to be slowed."

During the Bali conference, participants will hear a report on Reduced Emissions from Deforestation (RED) -- a new scheme that aims to make emission cuts from forest areas eligible for global carbon trading.

Conservation and research experts have said deforestation rates have dropped significantly after the Indonesian government's recent moves to implement tough measures on illegal logging and a new law prohibiting the use of fire to clear land.

But Indonesia says it must be given incentives, including a payout of $5-$20 per hectare, to preserve its forests.

"We want an appreciation of the forest cover that we have, because in maintaining it, we want to lobby for a compensation for that," Environment Minister Rachmat Witoelar told Reuters in a recent interview.

"The world will benefit very much if the hundreds of millions of forests all over the world, not just Indonesia, will be restored. And for that the world will be happy to pay."

He did not say how Indonesia, where corruption is rife and law enforcement is often lax, could ensure the full protection of its forests under such a scheme.

Jakarta has being trying to mobilize nations with most of the world's tropical rainforests -- Brazil, Cameroon, Congo, Costa Rica, Gabon, Malaysia and Papua New Guinea -- ahead of the talks.

"Carbon is the big hope," Ian Kosasih, director of the WWF's forest program in Jakarta, told Reuters, referring to carbon trading as the answer to saving Indonesia's forests.

"Eighty percent of carbon emissions come from fossil fuels and 20 percent from land use. But in Indonesia, the figure is opposite, which relates to how important forests are to carbon emissions," he said.

(Additional reporting by Adhityani Arga; editing by Ed Davies and David Fogarty)


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Green group wary of plans for "eco-friendly" palm

Niluksi Koswanage, Reuters 21 Nov 07;

KUALA LUMPUR (Reuters) - An environmental group has threatened to withdraw its support for a plan to certify "eco-friendly" palm oil, accusing the world's two biggest producers of cynically exploiting the initiative.

Friends of the Earth said the Malaysian and Indonesian governments appeared to be using the program, a voluntary industry-led initiative, as an excuse not to legislate to protect rainforests from the rapid expansion of palm-oil estates.

The certification system is set to be unveiled in Kuala Lumpur this week at a meeting of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil, which groups producers, consumers and green groups such as Friends of the Earth and WWF.

If green groups walk out of the roundtable, it could deal a blow to the industry, which is trying to promote palm oil as a sustainable alternative to petroleum. Demand for palm-based biofuel has sent demand and prices for the commodity soaring.

"The governments in Malaysia and Indonesia use the roundtable as an excuse not to undertake strong legislation to protect their environments and the rights of indigenous people," said Ed Matthews, head of new economics for Friends of the Earth.

"That is beginning to happen now and if that continues to happen over the next year or two, then I think we would be deeply concerned about that and at that point we will have to walk away," he told Reuters last Friday.

Malaysia and Indonesia, home to more than 4 percent of the world's rainforests, produce nearly 85 percent of total palm oil.

Both nations have laws to protect tracts of rainforests against illegal logging, but green groups say penalties should be stiffened and that more rainforest should be locked away. They also say existing laws are not properly enforced.

The Malaysian Timber Council agreed that enforcement needed to be stepped up but rejected the call for stronger legislation.

"Current laws have been more than adequate...," a council spokeswoman said.

ALARM OVER EXPANSION PLANS

Malaysia has 19.3 million hectares of rainforests, peat and mangrove forests, with 78 percent of the area available for production, Forestry Department data showed.

Many of these concessions are on the island of Borneo, in which Malaysia and Indonesia have territories. It is a treasure trove of plant and animal species, including the orangutan.

Malaysian states, such as Sarawak, on Borneo, are allowing palm oil firms to take up these concessions.

"Unfortunately, there are no very strong government standards and enforcement is poor," Friends of the Earth's Matthews said.

"Sarawak is the place where companies are looking to achieve the greatest expansion of oil palm over the next five to 10 years and it is reeling in the money from these concessions."

With palm oil prices hitting record highs, Malaysian planters are looking to expand beyond the 4 million hectares covered by palm-oil estates across Malaysia.

Malaysian palm-oil firms already have nearly 1 million hectares of palm-oil estate in Indonesian Borneo.

Overall, there are around 6 million hectares of estate in Indonesia, and the country's agriculture minister expects this area to expand by about 300,000 hectares per annum.

Malaysia is setting up an institute to probe allegations that palm-oil firms are also destroying peatlands which, with rainforests, are important in countering global warming.

"If by converting peat soil into palm plantations it will cause enormous emissions of carbon dioxide, then we will be taking proactive steps to limit peatlands usage but we have to be certain," Malaysian Commodities Minister Peter Chin said on Friday.

(Additional reporting by Naveen Thukral)

(Editing by Mark Bendeich and Ben Tan)


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China says will act to limit Three Gorges Dam impact

Yahoo News 21 Nov 07;

At the same time as the seven-point plan was revealed, the crisis of confidence in the world's largest hydropower scheme was underlined by a landslide on the banks of the reservoir behind it. Three workers are thought to have died as the landslide swept away a road and blocked a railway line being constructed beside it.

China will act to limit ecological damage from the Three Gorges Dam project amid growing alarm over the negative impact of the world's biggest hydroelectric facility, state media said Wednesday.

The announcement comes after Chinese experts warned recently of an environmental "catastrophe" from the massive project and the news last month that an additional four million people would need to be relocated.

The government would strengthen protection of water sources and guarantee water supplies for the 1.4 million people relocated by the project so far, Xinhua news agency reported, citing a statement from the Three Gorges Project Committee.

It would also launch plans for the sustainable use of the dam on the Yangtze River and improve the environment of the submerged areas, Xinhua said.

The state-run office also pledged to take measures to prevent dumping of pollutants in the Yangtze, improve bio-diversity, and set up environmental monitoring and response systems, the report said, without giving further details of the plans.

"We want to build a first-class hydropower facility... but we also aim for a good environment," Xinhua quoted the statement as saying.

The 22-billion-dollar project has long been touted by the government as a symbol of national strength and went ahead despite myriad warnings about its social and environmental impact.

Chinese experts warned in September the dam was a potential "catastrophe" and was creating environmental problems including landslides, soil erosion, deteriorating water quality, and threats to indigenous wildlife since beginning operations last year.

The head of the project committee, Wang Xiaofeng, said last week those problems were "less severe than predicted," a view echoed in the government statement issued Tuesday.

"No major geological disasters or related casualties have happened in the reservoir area since water level was raised to 156 metres (515 feet) last year," it said.

However, experts have said landslides, caused by the growing water pressure on the steep Yangtze shoreline, had created large landslides which in turn triggered huge waves.

China's Three Gorges Dam rescue plan
Richard Spencer, The Telegraph 21 Nov 07;

The Chinese government has promised an environmental rescue plan for the troubled Three Gorges Dam in the wake of controversy sparked by official admissions that it was heading for "catastrophe".

At the same time as the seven-point plan was revealed, the crisis of confidence in the world's largest hydropower scheme was underlined by a landslide on the banks of the reservoir behind it.

Three workers are thought to have died as the landslide swept away a road and blocked a railway line being constructed beside it.

The increased severity of landslides caused by water pressure from the reservoir on the fragile mountainsides which line it was one of the main threats identified by local officials at a conference held in September. They said the shore of the reservoir had collapsed in 91 places.

But since then, the committee in charge of the dam project has hit back, alleging that the admissions were "exaggerated by foreign media" and in a separate report saying the environmental problems were less serious than expected.

China Three Gorges Landslide Kills One, Two Missing
PlanetArk 22 Nov 07;

BEIJING - A landslide near China's huge Three Gorges Dam trapped four workers, killing one, state media reported, as officials announced efforts to counter environmental fallout from the controversial project.


The landslide hit on Tuesday morning in the central province of Hubei, beside a half-completed railway line near the 660-km (410-mile) dam reservoir, Xinhua news agency reported.

The workers were perched on scaffolding next to a tunnel in Badong County when buried by collapsing earth, the report said. One was killed, another injured and two remained missing.

The slide also severed a nearby highway and appeared to be the latest reminder of geological threats around the rising dam.

Badong is one of the hilly areas along the reservoir that locals recently told Reuters has seen more landslides and tremors since the water level reached 156 metres (512 feet) above sea level last year, increasing pressure on brittle slopes.

Construction of the dam began in 1994 following years of controversy over the plan, which environmental critics call a dangerous folly.

In September, dam officials warned of "environmental catastophe" unless erosion, pollution and geological instability around the reservoir were controlled -- an abrupt departure from bright propaganda about the world's biggest dam.

Since then they have repeatedly said those threats are being dealt with and the dam environment is better than expected.

But now the Three Gorges Project Committee has announced more measures to protect the dam environment, Xinhua reported late on Tuesday.

They vowed tougher controls on towns, villages and factories dumping pollution, and "emergency response" policies to tackle pollution outbreaks.

If all goes to plan, the dam will reach its maximum capacity of 39.3 billion cubic metres of water by the end of 2008. (Reporting by Chris Buckley; Editing by Anne Marie Roantree)

Related articles

In Chinese Dam's Wake, Ecological Woes
Edward Cody, Washington Post 15 Nov 07

China Defends Mega Dam, Guards Against Disaster
Chris Buckley, PlanetArk 16 Nov 07;

China's 'giant toilet bowl'
Today Online 15 Nov 07;

As China's mega dam rises, so do strains and fear
Chris Buckley, Yahoo News 14 Nov 07;


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Nature Society expresses concerns about plans for Mandai

Lim Wei Chean, Straits Times 21 Nov 07;

THE Nature Society has deep reservations about the Government's plan to release a new site in Mandai for a new tourist attraction.

Dr Ho Hua Chew, who chairs the society's conservation sub-committee, told The Straits Times yesterday that although the site was not part of the island's nature reserve, it was an important buffer zone for it.

He noted that a section of the reserve was already in bad shape, with gaps in the forest that robbed the animals of shelter.

Mandai Lake Road, for example, slices right through the area and has created the lack of 'connectors' that enable wildlife to move from one part of the reserve to another to forage for food, mates and shelter.

Any new development, therefore, will only further upset the fragile eco-balance of the nature reserve, which is home to rare animals like the leopard cat, the pangolin, the mouse deer and the sambhur deer, said Dr Ho.

When some of the Nature Society's concerns were put to Minister of State for Trade and Industry, Mr S. Iswaran, he replied that the new development should have minimal impact on the environment since that was going to be its key feature.

He added that the Government had consulted the relevant authorities and interest groups for their views, and would ensure that the developer understood that the place had to be 'sensitive to the environment'.

He added, however, that this would make costs 'a lot higher'.

The Nature Society is unconvinced that this 'sensitivity to the environment' is possible.

Dr Ho, who oversees the drawing up of a feedback report, said the society will submit it to the authorities by the middle of next week.

Related articles

If not properly done, plans to turn Mandai into nature retreat could backfire
Letter from Marianne Maes, Today Online 22 Nov 07

Do we need another nature-themed attraction?
NO: Nature Society thinks it will cause greater damage to nature reserve
Lim Wei Chean, Straits Times 22 Nov 07

YES: A nature escape will add to Singapore's attraction as a tourist destination, say travel agents
30ha of greenery in Mandai has been set aside for a new attraction near the Zoo and Night Safari, and the idea is already drawing varied reactions
Lim Wei Chean, Straits Times 22 Nov 07;

Mandai: a repeat of the losses at Bukit Timah Nature Reseve
due to over-development? and more thoughts on the nature scouter blog

Mandai to be turned into Asia's top nature spot
Channel NewsAsia 20 Nov 07


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Are we prepared to cap growth in green push?

Letter from Dr Ang Eng-Tat , Straits Times Forum 21 Nov 07

I ATTENDED a talk recently by Lee Kuan Yew Distinguished Visitor Richard Somerville at the National University of Singapore, on global warming and how earthlings are responsible for it.

I have no doubt that the science behind the observation is robust and that people should be more responsible towards the environment.

However, I wonder how much of a trade-off our policymakers are prepared to make in order to make this a possibility. Are we prepared to cap economic growth to achieve this? Are we prepared to drive less, fly less and work our factories less?

Perhaps policymakers should take the lead by setting an example. I found it rather amusing that most of the VIPs at the talk arrived in their huge-capacity luxury cars. This was contradictory to the theme of the talk which they had graced moments earlier. A small, economical car would have sufficed in taking one from one point to another.

I hope that our leaders would be more mindful of their actions; they should walk the talk.


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ASEAN leaders back nuclear energy

Martin Abbugao, Yahoo News 20 Nov 07;

Southeast Asian leaders offered their backing Tuesday for the use of nuclear energy despite concerns over safety in a region prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

In a declaration on the environment issued at the end of annual talks, they also agreed to work on an "aspirational goal" to increase the region's forest cover by at least 10 million hectares (24.7 mllion acres) by 2020.

The environment has been a key issue at the summit which comes ahead of a crucial UN-backed conference on the Indonesian island of Bali next month to discuss a successor treaty to the Kyoto Protocol on climate change.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) leaders agreed to establish a "regional nuclear safety regime" to ensure that plutonium, a key ingredient for atomic weapons, does not fall into the wrong hands.

In their declaration, they agreed "to take concrete measures to promote the use of renewable and alternative energy sources such as solar, hydro, wind, tide, biomass, biofuels and geothermal energy."

They support "civilian nuclear power" for interested countries -- a move which environmental campaigners see as worrying.

But the declaration said ASEAN will ensure "safety and safeguards that are of current international standards and environmental sustainability".

It commits the bloc to implement environmentally sustainable practices, improve cooperation to fight trans-boundary pollution, take action against illegal logging and protect coral reefs.

Weak law enforcement to control the use of fire for clearing agricultural land in ASEAN's biggest member, Indonesia, has been identified as a main cause of the haze that blankets vast swathes of the region each year.

ASEAN leaders will also pledge to improve energy efficiency, reduce the loss of biodiversity in the region and halve the number of people without access to safe drinking water by 2010.

But the decision to promote civilian nuclear power has sparked criticism from environmental activists.

Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam have announced plans to build nuclear power plants by 2020 in a bid to cut their dependence on crude oil and natural gas.

Nur Hidayati, a campaigner for the environment watchdog Greenpeace, said building nuclear power plants in the region is unsafe because Southeast Asia is prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

She questioned whether Southeast Asian governments have the technical expertise to handle their nuclear waste.

Southeast Asian governments also lack the technology, expertise and the raw materials to operate a nuclear power plant, which means they will have to import them at a higher cost, she said.

However, Hidayati supported ASEAN's efforts to promote solar, hydro, wind and geothermal power.

Singapore has embarked on a strategy to establish itself as a centre for solar energy development.

Last month, Norway's Renewable Energy Corporation (REC) said it planned to invest more than 3.0 billion euros (4.42 billion US) to build a manufacturing plant in Singapore for solar wafers, cells and modules

Related articles

ASEAN can do more on climate, activists say
Martin Abbugao, Yahoo News 19 Nov 07


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ASEAN: Around the region, green will be the theme

Lee U-Wen, Today Online 21 Nov 07;

BY 2010, at least 10 million more hectares in South-east Asia will be planted with trees to absorb greenhouse gases. Solar power and other renewable energy sources will also be in vogue.

And countries would collaborate with one another to develop low emission technologies, for the cleaner use of fossil fuels.

These are some scenarios Asean members have committed to realise, as part of two key environment declarations signed yesterday.

Until the Myanmar issue stole the limelight, climate change issues had been set to be one of the highlights of this week's Asean Summit. But such issues are still important.

Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said Asean cannot afford to ignore a serious global problem. "It has a long lead time, but the urgency is much more acutely felt now. The science of climate change is clearer and the signs are much harder to ignore."

The first document signed by the 10 member countries maps out initiatives Asean will undertake. The other reaffirms support for a United Nations climate change conference in Bali next month. To be chaired by Indonesia, the 12-day event will be a platform for 189 countries to find a successor to the Kyoto Protocol.

Mr Lee said: "The meeting in Bali will set out the basis for international negotiations towards a more effective post-2012 agreement.

"Unbridled growth without heed to environmental consequences will ultimately be disastrous," he said. "But neither can countries lightly sacrifice economic growth and higher living standards for our peoples."

The declaration states that climate change policies should not introduce barriers to trade and investment.

Environmental group Greenpeace International welcomed the two declarations, but felt "ambitious targets" should be set so as to create "genuine incentives to formulate policies that will bring massive investments to the region", reported AP.

Such an effort has its difficulties, noted Mr Lee. "How (do we) account for multinational corporation manufacturers and exporters, who produce the emission but export their products for overseas consumption? Who will bear the costs?"

A more workable solution for Asean awaits. "The region is richly endowed with forestry resources and we can focus our efforts to preserve Asean's carbon sinks," said Mr Lee.

Related articles

ASEAN can do more on climate, activists say
Martin Abbugao, Yahoo News 19 Nov 07


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Singapore Design Fest goes green

Tan Yi Hui, Straits Times 21 Nov 07

BIGGER and greener - that's what the organisers of the second Design Festival promise this year.

Ecological concerns underline the biennial event which will take place from Nov 28 to Dec 8. It covers 140 events spanning a broad range of disciplines from industrial design to architecture to visual graphics.

A highlight is Utterubbish: A Collection Of Useless Ideas, which will explore ideas of recycling and sustainability through design.

Comprising an exhibition, a conference and parties, it showcases a collection of works by international names such as Belgian fashion house Maison Martin Margiela, American Web designer Jonathan Harris and Spanish designer Marti Guixe, all centred on the idea that 'less is more'.

'It's an exciting period for Singapore because we are still a blank canvas, so we can create anything we want,' said Mr Jackson Tan of Black Design, curator of Utterubbish, at a press conference held yesterday at the Arts House.

Another name to look out for is famed Dutchman Marcel Wanders, who designed the Knotted Chair and Boutique Sofa. He will be here to launch Dutch design label Moooi, of which he is part-owner and director.

The first festival - organised by DesignSingapore Council, which is part of the Ministry of Information, Communication and the Arts - was launched two years ago.

It had about 100 events and brought together big names like Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas and British streetwear guru Hardy Blechman.

Dr Milton Tan, director of DesignSingapore Council said: 'We're very tempted to do this every year, I must admit. But we resisted it because it takes at least a year to prepare.'

He wants the festival to celebrate the process and interactivity of design, rather than just to exhibit end-product works.

'We do not want it to be a glorified shopping experience,' he added.

To find out more, visit www.singaporedesignfestival.com


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Give 20 cents per bag, HK supermarket tells shoppers

Vince Chong, Straits Times 21 Nov 07;

Payment is optional, but ParknShop aims to cut number of plastic carriers used
By Vince Chong

ONE of Hong Kong's leading supermarket chains will from today stop handing out plastic bags freely in a bid to reduce waste.

Customers will be asked to pay 20 Hong Kong cents (4 Singapore cents) for a bio-degradable bag, although they can choose not to pay up, ParknShop managing director, Philippe Giard, said yesterday.

It is estimated that ParknShop's latest initiative will reduce the number of bags used by the chain to 160 million by 2009. The figure is half of that for 2005.

It follows a government plan to soon introduce a 50 Hong Kong cents levy for each plastic bag, to encourage city residents to make pro-environment lifestyle changes.

'The important thing... is to create the condition for every customer to be civic-minded and save the environment,' Mr Giard told reporters yesterday.

The move is also a step up from a 'Green Day' programme at ParknShop, where the chain - controlled by Asia's richest man Li Ka Shing - had been charging 50 Hong Kong cents per plastic bag every first Tuesday of the month. The proceeds collected were donated to help fund green initiatives.

Other Hong Kong supermarkets like Wellcome, City Super and Jusco have similar plans in place, though they would not say if they would be following their rival's latest move.

In a recent public consultation on implementing the plastic bag tax, nearly all respondents agreed that usage of such bags can be reduced.

Almost 80 per cent of them supported the introduction of a duty of 50 Hong Kong cents on each shopping bag.

A levy, imposed initially on major retailers, is expected to be in place by the end of next year at the earliest.

Last year, more than eight billion non-degradable plastic bags were dumped at landfills. That works out to an average of 3.7 plastic bags per Hong Kong resident per day, according to reports.

It has been estimated that big supermarket chains account for some 1.8 billion plastic bags each year - almost 20 per cent of all bags dumped annually.

The government has said drastic action is needed as the territory's remaining three landfills will reach capacity within the next six to 10 years.

ParknShop's announcement, not surprisingly, was welcomed by green groups, although some believed stiffer action is needed to make consumers bring their own grocery bags to shops.

'A lot of people might find the price of 20 cents per bag too low to bother with,' said Mr Angus Ho, executive director of Greeners Action.

'But it is a start.'

Friends of the Earth noted that the key to sustaining the city's green efforts in the long run lies in public education.

Analysts suggested that supermarkets return to consumers the savings from using fewer bags, in the form of discounts.

Mr Giard yesterday declined to disclose how much ParknShop would save.

Not everyone agrees that cutting back on the use of plastic bags is the way to go.

During the public consultation on introducing a levy, the Hong Kong Plastic Bags Manufacturers' Association claimed that the argument to prevent landfills from filling up was flawed as plastic bags account for less than 1 per cent of waste in the landfills.

They added that many alternatives, like paper bags, are also environmentally unfriendly as they cannot be recycled.

In April, Singapore launched the Bring Your Own Bag Day campaign to encourage shoppers to cut back on the use of plastic bags.

Under the drive, held every first Wednesday of the month, shoppers are asked to bring their own carriers to supermarkets, or donate 10 Singapore cents for each plastic bag they take from there.

The donation is voluntary.

Just last week, the Hong Kong government announced that taxes for the more environmentally friendly diesel would be halved by next month to promote its use among motorists.

The government is also considering making it illegal to leave vehicle engines running idle.


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To kill and keep wild animals are offences in Singapore

Reply from AVA Today Online 21 Nov 07;
Letter from Elaine Pong
Senior Manager, Corporate Communications, for Chief Executive Officer, Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority (AVA)

We refer to the letter "Poachers sighted in forested area near Tampines" by Joyce Chng (Nov 9).

Poaching of wild animals is prohibited in Singapore.

Under the Wild Animals and Birds Act, any person who kills, takes or keeps any wild animal or bird (other than those specified in the Schedule, such as crows) without a licence shall be guilty of an offence.

Upon conviction, the offender is liable to a fine not exceeding $1,000 and the forfeiture of the wild animal or bird.

Ms Chng had earlier alerted the AVA about the alleged poaching and our officers visited the reported location upon receiving Ms Chng's feedback. Unfortunately, we did not find any suspicious person or equipment suggestive of poaching.

We thank Ms Chng for her feedback and encourage members of the public who suspect any poaching activity to contact us at 6227 0670.


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Sakhalin Island: oil's newest frontier

Burt Herman, Business Times 21 Nov 07;
Sakhalin-2 is the world's largest oil and gas project with a US$20b price tag

Dmitry Lisitsyn, chairman of Sakhalin Environment Watch: 'It's not a question of if the pipeline will rupture but when'

BRAVING a new frontier of oil exploration around Russia's remote Sakhalin Island means conquering ice-locked seas, frequent earthquakes and muddy swamps fed by melting snow in the rapid springtime thaw. Executives at the world's largest oil and gas project, known as Sakhalin-2, say they are nearing the finish line as they aim to open up a vast new energy source for the nearby Asian economic powerhouses of Japan and South Korea along with the United States and others.

The waters of the Sea of Okhotsk around Sakhalin Island are believed to hold total estimated reserves of at least 45 billion barrels of oil and gas equivalents - an amount similar to the resources remaining in the Gulf of Mexico or the North Sea.

One of the most formidable challenges to unlocking those riches proved to be the Moscow government itself. It won a tug-of-war with foreign investors that left Russia's state-controlled OAO Gazprom gas giant in control and reduced the Netherlands' Royal Dutch Shell PLC and Japanese partners to minority shareholders in Sakhalin Energy, the international consortium running the project.

Moscow threatened last year to pull the project's operating licence citing problems in compliance with environmental regulations. The risk of losing the entire project pressured Shell and other founders to cede majority control to Gazprom in April for US$7.45 billion.

Shell now holds 27.5 per cent of Sakhalin Energy, along with Japanese firms Mitsui & Co at 12.5 per cent and Mitsubishi Corp at 10 per cent.

After the switch in control, the Moscow government last month gave its tentative approval for the project and said environmental compliance had improved.

'At the present time, we are speaking the same language and the company is focused not only on receiving commercial returns from the project but on following the Russian laws and the protection of our natural environment,' Natural Resources Minister Yuri Trutnev said on Oct 26 in a meeting with executives at Sakhalin Energy.

Sakhalin Energy has already been exporting limited oil from a single offshore platform since 2003 that can only operate half of the year, when seas aren't frozen. But the next phase of the project set to be completed by the end of 2008 will see the opening of two more offshore platforms along with pipelines bringing oil and gas to the island's warmer southern shore.

To export the gas, the company is building Russia's first-ever liquefied natural gas plant, which converts the gas to a liquid by cooling it to a temperature of minus 161 degrees Celsius so that it can be transported by ship. Customers in Japan, South Korea and the US have already bought all the gas to be produced here for more than the next 20 years.

When completed, Sakhalin Energy will be able to export oil and gas year-round from the fields where it is licensed to operate. They hold about a tenth of the island's total reserves, or 4.5 billion barrels of gas and oil equivalents.

'We are busy knocking off the milestones,' said Jim Niven, the British external affairs manager for Sakhalin Energy.

By several measures, Sakhalin-2 is the world's largest oil and gas project. With a US$20 billion price tag, it is the most expensive. With 25,000 employees, it has the most workers.

And it uses more steel, aluminium and concrete than any other similar undertaking.

Much of the environmental issues have focused on the 800-km onshore pipelines that will take oil and gas from fields off the island's northern coast down the length of the fish-shaped island to a warmer southern port, where ships can operate all year.

Stephen Burt, manager of construction for one nearly 200-km section of the parallel underground oil and gas pipelines, said Sakhalin presents engineers with an encyclopedia of challenges: swamps, mountains, fault crossings, mudslides, severe winters and short summers. 'Here you've got everything,' he said.

While the environmental issue was widely viewed as an excuse to justify Moscow's oil grab, environmentalists say the alleged violations were very real. They warn of the lingering threat of pipeline leaks and other risks to the island's delicate habitats that they say remain unaddressed despite the Kremlin's recent change of heart.

'It did have a basis in reality whether or not it was politically motivated,' said David Gordon, executive director of Pacific Environment, a San Francisco-based environmental advocacy group that regularly works in the Far East.

Sakhalin Energy insists it is following international standards and addressing alleged violations. For example, the company rerouted offshore pipelines to avoid feeding grounds for the endangered western gray whale, of which only 124 remain.

A local official in charge of environmental inspections said Sakhalin Energy's attitude has changed with the Gazprom takeover.

'The company is more attentive to the problems,' said Roman Mishenin, head of the environmental watchdog of the natural resources ministry in the Sakhalin region.

But the most prominent local environmental group, which conducts regular inspections along the pipelines, faults the company for not always taking adequate measures to halt erosion and landslides.

Falling dirt can contaminate salmon habitats or, worse, lead to a possible pipeline rupture and resulting oil leak.

Wading through streams in thigh-high boots with digital camera in hand to document alleged violations, Dmitry Lisitsyn, chairman of Sakhalin Environment Watch, said the company is responsive to his reports and corrects problems in areas drawn to their attention. But he argues they could do more.

'Why is it that they only do things when we point it out?' he asked. 'It could be worse regarding environmental impact, but it must be much better.' Mr Gordon said the pipeline presents serious risks if the problems are not addressed.

'It's not a question of if the pipeline will rupture but when,' he said\. \-- AP

Links

Could New Russian Line Leak? a video on National Geographic News


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EU economies living beyond ecological means

WWF website 19 Nov 07

Brussels, Belgium – The growing economic strength of the European Union has doubled the ecological pressure on the planet in the past 30 years, according to a WWF report.

Despite technological advances, environmental pressure has been growing at a faster rate than the European population, creating a deficit of natural resources for the rest of the world and for future generations.

“Just a generation ago much of Europe was an ecological creditor, using fewer resources than it had,” said Tony Long, Director of WWF’s European Policy Office.

“But today Europe lives beyond its means. If the world’s citizens lived as Europeans, we would need 2.6 planets to provide the necessary resources and absorb the waste.”

In the report, Europe 2007 - Gross Domestic Product and Ecological Footprint, WWF has compared the performance of EU countries in three key areas since 1971: economic growth measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP), pressure on natural resources measured by Ecological Footprint, and human development measured by the UN’s Human Development Index.

“What we currently measure as development is a long way away from the EU and world’s stated aim of sustainable development," said WWF International President Chief Emeka Anyaoku. "This is because economic decisions routinely ignore natural capital expenditure.”

“Economic indicators are essential, but without natural resource accounting, ecological deficits will go unnoticed and ignored," he added. "It is as if we spent our money without realizing that we are liquidating the planet’s capital.”

Ecological deficit
All but three EU Members — Finland, Latvia and Sweden — run an ecological deficit. Though these three countries have greater ecological reserves than others, they do not necessarily manage their assets well. Finland’s pressure on environment, for example, has grown by 70% since 1975 and is now the highest among EU countries.

Germany, together with Bulgaria and Latvia, managed to reduce their ecological footprint in the past three decades while growing in human development. Nevertheless, its footprint is two-and-a-half times its natural resources and remains more than double the world average per person.

On the other hand, Greece and Spain are still expanding in both economic and consumption terms. Greece has experienced the highest growth of ecological footprint, accompanied by a limited growth in terms of human development.

France parallels the general EU trend. With improved technology, its resource availability is increasing but is outpaced by growth of consumption, with the largest component being energy.

Among Eastern European countries, Hungary’s footprint — as other former centrally planned European economies — has fallen since 1991, mainly because of economic shifts resulting from the ending of the Soviet era. Back in 1995, Slovenian citizens were practising, in global terms, sustainable development, but in 2003 Slovenia’s ecological footprint per capita had more than doubled while the development level rose by less than 5%. Romania has the lowest ecological footprint in the EU-27, yet it remains an ecological debtor.

“Countries are increasingly realizing the significance of ecological assets for economic competitiveness, national security and social justice,” said Tony Long.

“Development has to be redefined. Improving the quality of life for hundreds of millions of people will have to be separated from ever growing material consumption and waste.”

See the WWF website for links to the reports
Europe 2007: Gross Domestic Product & Ecological Footprint [pdf, 1.20 MB]
Europe 2007: figures [pdf, 1.01 MB]
Europe 2007: table per country [pdf, 18 KB]


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Big-Eye Tuna Stocks Near Collapse, Report Warns

Robert Evans, PlanetArk 21 Nov 07;

GENEVA - Worldwide stocks of bigeye tuna, a prime source for Japanese restaurants serving sushi and sashimi around the world, are on the verge of collapse from overfishing, a report released on Wednesday said.

The wildlife trade monitoring network, TRAFFIC, which is part-run by the conservation group WWF, said a collapse would have a profound effect on fishing fleets as well as on processing and trading industries in Japan and Taiwan.

Micronesia, the Marshall Islands and Maldives, which have artisanal fleets and provide processing centres for large vessels, could also be affected.

"Science demands a sharp reduction in the catch of the bigeye tuna, but over the past decade this advice has been ignored," said Simon Cripps, director of the WWF's International Marine Programme.

He called on member countries of the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission to agree on a 14 per cent cut "before it is too late", ahead of their meeting in Guam next month.

Organisations which regulate fishing on the high sea have been generally slow to respond to scientists' advice and have failed to address the problem of overfishing of the bigeye, the study said.

Two days ago campaigners said stocks of the Mediterranean bluefin tuna, another staple of Japanese cuisine, were facing exhaustion because of overfishing.

Greenpeace and the WWF said a collapse of the bluefin seemed certain after the international supervisory body for the fish, ICCAT, failed to agree on cutting quotas at a meeting in Turkey last week.

A decline in bluefin stocks has increased demand for the bigeye tuna which is also excessively fished in the Indian and Atlantic oceans and the Western and Central Pacific, the report added. (Editing by Stephanie Nebehay and Golnar Motevalli)

Bigeye tuna now threatened by overfishing
Paul Eccleston, Telegraph 20 Nov 07

Deliberate overfishing is threatening to turn a once-common type of tuna into an endangered species, conservationists have warned.

They say the Bigeye tuna will go the same way as rapidly disappearing Atlantic and Southern bluefin tuna if authorities fail to take action.

The bigeye (Thunnus obesus) is an important food fish and mature fish caught usually in deep waters can grow to be eight-feet in length and weigh in excess of 200lbs.

The deep-bodies streamlined fish is marked by an iridescent blue band running along each flank and is highly prized in Japan where it is thinly sliced and served up raw as sashimi.

But bigeye tuna stocks in the Eastern Pacific, Indian, Atlantic and Western and Central Pacific Oceans are all suffering from excessive fishing and the Eastern Pacific stock is overfished. In the Eastern Pacific up to 60 per cent of the bigeye tuna catch are small, juvenile fish, meaning it has had insufficient time to breed and replenish stocks.

A new report from TRAFFIC, the wildlife monitoring network, and WWF warns that bodies set up to protect stocks are failing to meet legal obligations, are too slow to respond to scientific advice and have failed to halt overfishing.

The report calls for the setting of catch limits, the introduction of restoration programmes, improved collection of data on stocks and a halt to the harvesting of juvenile fish.

"Science demands a sharp reduction in the catch of bigeye tuna, but over the past decade this advice has been ignored," says Dr Simon Cripps, Director of WWF's International Marine Programme.

"Once again the high seas are being fished out, and unless global intervention is effective, important fish stocks will be lost forever."

Glenn Sant, TRAFFIC's Global Marine Programme Leader, said: "Removal of juvenile fish, before they reach adulthood and breed, compromises the sustainability of tuna stocks and reduces the availability of adults for the high-value sashimi markets in Japan," says Glenn Sant, TRAFFIC's Global Marine Programme Leader.

"Instead they end up being worth a few cents in a can, and tuna stocks are on the verge of collapse. The biological and economic future of the bigeye tuna fishery is at serious risk."

Publication of the report was timed to coincide with a meeting of the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) which is responsible for bigeye tuna management in the Western and Central Pacific.

WWF and TRAFFIC called on the WCPFC members to meet their international obligations and follow the advice of the Commission's Scientific Committee to reduce bigeye catch by 14 per cent before it was too late.

The bigeye is a highly migratory species with separate stocks in the Atlantic, Indian, Western and Central Pacific, and Eastern Pacific Oceans.

It is an important target for industrial longline tuna fisheries on the high seas and smaller-scale longline, purse seine - netting near the surface - and ring-net fisheries in national waters.

Increasingly bigeye are taken as bycatch in purse seine fisheries fishing for Skipjack Tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) and Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares).

The mature fish taken by longline fleets attracts high prices on the sashimi markets of Japan and, increasingly, in Europe and North America.

The report warns that long-term depletion of stocks will hit industrial fishing fleets hard. There would also be economic consequences for small island states who took fees from the fleets to access tuna stocks.

By managing bigeye stocks sustainably it could fill the gap in the sashimi markets of Japan and north America left by tighter control of the stocks of atlantic and bluefin tuna.

The report also claimed that consumers were now far more concerned that they were buying fish from ecologically sustainable stocks recognised by organisations such as the Marine Stewardship Council.
Links

Turning a blind eye to bigeye tuna on the WWF website with a link to the report With an eye to the future: Addressing failures in the global management of bigeye tuna [pdf, 1.64 MB]

Related reports

Greenpeace slams 'unsustainable' new tuna quota
Yahoo News 18 Nov 07;

US wants freeze on tuna fishing
Anna-Marie Lever, BBC News 16 Nov 07



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Palm Spreads its Wings in Brazil, Plantings Rise

Naveen Thukral, PlanetArk 21 Nov 07;

KUALA LUMPUR - Palm plantations in Brazil are likely to expand at least three-fold in the coming years as demand rises and the nation seeks to benefit from soaring prices of the commodity, a top producer said on Tuesday.

Brazil, whose main crop is soybeans, has some 8.5 million hectares in the northern state of Para suitable for growing palm trees, said Marcello Brito, commercial director of Agropalma, Latin America's biggest palm oil producer.

"If you want to expand oil palm production in the world, the place is Brazil because it has plenty of suitable land and the right tropical climatic conditions," he told Reuters in an interview on the sidelines of an industry meeting.

Prices of palm oil have more than doubled since January 2006 and it has led to rapid expansion of palm plantations across the world led by Indonesia.

Crude palm oil, which costs around 600 to 800 ringgit a tonne to produce, is selling around 3,000 ringgit a tonne in the Malaysian market.

Brito said some 75,000 hectares of palm estates in Brazil produce 160,000 tonnes of crude palm oil annually.

"We have companies that have bought new areas for growing palm plantation in northern Brazil," he said. "We expect that we can more than triple the planted area in the next 5 years."

The official said palm oil use in Brazil was increasing because it was considered as a healthy alternative to hydrogenated fats and as a source of biodiesel.

"Potential for palm oil continues to be really big, right new studies for plantations are going on (related to the biodiesel expansion)," he said.

Brito was taking partin in a meeting of producers, buyers and environmentalists to discuss expansion of oil palm estates across Southeast Asia and their impact on the environment and rainforests.

Brazil will need additional one million tonnes of vegetable oils in 2008 because the country has made it mandatory to blend 2 percent edible oil-based biodiesel from January, Brito said.

He said around 50 biodiesel units with a combined capacity of 2 million tonnes a year have come up in Brazil.

"Some of these plants are still under construction and 90 percent are soybean processing."

"It is not just biodiesel, most of the margarine produced in Brazil now is a blend of soyoil and palm oil. You have to replace hydrogenated fats."

Palm oil demand has risen sharply from China to Europe in the past few years and countries like United States are buying more shipments to replace hydrogenated oils to avoid unhealthy fatty acids. (Reporting by Naveen Thukral, Editing by Peter Blackburn)


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EU Carbon Price Hits Five-Month High on Snag

Gerard Wynn, PlanetArk 21 Nov 07;

LONDON - European carbon credits hit a 5-month high on Tuesday, as the market rallied on higher natural gas and weaker coal prices, and as a trading snag raised fears of a bottleneck in supply of cheap carbon offsets.

The European Union's emissions trading scheme (ETS) will now not link with a UN-run Kyoto Protocol scheme until 2008, the UN said on Tuesday, raising fears of an EU shortage of carbon offsets imported from developing nations, under Kyoto.

The link had been expected to complete in 2007, and a shortage of offsets would raise the demand for and price of EU emission permits, called EU allowances (EUAs).

"The EU ETS will be linked to trading under the Kyoto Protocol next year," the UN's climate change body said in a statement.

The European Union is testing the software system which will log carbon trades in Europe and under Kyoto, called the Community Independent Transaction Log (CITL) and the International Transaction Log (ITL).

"April 2009 is a very important date for us," said a source familiar with the situation who declined to be named, and referring to the date when European companies have to hand in enough permits to cover all their 2008 carbon emissions.

"There's a lot of participants, a lot of connections."

"The CITL and ITL are still having technical problems," said a second source who declined to be named.

EUAs for delivery in Dec 2008 were up 90 cents at 23.75 euros per tonne of CO2 emissions in late afternoon trading, the highest seen since mid-June.

The EU's executive Commission recently tweaked carbon trading rules to allow EU states to trade EUAs without linking to the UN scheme. That has eased timing pressure to link the two schemes in advance of the start of the next trading cycle of the EU scheme, starting on Jan. 1 2008.

EUA prices were also up on gas and coal prices.

"Switching levels looks a bit more attractive as coal's been coming off the last few days," one trader said, referring to a cooling of European coal prices, which hit record highs in late October.

Recent colder weather has pushed natural gas prices up, meaning there are fewer savings for power plants to switch to burning gas instead of the dirtier coal.

In addition, the proposed inclusion of the aviation sector into the EU carbon trading scheme was driving up EUA prices.

"We had quite a bit of bullish news last week," another trader said, referring to the EU Parliament's recommendation last week to cut the allocation of carbon permits issued to the aviation industry when they join Europe's trading scheme. (Reporting by Gerard Wynn and Michael Szabo; Editing by William Hardy)


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Congo to form nature reserve for bonobos

Eddy Isango, Associated Press, Yahoo News 21 Nov 07;

Congo is setting aside more than 11,000 square miles of rain forest to help protect the endangered bonobo, a great ape that is the most closely related to humans and is found only in this Central African country.

U.S. agencies, conservation groups and the Congolese government have come together to set aside 11,803 square miles of tropical rain forest, the U.S.-based Bonobo Conservation Initiative said in a statement issued this week.

The area amounts to just over 1 percent of vast Congo — but that means a park larger than the state of Massachusetts.

Environment Minister Didace Pembe said the area was denoted as a protected reserve last week as part of the administration's goal of setting aside 15 percent of its forest as protected area. The Sankuru announcement increased the amount of protected land in Congo to 10 percent from 8 percent, he said.

The Sankuru Nature Reserve aims to protect a section of Africa's largest rain forest from the commercial bushmeat trade and from deforestation by industrial logging operations in the central part of the country known as the Congo Basin.

Sally Jewell Coxe, president of the Washington-based Bonobo Conservation Initiation, said the group has been working to establish the reserve since 2005, when it started meeting with leaders in villagers that ring the area to persuade them to stop hunting the ape.

Though local lore holds that washing a baby with the ashy remains of a bonobo will make the child strong, Coxe said many area villages have committed to ending the practice.

"We have agreements with many of the local villages that are on the edges of the park, and they will be the managers and be very involved in it," she said.

Bonobos — often lauded as the "peaceful ape" — are known for their matriarchal society in which female leaders work to avoid conflict, and their sex-loving lifestyle.

The bonobo population is believed to have declined sharply in the last 30 years, though surveys have been hard to carry out in war-ravaged central Congo. Estimates range from 60,000 to fewer than 5,000 living, according to the World Wildlife Fund.

The Sankuru reserve also contains okapi, closely related to the giraffe, that is also native to Congo, elephants and at least 10 other primate species.

Startup funding has been provided through a grant of $50,000 from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and about $100,000 from private donors, Coxe said.

"We're really thrilled; now comes the hard work of funding it for long term," Coxe said.

Associated Press Writer Heidi Vogt contributed to this report from Dakar, Senegal.

Congo Creates New Refuge for Humans' Closest Relative
Joe Bavier, PlanetArk 22 Nov 07

KINSHASA - Democratic Republic of Congo has founded a 30,000 square km (12,000 square mile) nature reserve to protect the bonobo, a great ape that is man's closest relative, the country's environment minister said on Wednesday.


The Sankuru Nature Reserve, carved out of rainforest in the vast central African nation's Eastern Kasai province, was established by ministerial decree earlier this month.

Its location in the heart of the Congo River Basin, the sole habitat of the bonobo, which shares 98.4 percent of humans' genetic make-up, is also home to the giraffe-like okapi and highly endangered forest elephant.

The reserve straddles the sources of three tributaries feeding into the Congo River.

"The Congo Basin begins there. There is astonishing biodiversity, and the reserve has a strategic importance for Democratic Republic of Congo," Environment Minister Didace Pembe told Reuters.

More than 10 percent of Congo, a country the size of Western Europe, has been given protected status. A regional initiative is currently aiming to convert 15 percent of Central Africa into nature reserves.

Bonobos, unlike other related apes, live in unique matriarchal social groups. They are noted for their intelligence and peaceful nature. Conflicts within bonobo groups are rare, with disputes largely resolved through sex.

They have seen their numbers greatly reduced in recent years due largely to poaching and habitat destruction, much of which was linked to the 1998-2003 war that ravaged natural resources and killed an estimated 4 million people.

Surveys are difficult to carry out in many isolated areas of Congo and estimates of the bonobos' current population in the wild range from 5,000 to 50,000, according to the US-based Bonobo Conservation Initiative.

"This is a monumental step towards saving a significant portion of the world's second largest rainforest, of critical importance to the survival not only of humankind's closest great ape relative ... but to all life on earth, given the increasing threat of climate change," the organisation's president Sally Jewell Cox, said in a statement.

Pembe said he hopes the creation of the new reserve will serve as a key development tool for Eastern Kasai.

"This is a province which is extremely isolated. We are hoping that ecotourism, among other initiatives, will allow the population to prosper," he said. (Editing by Giles Elgood)


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Proposal: Suck Carbon Dioxide Out of the Air

Charles Q. Choi, LiveScience.com, Yahoo News 20 Nov 07;

However, in the end, "obviously the cheapest thing to do is to increase fuel and energy efficiency to reduce emissions," he said. "Air capture may be needed, but it's not the first thing you'd want to do."

Emerging technologies could pull carbon dioxide straight from the air to potentially attack global warming directly.

Carbon dioxide traps heat from the sun, and humanity generates roughly 27 billion metric tons of the gas per year. To address concerns regarding global warming, inventors in recent decades have devised carbon dioxide scrubbers that absorb the gas from power plant exhausts, which account for half of all carbon dioxide emissions.

But how technology might take care of the other half—which spews from tailpipes, homes and other sources—remains an open question. Some approaches contemplate modifying the oceans to make them capture the global warming gas.

More efficient

Increasingly, research now suggests devices could literally suck carbon dioxide straight from the atmosphere.

"The technology to do this is going through major advances, moving toward detailed designs," said environmental engineer Frank Zeman at Columbia University. "It's becoming more and more efficient—we've cut the electricity requirements by well over half."

Zeman is developing technology that forces air through a chamber, where lye—sodium hydroxide—then absorbs carbon dioxide. This carbon-loaded fluid is then mixed with lime to form limestone. The limestone is baked in a kiln to release pure carbon dioxide gas, ready for storage.

Zeman detailed his new device in the Nov. 1 issue of the journal Environmental Science & Technology.

This approach is much like one used in the paper and pulp industry. There, wood is doused with lye to soften it up, and the carbon-loaded fluid is mixed with lime and so on. This method has found use for decades, and could in principle thus be implemented rapidly, Zeman said.

Coming out ahead

Ideally, such devices would be powered by non-fossil-fuel-burning sources, such as wind or solar power. Still, even if connected with today's power grid, which is often driven by fossil fuels, this technology would capture 100 tons of carbon dioxide for every 20 tons natural gas plants emit or 60 tons coal burners give off. "You would still come out ahead," Zeman told LiveScience.

Given treatment facilities the size of nuclear power plant cooling towers, Zeman estimates 200 towers could tackle the roughly 2.2 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide the United States transportation sector currently emits annually. But even in the long term, such technology would require $100 or more per metric ton of carbon dioxide captured.

So far, carbon credits—that is, permits to emit carbon dioxide—are sold for $5 to $50 worldwide.

"The price on this technology is going to have to come down a lot—or taxes on carbon go way up—before people think about using it," said earth scientist Greg Rau at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

Lifestyle excuse?

Still, other scientists are working on air capture of carbon dioxide as well. For instance, Columbia University physicist Klaus Lackner, Zeman's former mentor, is working on commercializing such technology, the specific details of which remain private.

In addition, researchers at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology are developing a technique that uses solar heat to pull carbon dioxide from the compounds they use to absorb the gas from the air. Rau is also in the early stages of researching a method of air capture that relies on electrochemistry instead of solar heat.

One criticism of such work is that it might excuse a lifestyle that furthers global warming. Still, while switching to an economy that runs on hydrogen instead of fossil fuels would cut down carbon dioxide emissions, "you'd have to replace absolutely everything that depended on fossil fuels with something that could handle hydrogen, such as boilers, gas stations and power stations," Zeman said.

A strategy that employs air capture facilities and replaces fossil fuels use with biofuels could allow countries to use their existing fuel infrastructures while reducing carbon dioxide emissions, Zeman said. However, in the end, "obviously the cheapest thing to do is to increase fuel and energy efficiency to reduce emissions," he said. "Air capture may be needed, but it's not the first thing you'd want to do."


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Wood: the original biofuel - risks and opportunities

Opportunities and risks of wood energy production
FAO website 20 Nov 07;

Greenhouse gas emissions and poverty could be reduced, deforestation could increase

20 November 2007, Rome – The use of wood energy can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and can contribute to poverty reduction, FAO said today. But the agency warned that the use of wood for fuel can result in deforestation or forest degradation if sustainable forest management is not effectively practiced.

Wood is the most important biofuel, mainly in developing countries.

Today half of the annual harvest of roundwood is used for energy noted a paper presented at a special event of FAO's governing body, the FAO Conference, on the subject of forests and energy.

More than two billion people depend on wood for their daily energy demand, mainly for cooking, heating and small industrial production. In sub-Saharan Africa, fuelwood and charcoal supply over 70 percent of the national energy demand

High oil prices, the need for secure energy supplies and concerns over climate change have led to a new interest in bioenergy.

This renewed interest could affect forests because forests occupy land which could be used for crops producing liquid biofuels. Furthermore, forests and forest residues could become more important for the direct conversion to liquid biofuels. Some experts predict that wood will become the major source of biofuels in the future, replacing agricultural crops and residues.

The increase in energy consumption driven by demographic and economic factors and the rapidly changing global energy situation generate both opportunities and threats for forests, FAO said.

Avoiding negative impacts

The production of energy from existing forests and from forest plantations is expected to increase. At the same time, unsustainable harvesting and use of wood fuels could increase. As the demand for wood energy rises, the supply of wood available for other uses might decline, resulting in higher prices for all users of wood.

Land previously dedicated to food crops might shift to biofuel crops. This could benefit farmers’ incomes, but might have a negative impact on local food production.

Agro-fuel crops might expand into forests, generating land use conflicts and increasing deforestation, with implications for biological diversity, climate change and water.

“Despite the apparent benefits of biofuels, caution should be exercised when planning and implementing large-scale liquid bio-fuel projects,” said Wulf Killmann, Director of FAO's Forest Products and Industries Division. “Governments should ensure that there are no serious negative impacts on the environment and society.”

FAO called upon countries to develop their wood energy sectors in line with sustainable forest management concepts. Wood energy policies should be incorporated into poverty reduction strategies. Know-how and capacity building in the use of sustainable, efficient and healthy wood energy systems should be transferred. Undue market distortions should be avoided. Safeguards for the production of liquid biofuels should be introduced to avoid unwanted negative impacts on the environment and local population.


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Over 250 dolphins dead in Cape Verde: official

Yahoo News 20 Nov 07

More than 250 dolphins were beached and died late last week on Boa Vista, one of the islands of the Cape Verde archipelago, the country's maritime administrator said on Tuesday.

"Unfortunately 265 dolphins perished," Nadir Almeida told AFP, adding it was too late to save them by the time they were discovered.

The dolphins died overnight Thursday.

"We think that they spent several hours without being noticed," he said. "We could not do anything," he said.

He said 65 other dolphins were washed ashore on Monday on the same island but "efforts by private individuals and authorities helped save the animals."

Experts say there are times whole groups of dolphins are washed for unknown reasons from the ocean onto the beach, and they can only be saved through human intervention.


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