Best of our wild blogs: 23 Oct 09

Kelong as a tourist destination
from singapore kelong

Singapore 350 update
from Green Drinks Singapore

Public Fornication
from Half a Bunny and the Salmon of Doubt

Wildfacts updates: dolphins, dugongs and other verts
from wild shores of singapore

Forest Geckos
from Creatures in the Wild and Looking for Spiders? Look No Further!

Juvenile White-bellied Sea Eagle
from Bird Ecology Study Group

White-rumped Munia nests
from Bird Ecology Study Group

Little matters
from The annotated budak

Flotsam and then some: on Tanah Merah
from wild shores of singapore

Amazing Pictures, Pollution in China
from ChinaHush

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Price tag of Asean progress: biodiversity loss

Lyn Resurreccion, Business Mirror 22 Oct 09;

SINGAPORE—The Asean region registered “impressive and dramatic progress” in the last 50 years, but this came with a “stiff price” in terms of the loss of biodiversity resources, the top executive of the Asean Center for Biodiversity (ACB) said on Thursday.

“We are losing our biodiversity resources and dramatically altering our ecosystems at unprecedented rates,” Rodrigo Fuentes, executive director of the ACB, said in a speech at the three-day Asean Conference on Biodiversity 2009, which started on October 21.

Of the 64,800 known species in the region, he said 1,313 are endangered, 80 percent of coral reefs are at risk, and deforestation rates are at least twice higher than in higher tropical areas.

“We have narrowed the genetic range of our endemic foods through agricultural intensification, and concentrated the production systems to varieties and species of food that have short rotation,” Fuentes said at the conference with the theme “Biodiveristy in focus: 2010 and beyond.”

However, he quickly said that “biodiversity loss is beyond losing plants and animals. It’s an issue of human survival, with the greatest impact on the poor.”

He said it is a real threat which could affect the lives of more than 500 million Southeast Asians.

Meanwhile, Singapore, which is known as a “garden city” owing to the trees and gardens that line its streets, is now working with the secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and other partner cities to develop the Singapore Index on Cities’ Biodiversity.

Grace Fu, Singapore’s senior minister of state for national development and education, said this will serve as a “self-assessment tool” that cities could use to evaluate their own biodiversity-conservation efforts.

The draft Singapore Index is being tested by the cities of Brussels, Curitiba, Edmonton, Joodalup, Montreal, Nagoya and by Singapore itself.

Fu said in a speech at the conference the measure would help cities benchmark the success of their efforts and enhance urban biodiversity in the long term.

Fuentes said species of both plants and animals that overwhelm and replace the region’s more endemic and beneficial species were allowed in. The region’s natural assets and heritage are decimated by illegal trade in wildlife.

“Unbridled economic activities have caused unwarranted pollution that leads to the destruction to our ecosystem and their natural functions,” he said.

While there was no available estimate on the cost of the region’s development to the ecosystem, Fuentes cited a 12-year ago estimate of the global ecosystem services at $33.3 trillion, while the global gross national product was valued at $18 trillion.

“Clearly, the measured benefit of economic progress is not even enough to even pay for the value of ecosystems services,” said the executive of the four-year old ACB.

Asean, a treasure trove of biodiversity resources

Fuentes said Asean is known to be a “treasure trove” of biodiversity resources—so much so that although it occupies only 3 percent of the earth’s total surface, its diverse landscape, seascapes and ecosystem are home to more than 20 percent of all known plant, animal and marine species.

It has three mega-diverse countries (Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines); several biogeographical units (Malesia, Wallacea, Sundaland, Indo-Burma and the Central Indo-Pacific; a third of the world’s highly diverse coral reefs; and extensive mangrove forest areas that comprise a significant portion of the world’s total.

“Our biodiversity resources and the ecosystems that support it is our lifeline and is a crucial contributor to global environmental sustainability,” Fuentes said.

Fu added that the region’s vast mangrove cover “play an important role in protecting our shorelines and buffer coastal settlements” from the hazards of tsunamis.

Finally, biodiversity contributes significantly to the economy, supporting agriculture, pharmaceuticals, ecotourism and recreation.

Singapore’s holistic biodiversity plan Minister Fu said each Asean member-country can do much to conserve the region’s rich biodiversity by formulating their respective National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan.

“Such action plans lie at the heart of our biodiversity conservation efforts. The successful implementation of these plans at the local level is critical to reversing the rate of biodiversity loss in the region,” she said.

She added that biodiversity conservation plans should have a “holistic approach that balances the needs of nature conservation with the competing demands on their resources.”

She said it is important that biodiversity-related agencies work closely with agencies in charge of agriculture, forestry, fisheries, urban development, trade, industry and tourism to ensure that considerations on biodiversity are factored into the sectors.

Singapore, a small city-state of only 700 square kilometers, faces the challenges of the tradeoffs between conservation and development, Fu said.

“Recognizing our constraints, we have adopted a long-term and integrated approach toward land-use planning and nature conservation,” she said.

Fu emphasized that Singapore was able to retain its rich biodiverisity “despite rapid urbanization” in the past four decades through legislation protecting nature reserves, judicious land use, careful urban planning and sensitive development.

Its greening efforts have yielded almost half of the island under a “green cover.”

Singapore is home to 2,300 species of plants, 360 species of birds, 280 species of butterflies, a large variety of animals, a third of the world’s hard coral reefs and half of the number of seagrass species in Indo-Pacific.

“As the trend of urbanization continues, the conservation of biodiversity in cities is emerging as an important challenge that demands critical attention,” Fu said.

The Asean biodiverisity conference was held in time for the preparation for the 2010 International Year of Biodiversity, and the 10th Conference of Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity in Nagoya, Japan, next year.

At the same time, Fuentes announced that as of October 1, ACB became a full-fledged international organization when the center’s establishment agreement received the required ratification of six of the 10 Asean member states in July, and the ratification of the host-country agreement between ACB and the Philippines was concurred in by the Philippine Senate in September.

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Downtown Line train will be more environmentally-friendly

Channel NewsAsia 22 Oct 09;

SINGAPORE: The new Downtown Line train will be environmentally friendly.

The Land Transport Authority said the use of new technology in the train's power generation and drive systems will help reduce its overall energy consumption.

It added that it would help translate to an energy saving of some 8,000 kilowatt hours per year.

The train will also have some new features. Some of the ergonomic seats are colour-coded red for commuters with special needs.

The seats at the side have been converted to perch seats, allowing a wider space for movement around the doorway.

And like the current batch of trains on the main lines, there will be a route map display. Its mock-up can be viewed at the Land Transport Authority's Hampshire Road office.

Stage one of the Downtown Line is scheduled for completion in 2013.

The Downtown Line is the longest fully underground rail project to date, at 40 kilometres with 33 stations.

It will run through high-traffic and built-up corridors, allowing direct travel from the northwestern and eastern areas of Singapore to the Central Business District.

The trains are designed in Germany and manufactured in China. - CNA/vm

Downtown, where the trains are eco- and people-friendlier
Today Online 23 Oct 09;

SINGAPORE - They don't just come with features to encourage users to be considerate, the new Downtown Line (DTL) trains will also be more earth-friendly.

Each train will be 1.4 tonnes lighter, and new technology in power generation and drive systems will allow them to consume less energy, saving some 8,000kWh per train each year, the Land Transport Authority (LTA) said yesterday.

Designed in Germany and manufactured in Changchun, China, the trains will feature an ergonomic seat profile, with seats reserved for commuters with special needs in a striking red. Perch seats in place of two-seaters in the gangway area, except for two wheelchair spaces in the centre car of the train, will create a wider standing space.

Dynamic route maps will show current journey status and route information, and also indicate the side of doors that will open.

The 40km DTL is projected to see a daily ridership of around 500,000 when in full operation.

More room in Downtown Line trains
Extra standing room will accommodate 120 more commuters
Straits Times 23 Oct 09;

WHEN the new Downtown Line trains start running in 2013, they will have room for an extra 120 standing commuters, going by a mock-up unveiled yesterday.

The three-carriage trains will do away with 16 seats, replacing them with vertical plastic panels that commuters can lean against.

Each train will be able to take a total of 1,050 passengers, 120 more than trains running on the Circle Line now.

A spokesman for the Land Transport Authority said that the changes will encourage commuters to move towards the end of the train and provide greater ease of movement during boarding and alighting from the train.

The first section of the $40 billion Downtown Line is a 4.3km stretch with six stations, due to open in 2013.

When the entire line is completed in 2016, it will link the north-western and eastern areas of the island to the Central Business District and Marina Bay.

The 73 trains, which will begin to arrive here in 2012, are fully automatic and driverless, and cost a total of about $571million.

Canadian train-maker Bombardier is manufacturing the fleet at its plant in Changchun, China.

This is the first time Bombardier's trains will be used in Singapore.

Besides extra standing room, the trains will feature ergonomic seats with higher ridges at the sides of each seat.

Newly designed overhead handles will provide better grip and balance for commuters.

They are similar to the ones used on Hong Kong's MTR trains.

Other features - some of which can be found in existing trains - include red seats to indicate places reserved for elderly, pregnant or disabled commuters, real-time route information maps and indicators showing which side of the train to exit from.

The use of new brake and power generation technology will make the trains more eco-friendly than current models here.

The train is 1.4 tonnes lighter, helping the system to save 8,000 kilowatt hours per year for each train.

It is expected that more than 500,000 commuters will use the Downtown Line once it is operational.

People can view a mock-up of the train at the Land Transport Authority headquarters in Hampshire Road and give their feedback by Nov 30.

MARIA ALMENOAR

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Upsurge in firms using Newater

Cheaper than potable water, purer for some processes
Amresh Gunasingham, Straits Times 23 Oct 09;

SIX years after its launch, Singapore's ultra-pure reclaimed water - Newater - continues to make a splash as a cheaper and cleaner alternative to potable water for companies seeking to improve their bottom lines.

A check of national water agency PUB's annual report for the year ending March shows more than 300 companies used piped Newater, spending close to $66 million on it, compared to 24 companies using it when it was introduced in 2003.

The 300 were primarily in the retail, wafer manufacturing and petrochemical industries.

This translates to about 180,000cum of Newater used here every day - enough to fill 72 Olympic-sized swimming pools - an increase from the 27,000cum a day consumed in 2003.

There are two main reasons for industries turning to the high-grade water, reclaimed from passing used water through a series of membranes and ultraviolet radiation: purity and cost.

Cleaner than tap water, Newater is a valuable feedstock for wafer-fabrication plants and electronic companies, said the PUB.

It is cheaper too, priced at $1 percum compared to $1.52 percum for potable tap water, which carries a tax.

By escaping the tax, the 300 firms making heavy use of Newater saved close to $39 million in the last financial year.

Mr Chong Hou Chun, director of PUB's water supply network, said companies stood to save up to 30 per cent on their water bills by switching to the reclaimed water.

Wafer fabrication plant Systems on Silicon Manufacturing, which was the first to make the switch to Newater in the manufacturing of integrated circuits in 2003, saves $700,000 annually from the 1.5 millioncum of Newater it uses, said its vice-president of corporate services, Mr Lee On Nam.

Retail group CapitaLand uses Newater at seven retail malls in air-conditioning cooling towers and fire sprinkler water tanks.

Said a spokesman: 'We started to use Newater as the cost is lower compared to potable water and there is no water conservation tax.'

Newater meets more than 15 per cent of Singapore's total daily water needs, a figure the PUB hopes to double next year as production increases.

The plants at present pump to industrial areas in Woodlands, Ang Mo Kio, Jurong, Tuas, Tampines and Pasir Ris, as well as the city.

A PUB spokesman said production at Singapore's four Newater plants in Ulu Pandan, Seletar, Kranji and Bedok had been ramped up to cope with the increasing demand.

A $180 million plant in Changi built by SembCorp - the fifth and largest to date - will produce 228,000cum a day - enough to fill 91 Olympic-sized swimming pools once completed next year.

PUB will also progressively pump more of the reclaimed water into Singapore's reservoirs to meet about 2.5 per cent of total daily water consumption by 2011. The ultra-pure Newater is mixed with raw water in reservoirs to pick up essential minerals for the body that it lacks.

Dr Seetharam Kallidaikurichi, director of the Institute of Water Policy at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, believes Newater will become a firm component of the 'business cycle' here.

'The perception (of Newater) and its value to society has evolved. As it becomes cheaper to industries, they will no longer be competing for freshwater supplies, which are the more expensive commodity.'

Read more!

Singapore water sector to get boost from partnership with Netherlands

Dylan Loh, Channel NewsAsia 22 Oct 09;

SINGAPORE: Singapore's growing water sector will get an additional boost from a partnership with the Netherlands, as both countries have agreed to enhance collaborations in the water industry.

The Prime Minister of the Netherlands, Jan Peter Balkenende, was given a tour of the Marina Barrage to gain a better understanding of Singapore's efforts in creating its first reservoir in the city. Also, the intention to set up the Netherlands Water House (NWH) in Singapore was announced here.

The NWH aims to strengthen ties between Singaporean and Dutch businesses and research institutes in the water sector. It will also organise conferences and workshops, as well as provide Dutch expertise in water management.

"I feel really proud, because this is a good example of cooperation between Singapore and the Netherlands. And we spoke about the expertise of Dutch companies, and you are realising it," said Dr Balkenende.

Earlier in the day, the Dutch Prime Minister was at the Istana, where he met President S R Nathan and attended a banquet hosted by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong.

In a speech, Mr Lee pointed out key areas of cooperation between the two countries amidst challenges.

"Both of us must prepare in earnest for a more competitive world after the crisis. We will need to focus on R&D, innovation and enterprise to maintain our competitive edge," said Mr Lee.

Water has been identified as a key engine of growth for Singapore's economy, and the country has committed an estimated S$330 million over five years to develop the local water industry.

- CNA/sc

PUB, Netherlands in water tie-up
Uma Shankari, Business Times 23 Oct 09;

SINGAPORE's national water agency PUB and the Netherlands Water Partnership signed a letter of intent yesterday to boost collaboration among businesses and research institutions.

The two countries have set up the Netherlands Water House (NWH) in Singapore to enhance cooperation and strengthen ties.

NWH representatives will organise and take part in meetings, conferences, workshops, courses and exhibitions. NWH will also promote Dutch knowledge and expertise in water technology and water management in Singapore and other regional countries.

PUB's and the Netherlands Water Partnership's tie-up acknowledges the opportunities that Singapore presents as a hub for the sizeable number of Dutch companies and businesses involved in the city state's water sector.Water has been identified as a key growth engine for the Singapore economy, with $330 million to be committed over five years to grow and develop the sector into a technological hotbed. Singapore is wooing R&D investments from leading international water players and encouraging local companies to make inroads overseas.

'Today there are more than 50 local and international companies in Singapore and we aim to grow this,' PUB chief executive Khoo Teng Chye said yesterday.

'The collaboration with Netherlands Water Partnership is an important step towards advancing Singapore's global hydro-hub aspirations. This alliance will lead to a more vibrant and active Dutch water business community here.'

Mr Khoo is also executive director of the Environment and Water Industry Development Council, which oversees the growth of the water industry in Singapore.

Former Shell CEO to be honorary citizen
He helped develop Singapore as an energy, petrochemicals hub
Joyce Hooi, Business Times 23 Oct 09;

DUTCH citizen Jeroen van der Veer, a former chief executive of Royal Dutch Shell, will be made an honorary Singapore citizen, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said yesterday.

Mr van der Veer is being honoured for helping develop Singapore as an energy and petrochemicals hub.

The Honorary Citizen Award is Singapore's highest recognition for non-Singaporeans. Last year, Ratan N Tata and Frank Tsao Wen-King were conferred the award.

PM Lee was speaking at an official lunch for Netherlands Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende.

At the lunch, Mr Lee stressed the need for the two countries to collaborate on water and environmental management.

'Our research institutes and corporations often have complementary knowledge, and we should encourage them to link up and share their expertise,' he said.

'I am therefore glad that Singapore's Public Utilities Board, the National University of Singapore and Dutch research institute Deltares have come together to establish the Aquatic Science Centre, a collaborative water research initiative.'

Mr Balkenende kicked off a three-day visit to Singapore yesterday, which includes a tour of the headquarters of the Singapore Armed Forces Medical Corps, the Marina Barrage and the site of the Aquatic Science Centre at Clementi.

The Aquatic Science Centre, launched in July last year, will research urban water management and showcase projects and technologies, as part of a network of centres in Singapore that monitor the island's water quality.

The Netherlands is Singapore's third-largest European trading partner. 'It is also our second-largest investor, with over $50 billion of assets in Singapore,' Mr Lee said. 'This is a remarkable figure, showing that size is no impediment to achieving a considerable economic impact.'

Singapore has $3.1 billion of investments in the Netherlands.

Road to be named after Winsemius
The late economist typified S'pore's many links with Netherlands
Nur Dianah Suhaimi, Straits Times 23 Oct 09;

FOR 25 years, Dr Albert Winsemius worked for the Singapore Government here without pay, helping to draw up 10-year development plans that transformed the island into today's high-technology, high-value-added industrial hub.

In honour of his contributions, especially between 1960 and 1985, Singapore will name a road after the late Dutch economist.

In announcing it yesterday, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said the relationship typified the strong and long-standing ties between Singapore and the Netherlands.

Mr Lee was speaking at an Istana lunch he hosted for visiting Dutch Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende, who is on a four-day official visit. Earlier in the day, Dr Balkenende had called on President SR Nathan and Mr Lee.

In his speech, PM Lee said Dr Winsemius 'provided invaluable and wise advice on economic development and investment policy'.

The road bearing his name, Albert Winsemius Lane, is in the western part of Singapore island. It leads to the Aquatic Science Centre near Sungei Ulu Pandan. The water research centre is a tie-up between the National University of Singapore, the Public Utilities Board (PUB) and Dutch company Delft Hydraulics.

Dr Balkenende, in his speech, said he was confident both countries would retain strong ties.

Their bilateral relations can be traced to the 16th century, when the first ships of the Dutch East India Company sailed through the Strait of Malacca, he noted.

The Dutch began many businesses here, he said. A Dutch bank was Singapore's first international bank, formed in 1830. Heineken was a co-founder of Malayan Breweries, now called Asia Pacific Breweries.

'Today, Dutch companies can be found everywhere in Singapore,' he added.

PM Lee earlier noted that the Netherlands, despite being one of Europe's smallest countries, is the second-largest investor in Singapore, with more than $50 billion in assets here. 'This is a remarkable figure, showing that size is no impediment to achieving a considerable economic impact,' he said.

He also noted that the armed forces of both countries also operate together in Oruzgan province, Afghanistan, where they support Nato's International Security Assistance Force.

People-to-people ties have also remained strong. Dr Balkenende developed a personal relationship with Singapore in the 1980s when he frequently visited his younger brother, Roland, who was then working here.

Many Dutch citizens have also contributed to Singapore's economy, said Mr Lee, citing Mr Jeroen van der Veer.

The former chief executive of Royal Dutch Shell will be conferred the Honorary Citizen Award for helping to develop Singapore into an energy and petrochemicals hub.

The award is the highest form of national recognition for non-citizens who have contributed to Singapore's development. As of last year, 10 foreigners from various fields had been honoured.

Both prime ministers also highlighted new areas of cooperation, especially on water research.

One area of collaboration that has been identified is in water and environment management.

Yesterday, the PUB and its Dutch counterpart, the Netherlands Water Partnership, signed a letter of intent to boost collaboration among businesses and research institutions in the water sector.

It will pave the way for the Dutch to share their expertise in water technology and management with Singapore.

The move is the latest in a series of research collaborations with Dutch water research centres.

Said PM Lee: 'Our cooperation in water and waste management is a good example of how two knowledge-based economies can add value to each other.

'There is much more that we can do.'

At a separate event, the Dutch Embassy said five Singaporeans had been given the Friend of the Netherlands Award, which is for people viewed as most-valued contacts for its ambassadors and consuls-general.

Among the five were Minister for Community Development, Youth and Sports Vivian Balakrishnan and the chief executive officer of Hyflux water company, Ms Olivia Lum.

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Marine life endangered by Timor Sea oil spill: WWF

Lex Hall, The Australian 23 Oct 09;

HUGE amounts of marine life are under threat from an ongoing oil spill off the Western Australian coast, an environmental group says.

A survey by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) says dolphins, migratory sea birds, sea snakes and marine turtles were found in abundance in the affected area, with many of these species swimming through toxic oil.

The West Atlas oil rig, operated by PTTEP Australasia, has been leaking oil for nine weeks. The last three attempts to stop the flow of sweet light crude oil, gas and condensate from the Montara wellhead, 250km northwest of the Truscott air base in Western Australia's Kimberley region, have all failed.

A team of engineers will make a fourth attempt to plug the leak today.

"We recorded hundreds of dolphins and sea birds in the oil slick area, as well as sea snakes and threatened hawksbill and flatback turtles," said WWF-Australia’s Conservation Director Gilly Llewellyn.

Dr Llewellyn said the findings contradicted comments by the Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association, claiming the WWF survey found no evidence of harm to marine life.

"This is clearly a false representation of our results and appears to be an attempt to sweep this environmental disaster under the carpet," she said.

The expedition recorded 17 species of seabird, four species of cetacean and five marine reptiles including two species of marine turtle. At least eleven of the species were listed migratory and two – hawksbill and flatback turtles - are listed as threatened with extinction under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.

Dr Llewellyn said the spill could have a long-term effect on the ecosystem.

"We know that oil can be a slow and silent killer. Impacts from the Exxon Valdez disaster are still being seen 20 years later, so we can expect this environmental disaster will continue to unfold for years to come."

"The public needs to have all available information concerning what has been observed and reported, including findings from Ashmore Reef, and from the vessels and platforms in the area."

Three previous attempts to intercept the leak have failed, but PTTEP Australasia has released a statement saying the drilling team has come within centimetres of the target.

Federal Environment Minister Peter Garrett said he was confident everything possible is being done to stop the oil leak.

"The fact of the matter is, it's a fiendishly difficult exercise - a little bit like threading the needle - to try to get this oil spill stopped," he told ABC Radio.

"I very much hope that it will be on this occasion. I'm concerned about it, but we've put a lot of measures in place not only to monitor it, but to make sure that any wildlife that's affected is properly treated."

Earlier this week, the Australian Maritime Safety Authority said the cost of the clean-up had reached more than $5 million.

Expedition observes hundreds of marine creatures in oil slick
WWF 23 Oct 09;

The area affected by the Montara oil spill off the Kimberley coast contains a huge amount of marine life, including some of the most iconic and threatened species in the ocean, according to a marine wildlife survey conducted by WWF.

Dolphins, migratory sea birds and sea snakes were found in abundance in the area, in addition to marine turtles, and many of these species were recorded swimming through the toxic oil affected area during WWF's recent expedition to Timor Sea.

The survey report released today paints a picture of a rich marine community under threat of toxicity from the Montara oil leak which has been ongoing for more than two months.

"We recorded hundreds of dolphins and sea birds in the oil slick area, as well as sea snakes and threatened hawksbill and flatback turtles," said WWF-Australia’s Director of Conservation Dr Gilly Llewellyn, who led the team of ecologists.

"It's a stark contrast to comments made this week by the Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association (APPEA) that claimed our survey found no evidence of harm to marine life. This is clearly a false representation of our results and appears to be an attempt to sweep this environmental disaster under the carpet," Dr Llewellyn said.

Overall the expedition recorded 17 species of seabird, four species of cetacean and five marine reptiles including two species of marine turtle. At least eleven of the species were listed migratory and two - hawksbill and flatback turtles - are listed as threatened with extinction under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.

On Wednesday, PTTEP, the company responsible for the oil slick, reported high levels of mortality among oil- affected seabirds.

"Clearly, wildlife is dying and hundreds if not thousands of dolphins, seabirds and sea-snakes are being exposed to toxic oil. The critical issue is the long term impact of this slick on a rich marine ecosystem, taking into consideration the magnitude, extent and duration of the event," said Dr Llewellyn.

"We know that oil can be a slow and silent killer. Impacts from the Exxon Valdez disaster are still being seen 20 years later, so we can expect this environmental disaster will continue to unfold for years to come."

WWF is aware of a second sea-based survey team that has been to the area and collected data on impacts on marine life and calls on all evidence and observations to be made publically available.

"The public needs to have all available information concerning what has been observed and reported, including findings from Ashmore Reef, and from the vessels and platforms in the area." Dr Llewellyn said.

"There is global concern about this oil spill and its effects on marine wildlife. More surveys are urgently needed as every piece of information helps build a more complete picture."

Read more!

China ignoring tiger trade: campaign group

Yahoo News 22 Oct 09;

NEW DELHI (AFP) – China is turning a blind eye to the thriving illegal trade in tiger parts, a campaign group said Thursday following an undercover investigation in western China and Tibet.

The Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA), a British-based organisation, showed photos it said were taken by a spy camera revealing the "rampant" sale of tiger and white leopard skins, bones and claws in retail stores.

The majority of tiger parts sold in China are smuggled from India via Nepal and the lack of enforcement of a ban on the trade is hobbling efforts by New Delhi to save the animal, it said.

"China has really run out of excuses... if they can put a man into space, they can do more to save the wild tiger," Debbie Banks, lead campaigner at the EIA, told a press conference here.

Tigers attract huge sums of money in China and elsewhere in Asia, with their body parts used in traditional medicines and aphrodisiacs while their skins are used for furniture and decoration.

The report called "A Deadly Game of Cat and Mouse" comes just five days before a Global Tiger Workshop scheduled in Nepal where international experts and officials are to discuss the dwindling numbers of the animal worldwide.

No more than a few dozen wild tigers are left in China and only a couple of thousand live in their native habitat worldwide, according to EIA figures.

Tiger skins fetch anywhere around 11,660-21,860 US dollars and bones are sold for about 1,250 US dollars per kilogram, the report stated.

"China has to enforce a blanket ban on tiger part trade, India's conservation plans to protect the endangered species greatly depend on them," added Banks.

Tiger hunting is illegal worldwide and the trade in tiger parts is banned under a treaty binding 167 countries, including India.

China outlawed the sale of tiger bones and hides in 1993, but there have been suggestions in the past that the country might lift the ban.

In August this year, India's Environment Minister Jairam Ramesh met his Chinese counterpart to discuss how to save the tiger but no consensus was reached.

Experts said the porous border between India and Nepal continues to serve as a smuggling corridor for the poachers, who bribe poor forest dwellers to guide them through the dense jungles.

China is the only country in the world to allow mass breeding of tigers, with 5,000 of the big cats housed in huge farms in the northeast and southwest.

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Secrets of frog killer laid bare

Richard Black, BBC News 22 Oct 09;

Scientists have unravelled the mechanism by which the fungal disease chytridiomycosis kills its victims.

The fungus is steadily spreading through populations of frogs and other amphibians worldwide, and has sent some species extinct in just a few years.

Researchers now report in the journal Science that the fungus kills by changing the animals' electrolyte balance, resulting in cardiac arrest.

The finding is described as a "key step" in understanding the epidemic.

Karen Lips, one of the world authorities on the spread of chytridiomycosis, said the research was "compelling".

"They've done an incredible amount of work, been very thorough, and I don't think anybody will have problems with this.

"We suspected something like this all along, but it's great to know this is in fact what is happening," the University of Maryland professor told BBC News.

Skin deep

Amphibian skin plays several roles in the animals' life.

Most species can breathe through it, and it is also used as a membrane through which electrolytes such as sodium and potassium are exchanged with the outside world.

The mainly Australian research group took skin samples from healthy and diseased green tree frogs, and found that these compounds passed through the skin much less readily when chytrid was present.

Samples of blood and urine from infected frogs showed much lower sodium and potassium concentrations than in healthy animals - potassium was down by half.

In other animals including humans, this kind of disturbance is known to be capable of causing cardiac arrest.

The scientists also took electrocardiogram recordings of the frogs' hearts in the hours before death; and found changes to the rhythm culminating in arrest.

Drugs that restore electrolyte balance brought the animals a few hours or days of better health, some showing enough vigour to climb out of their bowls of water; but all died in the end.

Grail quest

Lead scientist Jamie Voyles, from James Cook University in Townsville, said the next step was to look for the same phenomenon in other species.

"This is lethal across a broad range of hosts, whether terrestrial or aquatic, so it's really important to look at what's happening in other susceptible amphibians," she said.

Another step will be to examine how the chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis - Bd) impairs electrolyte transfer.

"What this work doesn't tell us is the mechanism by which chytrid causes this problem with sodium," said Matthew Fisher from Imperial College London.

"It could be that Bd is excreting a toxin, or it could be causing cell damage. This causative action is actually the 'holy grail' - so that's another obvious next step."

The finding is unlikely to plot an immediate route to ways of preventing or treating or curing the disease in the wild.

Curing infected amphibians in captivity is straightforward using antifungal chemicals; but currently there is no way to tackle it outside.

Various research teams are exploring the potential of bacteria that occur naturally on the skin of some amphibians, and may play a protective role.

Understanding the genetics of how Bd disrupts electrolyte balance might lead to more precise identification of protective bacteria, suggested Professor Lips, and so eventually play a role in curbing the epidemic.

'Gatorade for frogs' could stymie fungal killer
Bob Holmes, New Scientist 22 Oct 09;

The fungus now decimating frog populations around the world does its damage by impairing the animals' ability to absorb electrolytes through their skin. This discovery may eventually lead to treatments that make the disease less lethal.

Biologists now generally agree that the fungal disease known as chytridiomycosis is responsible for the worldwide die-off of frogs that has caused a conservation crisis in recent years. However, the fungus affects only the outer layers of the skin, leaving few clues to why it is so lethal.

But now Jamie Voyles of James Cook University in Townsville, Australia, and colleagues have an answer. In diseased frogs, the skin's ability to take up sodium and potassium ions from the water decreases by more than 50 per cent, they found. As a result, the concentration of these two ions in the frogs' blood fell by 20 and 50 per cent, respectively. This ion loss – similar to the hyponatraemia that a human athlete might experience from drinking too much water too fast – eventually leads to cardiac arrest and death.

The researchers found they could delay death by giving diseased frogs an oral electrolyte-replacement solution – a sort of froggy Gatorade. Fungal damage to the skin was too extensive for this to prevent death altogether, the study represents a first step toward finding an effective treatment for the disease, Voyles says.

Journal reference: Science, DOI: 10.1126/science.1176765

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US to give threatened polar bears vast 'critical habitat'

Yahoo News 23 Oct 09;

WASHINGTON (AFP) – The United States on Thursday announced plans to designate more than 200,000 square miles in Alaska as critical habitat for polar bears, a key step towards increasing protection for the threatened species.

"Proposing critical habitat for this iconic species is one step in the right direction to help this species stave off extinction, recognizing that the greatest threat to the polar bear is the melting of Arctic sea ice caused by climate change," Interior Assistant Secretary for Fish, Wildlife and Parks Tom Strickland said in a statement announcing the move.

The habitat would cover 200,541 square miles (519,399 square kilometeters) and include barrier islands along Alaska?s coast, sea ice habitat, land and rivers near the coast where the bears make their dens.

The United States listed the polar bear as a threatened species in May last year, saying climate change has caused a drastic loss of Arctic sea-ice, which is essential for the survival of the bears.

But although the Endangered Species Act calls for a critical habitat to be designated at the same time as a species is declared threatened, wildlife officials under the previous administration of president George W. Bush held off on naming the habitat area.

The Bush administration also pushed forward with the sale of offshore exploration leases in parts of Alaska where polar bears dwell, insisting that developing oil activities in Alaska would not harm the bears.

By contrast, Strickland said the administration of President Barack Obama "is fully committed to the protection and recovery of the polar bear."

But the designated critical habitat for the bears would include "areas where oil and gas exploration activities are known to occur," according to the Fish and Wildlife Services, the branch of the Department of the Interior in charge of nature conservancy.

Feds designates polar bear habitat in Alaska
Matthew Daly, Associated Press Yahoo News 23 Oct 09;

WASHINGTON – The Obama administration said Thursday it is designating more than 200,000 square miles in Alaska and off its coast as "critical habitat" for polar bears, an action that could add restrictions to future offshore drilling for oil and gas.

Federal law prohibits agencies from taking actions that may adversely affect critical habitat and interfere with polar bear recovery.

Assistant Interior Secretary Tom Strickland called the habitat designation a step in the right direction to help polar bears stave off extinction, while recognizing that the greatest threat to the bear is the melting of Arctic sea ice caused by climate change.

"As we move forward with a comprehensive energy and climate strategy, we will continue to work to protect the polar bear and its fragile environment," Strickland said at a news conference.

The total area proposed for critical habitat designation would cover about 200,541 square miles — about half in the rugged Chukchi Sea off Alaska's northwest coast. About 93 percent of the area proposed for the polar bear is sea ice, with the remaining 7 percent made up of barrier islands or land-based dens of snow and ice.

Designation as critical habitat would not, in itself, bar oil or gas development, but would make consideration of the effect on polar bears and their habitat an explicit part of any government-approved activity.

Thursday's announcement starts a 60-day public comment period, with a final rule expected next year. Interior faces a June 30 deadline for critical habitat designation under terms of a settlement agreement between the government and three environmental groups.

The Bush administration last year declared polar bears "threatened," or likely to become endangered. The May 2008 order by then-Interior Secretary Dirk Kempthorne cited the bear's need for sea ice, the dramatic loss of such ice in recent decades and computer models that suggest sea ice is likely to recede further in the future.

Environmental groups hailed the habitat announcement, but noted that it came in the same week that the Interior Department approved a plan by a subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell to drill exploratory wells on two leases in the Beaufort Sea off Alaska's north coast. The proposed drilling sites are within the area proposed for critical habitat designation.

"If polar bears are to survive in a rapidly melting Arctic, we need to protect their critical habitat, not turn it into a polluted industrial zone," said Brendan Cummings, a lawyer with the Arizona-based Center for Biological Diversity, which filed a lawsuit in the polar bear case.

Cummings called the Interior Department "schizophrenic" — on the one hand declaring its intent to protect polar bear habitat in the Arctic, yet at the same time "sacrificing that habitat to feed our unsustainable addiction to oil."

The announcement comes one day after the state of Alaska filed a new complaint in its effort to overturn the listing of the polar bear as threatened under the Endangered Species Act.

Former Gov. Sarah Palin filed suit last year, saying that Interior did not respond to the state's concerns in a timely manner before listing the polar bears as threatened. State officials say the listing could cripple offshore oil and gas development in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas, which provide prime habitat for the polar bears.

Gov. Sean Parnell, who succeeded Palin upon her resignation last summer, said the Endangered Species Act was being used as a way to shut down resource development along Alaska's northern coast. Parnell said he does not intend to let that happen.

Environmental groups monitoring the Arctic have long complained that federal regulators routinely grant permits for petroleum exploration without adequately considering consequences for whales, polar bears, walrus and other marine mammals. They say boats, drilling platforms and aircraft will add to bears' stress by causing them to flee and expend more energy.

Conservation groups also say oil companies have not demonstrated they can clean up an oil spill in broken ice. Cleanup off Alaska's coast could be slowed by extreme cold, moving ice, high wind and low visibility.

Andrew Wetzler of the Natural Resources Defense Council said designation of critical habitat is a powerful tool to protect threatened species, but said more must be done to save the polar bear from extinction.

___

On the Net:

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: http://www.fws.gov/

U.S. maps protected Alaska habitat for polar bears
Yereth Rosen, Reuters 22 Oct 09;

ANCHORAGE, Alaska (Reuters) - A vast swath of icy sea, barrier islands and coastal land on Alaska's oil-rich North Slope will be granted special protection because of its importance to the threatened polar bear, under a proposal released Thursday by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

The agency proposes that 200,000 square miles (518,000 sq km) of coastline and shallow Arctic Ocean waters be designated as critical habitat, a status of heightened protection afforded under the Endangered Species Act.

The area, which would be the largest ever designated for an Endangered Species Act-listed population, overlaps the territory with the largest existing oil fields in the United States where companies operate and plan to explore more.

Tom Strickland, assistant Interior Secretary for Fish, Wildlife and Parks, said in a telephone news conference that the critical-habitat designation should not hinder further development as long as operations are responsible and careful.

Oil companies are already subject to rules for protecting polar bears imposed by the Marine Mammal Protection Act and under other aspects of the Endangered Species Act.

"The activities going on in the energy community, both onshore and offshore, were already subject to significant regulatory review and consideration as they might affect the bear prior to this step that we're taking today," Strickland said.

"We believe that it will not be a significant additional burden on the industry for that reason, but it does further highlight the importance of trying to minimize any kind of activity in these critical areas that might adversely impact the bear."

ENVIRONMENTALISTS PLEASED

Included in the designation are areas where polar bears establish their dens, give birth and nurse their cubs and forage for food, officials said. Over 90 percent of the habitat is water that is often covered by sea ice.

Environmentalists said they were pleased with the plan, which is subject to a 60-day public review before it becomes final.

"The maps all are what scientists say polar bear critical habitat in the U.S. should be," said Brendan Cummings, an attorney with the Center for Biological Diversity, one of the environmental groups that sued to gain Endangered Species Act protections for polar bears.

But Cummings and other environmentalists said the Department of Interior must stop the spread of oil development in new Arctic territory to make the critical-habitat designation meaningful.

Alaska state officials, however, are fighting the listing itself and the regulations it entails.

"Some are attempting to use the Endangered Species Act as a way to shut down resource development. I'm not going to let that happen on my watch," Governor Sean Parnell told a news conference late Wednesday.

The state has sued to overturn the listing and filed a brief earlier this week in U.S. District Court in Washington that argues that polar bear populations are robust and unaffected by sea-ice changes, the Republican governor said.

(Editing by Mary Milliken)

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California's coastal waters a dump for fishing gear

Shanta Barley, New Scientist 22 Oct 09;

For the first time, scientists have used a submersible to investigate the debris piling up in deep-water canyons off the coast of California. To their surprise, they found that recreational fishing gear accounted for 93 per cent of the underwater trash.

"Sometimes we had to change the path of the submersible to avoid becoming entangled with recreational fishing lines and nets," says Diana Watters of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Fisheries Service in Santa Cruz, California.

"This is a really surprising result," says Anthony Jensen, who studies fisheries and artificial reefs at the National Oceanographic Centre in Southampton, UK, and was not involved in the survey. "Who would have thought that recreational fishers would account for more rubbish in a deep-sea ecosystem than the commercial fishing industry?"
Trash density

Watters believes that previous attempts to quantify underwater garbage by trawling with nets have underestimated the true scale of the problem because that method doesn't pick up all of what's down there and so cannot provide good information about the density of the debris. Nor can nets be dragged over rocky sea floors as they can snag on pinnacles.

To estimate the extent of underwater debris more accurately, Watters' team spent over 400 hours in a submersible called Delta, surveying the sea floor off California. They examined 22 sites, mainly within nature reserves. They noted the density of trash, its likely source and whether or not it had been colonised by fish or corals.

Watters and her colleagues estimate that there are 7000 pieces of trash for every square kilometre of sea floor along the central California coastline. These estimates are up to 3500 times higher than those made by trawler-based studies in other parts of the US, says Watters.
Net loss

The study also found a number of commercial fishing nets snagged over rocky outcrops. "This is worrying, as fishing nets continue to catch and kill fish for years and years after they've been lost in the sea," says Tom Blasdale, a marine fisheries advisor at the UK's Joint Nature Conservation Committee.

"In fact, there's often a cycle: floating nets catch fish, sink to the sea floor, attract predators that eat the trapped fish, and then [the nets] bob back to the surface again," says Blasdale.

Abandoned fishing nets pose such a threat to wildlife that one study estimates that lost gill nets can persist for seven years in the Pacific Northwest's Columbia River, where they annually kill a third of all the white sturgeon that could otherwise be commercially harvested.
Eggs on the line

On the positive side, some of the underwater debris seems to be providing valuable housing and shelter for sea creatures, says survey team member Mary Yoklavich, who is also based at the NOAA Fisheries Service.

"To our surprise, we witnessed egg cases that had been 'hung out' like laundry by sharks along abandoned reams of monofilament fishing line," says Yoklavich. "Sharks are very selective about where they hang their eggs, so the debris may actually be helping them to breed."

Jensen is sceptical about the supposed benefits of trash: "Don't throw your coke cans in the sea just because you think it might become habitat for a sea animal."

Journal reference: Marine Pollution bulletin, DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.08.019

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Kimberley whale breeding ground of 'global significance'

Perth Now 22 Oct 09;

NEW research on humpback whales highlights the global significance of the Kimberley coast for rare and threatened marine species, conservationists say.

Aerial and sea-based surveys co-ordinated by researchers and Broome whale experts Richard Costin and Annabelle Sandes have led to renewed calls for a network of marine protection areas along the Kimberley coast.

"The new results reveal that the entire coast, from Broome all the way up the Dampier Peninsula and across to Camden Sound, is crucial calving, mating, feeding and resting habitat for humpback whales, and important for a range of other species such as dugong, sea turtles, and Australia’s unique snubfin dolphin,'' Mr Costin said.

“It is now becoming clear that the area between Broome and the Lacepede Islands, which includes James Price Point, is as important to whales as the Premier’s proposed marine park at Camden Sound.

“The results of this research call into serious question the proposal to build a massive industrial gas hub at James Price Point, and contradict claims made by Premier (Colin) Barnett that an industrial hub would have no impact on whales.

“The survey recorded very high concentrations of whales in the area between Willie Creek and James Price Point, the site of a proposed industrial gas hub, with 18 whales recorded per hour of sighting effort. In comparison, the highest concentration of whales in Camden Sound, the area recently proposed as a marine park by the WA Government, had 10 whales per hour of sighting effort.”

Environs Kimberley director Martin Pritchard said the survey showed the potential for a world-class whale-watching industry off Broome.

''The whales are much more valuable to the local community in the long term than oil and gas, so it is critical that their habitat is protected,” he said.

Conservation Council of WA director Piers Verstegen said Australia had an international obligation to protect whales and their habitat.

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Fishermen contest plans for California ocean reserves

John Antczak, Associated Press Yahoo News 22 Oct 09;

LONG BEACH, Calif. – There's nothing pacific about the ocean off Southern California these days. A battle over how to establish marine reserves along the coast has roiled the waters with the competing interests of environmentalists, fishermen and seaside businesses.

The fight was coming slowly to a head Thursday as a panel elicited final information before making a recommendation to the California Fish and Game Commission on one of three hotly debated plans for a Marine Protected Area in the Southern California Bight.

Stretching from Point Conception northwest of Los Angeles to the Mexican border, the 250-mile-long arc of alternately scenic and heavily urbanized coast embraces islands and reefs in waters prized for fishing, recreation, conservation and research.

Panel chairwoman Catherine Reheis-Boyd said it would be a tough decision.

"We know what the law says but we also understand the human side of this," she said.

Environmentalists put forward the most restrictive plan while the fishing industry reluctantly backed a proposal it viewed as moderating economic impacts. A third plan was considered middle-of-the-road.

Hundreds of people with a stake in the decision packed lengthy meetings leading up to the decision, which is likely to be substantially affirmed when it goes to the commission in December.

Some feared extensive bans on fishing with serious financial consequences for commercial and sport fishing operators, harbor businesses and even tourism.

Environmentalists pushed for stringent protections to prevent the decline of hard-pressed species and argued that the concept of Marine Protected Areas has been successful elsewhere in the world, ultimately benefiting fishing.

Discussions elicited by the panel were highly detailed: Comments on the size and shape of protection areas on just one small stretch of coast elicited concerns about kelp, abalone, bass, a company's water intake pipe and Native American heritage sites.

Differences in the plans outwardly appeared small, but a fishing industry representative said in an interview that some locations are so significant that putting them off limits would have a huge impact.

"What most people don't stop to think is that fish don't live and spread themselves evenly in the ocean, they congregate in choice areas," said Vern Goehring, manager of the California Fisheries Coalition, an association of 27 commercial and recreational fishing organizations.

Kaitlin Gaffney, Pacific ecosystem protection director for Ocean Conservancy, said in an interview that the environmentalists' proposal was "efficient," protecting exactly the habitat that needs to be protected while leaving open areas for consumptive uses.

"It's a slam dunk on the science," she said.

The controversy stems from the state's 1999 Marine Life Protection Act, which found that existing protected areas had been established on a piecemeal basis and without sound scientific guidelines.

California's 1,100-mile coast was divided into five regions for re-evaluation and new Marine Protected Areas have so far been established in two of them, the central and north-central coasts.

For Southern California, three work groups created plans for a checkerboard of locations in state waters — three miles out but including islands — to protect marine life and habitat with a range of restrictions on use. Individual sites will receive various types of designation such as state marine reserve or marine conservation area.

The California Fisheries Coalition, which claims its members have a $5.5 billion impact on the state's economy, objected to the process as focusing too much on fishing and not on other things that impact the ocean, such as coastal development, water pollution and shipping.

"The way this process is being implemented the last five years is it only considers one variable affecting the ocean, and that's fishing," Goehring said.

"What we've been arguing is that the enhanced protections or regulations need to be allocated according to the degree of threat and the degree of impact," he said.

Goehring said all the proposals would have huge direct impact on fishing operators that would spread to shore-based businesses.

The coalition, however, backed one that sought "to make it so that no one fish, no one fishery, no one community or no one business takes an overwhelming hit."

Gaffney said the Marine Life Protection Act is a broad ecosystem protection law.

"I don't think it's really sort of a site-by-site trade-off — a fish here for a business. It's a much broader question about how do you do the best job of conservation for Southern California," she said.

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Sabah – paradise and a paradox

The Star 23 Oct 09;

KOTA KINABALU: Sabah is a paradox – it is a land blessed with many resources yet remains poor.

That is how Prof W. Chan Kim, co-author of the best-selling Blue Ocean Strategy, sums up the state.

“When you have so much natural resources you are comfortable to sell what you have (but) what you have will one day disappear,” he said.

The professor, who co-authored the Blue Ocean Strategy with Renee Mauborgne, said there was a need to exploit the state’s resources in areas which are untapped.

Noting that Sabah was home to the third largest rainforest in the world, he said it was important that the state made itself known to the world as Asia’s rainforest tourism destination.

The main areas of economic growth in the world are pharmaceuticals, bio-science and telecommunications, he said, noting that the rainforest provided 25% of the ingredients for modern pharmaceutical use.

“I see Sabah as a powerful state especially compared to a place like Dubai which had nothing apart from a desert, goats and some oil and gas and today is a big tourist spot.

“You have incredible resources. Sabah can become better than Dubai but you must do more to attract the world,” he told reporters at a Yaysan Sabah-organised Blue Ocean Strategy conference opened by Chief Minister Datuk Musa Aman.

The Blue Ocean Strategy is about finding new market space that offers low cost, in-demand solutions.

Prof Kim said his advice to Sabah was to conserve its resources and attract people from around the world to come and multiply its resources to improve its economy and eradicate poverty.

He said the state should look at the future and adopt new ways to handle its resources.

“You have to put the pieces of the jigsaw together to get the full picture,” he said.

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Advanced biofuels will stoke global warming: study

Gerard Wynn and Timothy Gardner, Reuters 22 Oct 09;

LONDON/WASHINGTON (Reuters) - A new generation of biofuels, meant to be a low-carbon alternative, will on average emit more carbon dioxide than burning gasoline over the next few decades, a study published in Science found on Thursday.

Governments and companies are pouring billions of research dollars into advanced fuels made from wood and grass, meant to cut carbon emissions compared with gasoline, and not compete with food as corn-based biofuels do now.

But such advanced, "cellulosic" biofuels will actually lead to higher carbon emissions than gasoline per unit of energy, averaged over the 2000-2030 time period, the study found.

That is because the land required to plant fast-growing poplar trees and tropical grasses would displace food crops, and so drive deforestation to create more farmland, a powerful source of carbon emissions.

Biofuel crops also require nitrogen fertilizers, a source of two greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2) and the more powerful nitrous oxide.

"In the near-term I think, irrespective of how you go about the cellulosic biofuels program, you're going to have greenhouse gas emissions exacerbating the climate change problem," said lead author, Jerry Melillo, from the U.S. Marine Biological Laboratory.

U.S. ethanol industry group the Renewable Fuels Association said biofuels are by definition emissions neutral because their tailpipe carbon output is absorbed by growing plants.

Without steps to protect forests and cut fertilizer use, gasoline out-performs biofuels from 2000-2050 as well.

The paper did not mean cellulosic biofuels had no place.

"It is not an obvious and easy win without thinking very carefully about the problem," said Melillo. "We have to think very carefully about both short and long-term consequences."

A related study, also published in the journal Science on Thursday, said the United Nations had exaggerated carbon savings from biofuels and biomass, in a mistake copied by the European Union in its cap and trade law, by ignoring deforestation and other land use changes.

The mistake was carried into U.S. climate legislation as well, and would worsen as governments put a price on carbon, driving more biofuel use, it said.

FOOD

"There will be increasing pressure to convert the biomass of the world into an energy source," said Steve Hamburg, chief scientist at green group the Environmental Defense Fund and co-author of the second Science paper.

"Then it competes with agriculture, water protection, biodiversity, a whole host of things, and that doesn't provide benefits to the atmosphere," he told Reuters.

It was also important to take account of how the land had been managed before it was grown with biofuels, said Hamburg. A previous farming practice may have been better for the planet, he said, underlining the complexity of calculating benefits.

Advocates hope that forthcoming talks to agree a new global climate deal in Copenhagen in December will protect forests, by rewarding land owners to store carbon in their trees.

The first paper did not explicitly consider the food production impact of ramping up advanced biofuels. The U.N.'s food agency says that global food output will have to increase 70 percent by 2050 to feed a growing, more affluent population.

The world's forests, rather than farmland, would have to make way for biofuels which would consume by 2100 more land than all food crops now, the first study found.

"We think there is space on earth for both food crops and the biofuels but there are consequences of using that space," in lost forest, Melillo said. "You've got to lose something."

(Writing by Gerard Wynn; Editing by Anthony Barker)

Biofuels could increase greenhouse gases: US studies
Yahoo News 22 Oct 09;

WASHINGTON (AFP) – US experts warn that rules governing biofuel production encourage deforestation and mean the technology is therefore a "false" method of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

In a study to be published Friday in the US journal Science, a group of 13 scientists called for the rules, which contain a loophole exempting carbon dioxide emitted by bioenergy regardless of its source, to be overturned.

"The error is serious, but readily fixable," said lead researcher Timothy Searchinger of Princeton University.

The study called for the issue to be addressed in the climate treaty that nations around the world are hoping to sign at the Copenhagen summit in December to supercede the Kyoto Treaty.

Researchers said numerous analyses -- including one released by the US Department of Energy -- have found that this loophole "could lead to the loss of most of the world's natural forests as carbon caps tighten."

The rules were found in the Kyoto Protocol, which was framed in 1997 and put into force in 2005, legally binding 37 industrialized countries to cut their greenhouse gas output, noted researcher Daniel Kammen.

The European Union's Emissions Trading System and this year's climate bill passed by US House members also enable the same loophole, said Kammen, from the University of California in Berkeley.

The study said it meant that "bioenergy from any source, even that generated by clearing the world's forests, a potentially cheap, yet false, way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions."

Research released by the World Wildlife Fund on Thursday found that 13 million hectares (32.1 million acres) of forests are destroyed around the world each year -- equivalent to 36 football fields per minute.

Deforestation generates almost 20 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, said the environmental group.

"Halting forest loss has been identified as one of the most cost-effective ways to keep the world out of the danger zone of runaway climate change," the group said.

Those that benefit most from the loophole are oil companies, power plants and other energy industry firms producing biofuels who engage in deforestation in response to tighter limits on pollution.

Kammen said nations approaching climate treaty negotiations needed to recognize the "vital" importance of properly evaluating technologies proposed as solutions to global warming.

In another study on the subject published in Science Express on Thursday, researchers noted how no major countries involved in climate negotiations take into account carbon emissions arising from land-use changes for harvesting biofuels.

Not only is there little oversight to how biofuel is developed, said the study, led by Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) scientist Jerry Melillo, the economic incentives for biofuels to be developed on land reclaimed from forests "add to the climate-change problem rather than helping to solve it."

The study, Melillo added, "shows that direct and indirect land-use changes associated with an aggressive global biofuels program have the potential to release large quantities of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere."

Burning bioenergy and fossil energy release comparable quantities of carbon dioxide.

But in a key difference, bioenergy has been seen as preferable for combating climate change because overall emissions are -- in theory -- reduced, because biomass results from additional plant growth.

"This is because plants grown specifically for bioenergy absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and this offsets the emissions from the eventual burning of the biomass for energy," said the study, adding that in contrast, burning forests releases stored carbon in the same way as burning oil.

However, both the studies note, the positive effect of biofuels on carbon emissions would necessarily be negated if land used to produce them had been cleared of forests to do so.

Melillo's study also predicts the increased use of fertilizer in biofuels production will cause nitrous oxide emissions to become even more important than carbon losses in terms of potential for warming by the end of the century.

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Calculating Emissions Is Problematic: implications for forests

Sindya N. Bhanoo, The New York Times 22 Oct 09;

An accounting problem in the way some greenhouse gas emissions are calculated could critically hobble efforts to reduce them in coming years as nations move to combat global warming, scientists warn in a new report.

The accounting irregularity even gives the impression that clearing the world’s forests, which absorb and thereby diminish heat-trapping carbon dioxide, is good for the climate, the scientists write in an article published Friday in the journal Science.

The problem boils down to this: In emission calculations, all fuel derived from plants and other organic sources — including ethanol — is generally treated as if it has no effect on carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, even though though biofuels do emit carbon dioxide when burned.

This might make sense if the source of the fuel were, say, a crop of corn grown on barren land specifically for use as fuel, because the crop would have absorbed carbon dioxide as it grew, offsetting what it emits when ultimately burned.

But if an existing stand of forest land is cleared for fuel, its ability to absorb carbon dioxide is lost, and the net balance of the gas in the atmosphere goes up.

An energy and climate bill passed in June by the House of Representatives, the Kyoto Protocol, drafted in 1997, and the European Union’s cap-and-trade law, in which companies trade emissions allowances, all exempt emissions from biofuels, without taking the source of the fuel into account, said Timothy D. Searchinger, the study’s lead author and a research fellow at Princeton University.

"It literally means you can chip up the world’s forests and burn them” for fuel without noting the effect on the world’s greenhouse gases, Mr. Searchinger said.

The article traces the problem back to the 1990s, when international organizations worked to create a framework for emissions monitoring. In the mid-1990s the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change recognized that when forests were cleared or when plants were harvested for bioenergy, the resulting release of carbon dioxide should be counted either as land-use emissions or energy emissions, but not both.

To create an international standard and avoid double-counting, the I.P.C.C. chose to classify these emissions in the land-use category.

Mr. Searchinger said the problem arose in 1997, when nations hammered out the Kyoto Protocol, which was eventually ratified by 184 countries. (The United States refused to ratify the agreement.)

The protocol imposes no limits on land-use emissions in developing countries. So if a forest is cleared in Indonesia and ends up as biofuel in Europe, Asia does not count the land-use emissions and Europe does not report the tailpipe emissions.

The end result is that the carbon release from bioenergy use is not counted at all.

The Science paper is one of several recently published articles calling attention to the error. Dr. James A. Edmonds, a chief scientist at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, arrived at similar findings in a paper published in Science several months ago.

His study found that under current accounting methods, a commonly cited global target of limiting carbon dioxide to 450 parts per million in the atmosphere could result in a vast expansion of bioenergy crops, displacing nearly all of the world’s natural forests by 2065.

"The basic point is that if humans set up systems that don’t share nature’s value system, we’re setting up the wrong incentives," Dr. Edmonds said.

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Orangutans struggle to survive as palm oil booms

Beh Lih Yi, AFP Google news 22 Oct 09;

KOTA KINABALU, Malaysia — Cinta, a baby orangutan found lost and alone in a vast Borneo palm oil plantation, now clings to a tree at a sanctuary for the great apes, staring intently at dozens of tourists.

She is one of the casualties of the boom in palm oil -- used extensively for biofuel and processed food like margarine -- which has seen swathes of jungle felled in Borneo, an island split between Malaysia and Indonesia.

There are about 50,000 to 60,000 orangutans left in the wild, 80 percent of them in Indonesia and the rest in Malaysia's Borneo states of Sabah and Sarawak.

A 2007 assessment by the United Nations Environment Program warned the charismatic red-haired apes will be virtually eliminated in the wild within two decades if current deforestation trends continue.

Stung by criticism of its environmental record, Malaysian palm oil industry officials pledged at a conference earlier this month to fund the establishment of wildlife corridors that experts say could help save the species.

"The major issue we face with orangutans today is what we called the fragmented population," said Marc Ancrenaz from the environmental group Hutan.

"True enough there are 11,000 orangutans in (Sabah) but they are split up in many small populations, and many of these populations are not connected any more," he told the conference near Kota Kinabalu, the capital of Sabah.

An aerial survey carried out by Hutan and wildlife authorities in eastern Sabah last year revealed some 1,000 orangutan treetop "nests" located in 100 small patches of forest completely surrounded by palm oil plantations.

Isolated from each other, the tiny communities are at risk of inbreeding and also of simply becoming lost in the vastness of the plantations -- just like three-year-old Cinta and the five other young apes at the Tuaran sanctuary.

After becoming separated from their mothers, they were rescued from certain death and sent to the forested reserve, situated near a string of luxury beachside resorts north of Kota Kinabalu.

As well as destroying their jungle habitat, the expansion of palm oil, which now covers nearly one fifth of Sabah alone, poses other risks to the endangered species.

Orangutans that damage the palm oil fruits can be hunted down and killed, and it is quite common for young apes to be captured and kept as pets by villagers living alongside the plantations.

"They either go into the oil palm, and start eating the oil palm fruits, or get pushed into a smaller and smaller area," said Eric Meijaard from the Indonesia-based People and Nature Consulting International.

"What quite often happens is that the oil palm concession basically will ask for these orangutans to be shot so they get rid of the problem."

Malaysia is the world's second-largest exporter of palm oil after Indonesia, and the industry is the country's third largest export earner, raking in 65.2 billion ringgit (19 billion dollars) last year.

Elements in the industry have accused Western lobby groups of trying to smear palm oil in order to boost rival products from developed countries.

Bernard Dompok, the plantation industry and commodities minister, appeared at the conference to completely reject claims that palm oil is responsible for deforestation and the displacement of endangered species.

"I wish to stress that all these allegations are unjustified," he said, insisting Malaysia has taken a comprehensive approach to balance conservation with the development of palm oil.

Representatives from the top industry body, the Malaysian Palm Oil Council (MPOC), said they should not be held accountable for the dwindling orangutan population.

Its chief executive officer Yusof Basiron said that if the world stopped using palm oil, biodiversity would suffer further because substitutes like rapeseed and soyabean would require more land to be cleared.

"We can take some of the blame but not all of it," he said.

Sabah Wildlife Department director Laurentius Ambu said that wildlife corridors, which would enable orangutans to move across the landscape, are vital if the apes are to co-exist with palm oil.

"There is an urgent need to reconnect all forests through corridors... and to reconnect orangutan populations that are isolated by palm oil fields," he said.

The MPOC pledged to help to fund the corridors, but as there is no binding commitment, and no clarity on how the ambitious project would be funded overall, many environmentalists are sceptical.

Ancrenaz said there is no way to stop the spread of palm oil, which environmentalists say is found in one in 10 products on supermarket shelves, including bread, crisps and cereals as well as lipstick and soap.

"Oil palm is here to stay. There is no point in fighting against development, but we also want orangutans to stay," he said.

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36 football fields deforested each minute: WWF

Yahoo News 22 Oct 09;

BUENOS AIRES (AFP) – The equivalent of 36 football fields are being stripped from the world's forests each minute, the environmental group World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) said in a statement released here on Thursday.

The group, presenting its figures during a UN-organized World Forestry Congress held in the Argentine capital, called for "net deforestation of zero" by 2020.

Rodney Taylor, in charge of the WWF's forestry program, said the call underlined the "urgency" of confronting deforestation threats "to maintain the planet's health."

The appeal was not a call for deforestation to be stopped completely, but rather that the devastation of forests be compensated with forest renewal initiatives.

According to the WWF, the pace of deforestation "generates around 20 percent of global emissions of greenhouse gases."

In Argentina, the menace was seen with massive eradication of forests in the central and north of the country to make way for lucrative soja crops.

The country has only 30 percent of its original forests, according to a document presented by five environmental groups including Greenpeace and Argentina's Forestry Life Foundation.

The World Forestry Congress is to run to Friday.

It gathers 3,500 delegates from 160 countries whose conclusions are to provide some groundwork for a UN climate change summit to be held in Copenhagen next month.

The summit is expected to see rich countries set goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Taylor said he expected those goals would aim for a 40 percent reduction by 2020, and financing of 160 billion dollars to help developing countries cut their emissions by 30 percent.

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Large parts of North Korea hit by forest fires: NASA

Reuters 22 Oct 09;

SEOUL (Reuters) - Vast forest fires have hit a large part of central North Korea, sending plumes of smoke over most of the country's central and eastern regions, images provided by NASA show.

The fires could deal another blow to the North's broken economy after it was hit by fresh U.N. sanctions for a nuclear test in May and flooding a few months ago that wiped out farmland in a country that already faces chronic food shortages.

The U.S. space agency said multiple fires had been burning in the state since mid-October, with several hot spots located in a mountainous region in the center of the country.

The fires and smoke appear to have affected areas that secretive North Korea uses for its missile launches and nuclear tests. The North shot off a barrage of short-range missiles this month in a show of military might that analysts said was aimed at boosting its bargaining leverage in international talks.

North Korea has not commented on the fires in its official media and the South's Unification Ministry said it was looking into the reports.

(Reporting by Jon Herskovitz, Editing by Dean Yates)

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Four-year drought pushes 23 million Africans to brink of starvation

Times Online 22 Oct 09;

“The last time I had a good harvest was 2003 — there has been nothing at all for the last three years,” said Mutindi Maithya, 36, a widow who lives with her six children on a four- acre plot of sun-baked land.

Sitting beneath a thorny acacia tree, she picks up ochre lumps of dried mud from the ground and crushes them to dust between her fingers. “It is hard to cope,” she said.

A four-year drought has pushed as many as 23 million people to the brink of starvation across East Africa, making it the worst in a decade or more. Close to four million of those at risk are in Kenya, where one person in ten survives on emergency rations.

Last week clouds gathered over much of the country, but the rains have come too late to bring much relief. Aid agencies have warned that with them will come flooding, cholera, malaria and hypothermia.

In the arid north, pastoralists have watched as their cattle collapsed from exhaustion and thirst, and those that survive now face floods. The people are scarcely holding on and the number of armed skirmishes over water and livestock is rising.

Even in usually greener regions the drought has taken its toll. Four consecutive harvests have failed in the southeast while the Rift Valley, Kenya’s breadbasket, is a wasteland of withered crops. There are fears that heavy rains will wash away the topsoil, taking with it precious maize seeds.

In Nairobi emaciated cattle led by desperate Masai herdsmen graze by the roadside. The economy is also threatened by plummeting tea and coffee production, while tourists who visit the country’s money-spinning safari parks return with tales of landscapes littered with carcasses.

Drought is nothing new to this part of Africa, but what is different is the frequency with which it hits. The cycle of drought used to come around every ten years but now it is almost constant. Many attribute the changing patterns to climate change.

Kenya’s fractious coalition Government, forced together last year after a violent election, has been accused of hindering rather than helping the situation by failing to safeguard the country’s strategic grain reserve.

Even as the current disaster loomed, thousands of sacks of maize went missing earlier this year. Some reappeared later in neighbouring Sudan. Dark accusations circulated that it was the work of certain politicians in cahoots with favoured traders.

In Mwingi people scrape a living from the land by farming small fields and keeping livestock. Harvest after harvest has failed, livestock has perished and wells have dried up.

“For the last four years these farmers have held on to hope, but each year been left with despair as the rains failed,” said Fergus Conmee, Africa humanitarian manager for the Catholic aid agency Cafod. “This humanitarian crisis has pushed them on to a tightrope of survival and many farming families have been left destitute.”

Mafuo David, 36, is one of 3,500 people in the area receiving emergency supplies of maize, beans and oil from Cafod. Most days she manages to feed herself and her family two meals, but the first of these is usually black tea with sugar and the second a bowl of maize.

She said that in a good year she used to harvest five bags of maize and three of beans but it had been a long time — “maybe ten years” — since such a bumper crop. Last year everything died, and the year before she harvested two bags of maize and beans; the year before that, nothing.

Her husband died of an Aids-related illness in 2001 so she tends the three-acre family plot with the help of her eldest son. The light drizzle this week made her smile: “The land has changed, we have soft soil to plant in and water to drink. Even our bodies are changing; our faces are shining.” Ms David has felt this optimism before, and been disappointed.

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Indonesian regions get help to plan mitigation, adaptation

The Jakarta Post 22 Oct 09;

Regional forecasts of the impact of global climate change from the Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) in Indonesia will allow regional leaders to start .

Planning mitigation and adaptation programs for their respective areas.

Erwin Eka Syahputra Makmur from the agency said Wednesday regions could now take advantage of climate change projections within a 20-kilometer horizontal resolution, providing a portrait of changes in rainfall patterns, temperature, local winds and humidity.

"With this data, regional leaders can design policies to match the specific needs of their respective areas. The projections are not the same for every region, it depends on the topography," he said

Speaking at a seminar in Jakarta on capacity development for adaptation to climate change in Asia, he said the agency would cooperate with regional administrations wishing to have the information.

Areas around West Sulawesi would get 50 percent more rainfall than the current level during wet seasons from 2075 to 2099, he said. Other regions will see a 20 percent increase in their rainfall figures.

Regions located around coastal areas, especially the north coast of Sumatran, the Kalimantan coast, Sulawesi's west coast and Papua's southern coast will have a rainfall increase of more than 20 percent.

"The increase in rainfall will have an impact on coastal erosion and areas will be prone to flooding," Erwin said.

He projected no significant increase in rainfall from 2015 to 2034.

During dry seasons, there would be a decrease of up to 20 percent in rainfall in almost all parts of Java and some areas of Sulawesi. "This means there will be a lack of water for agricultural needs. We must be aware of this, since Java is Indonesia's national rice bowl," Erwin said.

The climate change projection shows the country's temperature is likely to jump 3 degrees Celsius between now and the end of the century, he added.

"The most significant increase will occur over highland areas around the Bukit Barisan Mountains in Sumatra, West Sulawesi and the Jayawijaya Mountains in Papua," he said.

The projection also provides data of possible increases in extreme events, such as extreme temperatures.

"The projection of extreme events can be very useful to develop adaptation policies to decrease the impact of natural disasters," he said.

Syamsidar Thamrin, deputy director of climate change at the environment directorate at the National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas), said the government was preparing a road map to prioritize climate change issues in national development planning.

"The road map will serve as a detailed guidance for drafting the National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) in the future," she said, adding the road map was being drafted for 2010 to 2030.

The government has carried out other climate-change-related activities, including creating a financing mechanism through the Indonesia Climate Change Trust Fund (ICCTF).

"The UK Department for International Development has allocated *10 million *US$16.5 million* for the ICCTF. Other countries, like Japan, Finland and Norway have expressed interest in contributing to the program," she said.

"Indonesia is one of the first developing countries to ever have a self-managed trust fund." (adh)

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Thai NGO pushes alternatives to nuclear

Efficiency and cutting demand help more
Bangkok Post 22 Oct 09;

The development of nuclear power plants by 2020 should be reconsidered, environmental activists urged the government.

The government should work on developing technology that improves energy consumption instead of building new power plants that could trigger another problem, said Chuenchom S. Greecen, an energy researcher from the Palang Thai Group, at a discussion on nuclear power plant development at Government House on Tuesday.

"There are a lot of things that can improve the country's energy consumption efficiency, such as the estimation of demand to reflect actual growth of demand. Also the redesign of electrical equipment for large buildings will help cut power consumption," she said.

"It may not be necessary to build nuclear and coal-fired power plants if policymakers try energy-saving programmes."

More aggressive promotions for renewable energy will also reduce power demand.

Chalotorn Kansuntisukmongkol, an economist from Thammasat University, said safety measures were crucial for nuclear power development regarding reactor leakage and radioactive waste management if a plant is built.

However, Chavalit Pichalai, deputy director-general of the Energy Policy and Planning Office, argued that improved energy efficiency is already a top priority for energy policymakers.

Leaders are trying to develop alternative and renewable fuel use through subsidies and incentives, Mr Chavalit said.

"We are promoting renewable energy, but we have to focus on how to cut carbon emissions by using nuclear energy because it is one of the cleanest and cheapest options," he said. "The production cost of wind turbines and solar cells remains high and cannot compete with mainstream fuels, so we decided to develop the nuclear power plant project."

Thailand is now conducting a feasibility study for nuclear power plants by Burns and Roe Asia Ltd. The final decision on whether the country will build a nuclear power plant will be made mid-2010.

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ASEAN leaders urge rich nation over climate change

Yahoo News 22 Oct 09;

HUA HIN, Thailand (AFP) – Southeast Asian leaders are to urge developed nations to make deeper cuts in carbon emissions, underscoring the rift between rich and poor countries on climate measures, it emerged Thursday.

In a draft joint statement seen by AFP, heads of state from the 10-member Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) said rich countries had a "historical responsibility" to act as well as the economic power to do so.

The document, to be endorsed at a summit that begins Friday in the Thai resort of Hua Hin, pledges support for a December meeting in Copenhagen at which 192 countries will attempt to hammer out a new global climate treaty.

The ASEAN statement urges industrialised countries "to take the lead" in emissions and make "deeper and early cuts on their greenhouse gas emissions to enhance implementation of their commitments".

It also says rich nations should "not negatively affect the sustainable economic and social development of developing countries" through their unilateral policies and "market-based mechanisms" to address climate change.

Recent negotiations in Bangkok to thrash out a draft of the global pact exposed the huge divide between rich and poor nations.

Developed economies have acknowledged a historical responsibility for global warming and most have put numbers on the table for slashing their carbon pollution by 2020 and by 2050.

But they say developing nations should also pledge to curb their output of greenhouse gases.

Poor and emerging economies have largely refused to set their own hard targets and many call for rich nations to make deeper cuts.

The ASEAN statement also calls for support for developing nations in dealing with the impact of climate change, which is high on the agenda after a recent spate of deadly natural disasters in the region.

Hundreds of people were killed and millions affected when Typhoon Ketsana tore through the Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, causing massive flooding.

ASEAN groups Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Brunei, Cambodia, Myanmar and Malaysia.

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Q+A: Stances of China and the U.S. on climate change

Reuters 22 Oct 09;

BEIJING (Reuters) - Climate change officials and advocates from the United States and China have gathered this week in Beijing to try to reach a common understanding before high-profile negotiations later this year.

The meeting of the world's top two greenhouse gas emitters precedes President Barack Obama's visit to China in November, and a key international conference in Copenhagen at the end of the year that aims to agree on a new pact to fight global warming.

WHY ARE CHINA AND THE U.S. IMPORTANT TO CLIMATE CHANGE?

Fast-growing China recently became the world's top emitter of carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas from human activities. The United States, now the number two emitter, is the biggest source of accumulated greenhouse gases from human activity collected in the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution.

China and the United States together account for about 40 percent of the world's greenhouse gas emissions.

In 2008, China's emissions of carbon dioxide reached 6.8 billion tons, an increase of 178 percent over levels in 1990, according to the IWR, a German renewable energy institute. U.S. emissions rose 17 percent to 6.4 billion tons.

The average American is responsible for greenhouse gas emissions equal to 25.0 metric tons of carbon dioxide a year, compared to 5.8 tons for the average Chinese, according to figures compiled by the World Resources Institute.

China belongs to the Kyoto Protocol and UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, which now govern global efforts to fight global warming. Those treaties do not oblige developing countries to accept binding limits on emissions.

The United States belongs to the UN Framework Convention but never ratified the Kyoto Protocol, which sets targets for industrialized nations through 2012.

WHAT STEPS IS THE U.S. PROPOSING?

Obama has said he wants to cut U.S. emissions back to 1990 levels by 2020 and 80 percent further by 2050. The U.S. House of Representatives has approved legislation that would cut U.S. emissions by about 17 percent from 2005 levels by 2010 and 83 percent by 2050. A proposed Senate bill lays out emissions cuts by 2020 of 20 percent below 2005 levels.

U.S. officials have disagreed over whether it will be possible for Congress to pass climate change legislation for Obama to sign into law by the end of the year.

WHAT HAS CHINA DONE?

China's current five-year plan calls for a 20 percent cut in energy intensity -- the amount of energy used to produce each unit of economic worth -- from 2006 to the end of 2010. Officials have said that step has averted large amounts of emissions.

President Hu Jintao vowed last month that China would cut carbon intensity, or carbon dioxide emissions per unit of economic output, by a "notable margin" by 2020 compared to 2005.

China has also committed to raise the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to 15 percent by 2020.

WHERE DO THEY AGREE AND DISAGREE?

The U.S. and China signed a memorandum of understanding in July encouraging cooperation on climate change and cleaner energy, and Obama and Hu are likely to unveil more clean energy initiatives when Obama visits next month.

China and other poorer countries have said the emissions cuts proposed by rich countries, including the United States, fall far short of what is needed.

China is resisting pressure from the United States and other developed countries to agree to a specific emissions target or peak in Copenhagen. It says wealthy countries must lead the way with big emissions cuts, while poor countries are given time to develop and receive climate-change aid.

China and the United States also disagree on what elements of China's emissions control efforts should be incorporated as a binding element in any new international agreement.

(Sources: Reuters; World Resources Institute, "China, the United States, and the Climate Change Challenge"; IWR)

(Reporting by Chris Buckley)

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