Best of our wild blogs: 3 Oct 11


Latest Green Jobs in Singapore [26 Sep - 2 Oct 2011]
from Green Business Times

Nature Society (Singapore) Conference: “Nature Conservation For a Sustainable Singapore”
from Green Drinks Singapore

8 October - Chek Jawa Boardwalk outing
from Adventures with the Naked Hermit Crabs

Pulau Hantu After Recent Fire at Nearby Oil Refinery
from Pulau Hantu and Impact of fluorosurfactants

Living corals at Big Sisters Island, and two driftnets
from wild shores of singapore

Sargassum Nudibranch @ St John's Island!
from colourful clouds

Bukom incident and brief look at Tanah Merah
from Psychedelic Nature

Back to underwater garden of Tuas
from wonderful creation

A Little Nursery Story
from Trek through Paradise and MacRitchie 250911

Dragonfly (43) – Macromia cincta
from Dragonflies & Damselflies of Singapore

The next generation…
from Nature rambles

Domestic Cat
from Monday Morgue

NUS ICCS 2011: Going Green and Greener!
from News from the International Coastal Cleanup Singapore

Water quality monitoring workshop for CUGE
from Water Quality in Singapore


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Bukom fire: Shell moves to absolve itself of liability on some supply deals

Cheryl Ong Straits Times 3 Oct 11;

SHELL yesterday confirmed media reports that said it had declared force majeure on some of its customers.

Doing so excuses the oil giant from fulfilling its contractual obligations to them, following the 30-hour inferno at its Pulau Bukom refinery on Wednesday which forced the shutdown of the facility.

Mr Lee Tzu Yang, the chairman of Shell Companies in Singapore, said in a statement: 'We confirm that force majeure has been declared on some of our customers. We continue to be in discussions with our customers to address their supply of product needs and to minimise any potential impact to them.'

Force majeure, which means 'greater power' in French, is a common clause in contracts which frees both parties from liability when an event beyond the control of the parties occurs.

Industry speculation has been rife that Shell's refinery, which processes 500,000 barrels a day, may be shut down for a month.

'If it were to be shut down that long, losses would be in excess of US$60 million (S$78.4 million) for Shell,' said Mr Victor Shum, a managing consultant at energy consultancy Pervin and Gertz.

This would include loss of revenue, manpower costs and the cost of repairs.

The price of oil products has risen since the fire; Mr Shum noted that diesel prices have spiked some 10 per cent.

Mr Shum said that this was a normal knee-jerk response to a blaze like last week's, but that he expects prices to stabilise when regional refineries increase output to meet demand.

The refinery is Shell's largest in the world. Ninety per cent of its products are exported.

Meanwhile, the Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF) began a phased withdrawal of its fire-fighting team from Pulau Bukom yesterday morning.

Before noon, five fire engines, a red rhino and 10 support vehicles, along with 50 firefighters, were gone.

The SCDF will, however, maintain about 50 firemen and 18 vehicles on the island. It will fully withdraw once the situation is stable.

The pump house of the facility, the site of the fire, has been formally handed back to Shell.

Mr Lee said the company is now investigating the cause of the fire to prevent a repeat of the incident.

As of yesterday, traces of fuel vapour could still be detected in the affected area, said an SCDF spokesman.

A Shell spokesman yesterday said that the handover from SCDF to Shell is an important step towards bringing the situation back to normal at the refinery.

The company has started shutting down the rest of the refinery, except for those parts providing utilities, as a safety precaution. They are also conducting checks on air quality around Pulau Bukom four times a day.

'We do not expect any of the units to be restarted until a thorough investigation has been done and we are confident that it is safe to do so,' added the spokesman.

Shipping sources said the refinery resumed tanker berthing operations yesterday morning.

Mr Shum said these vessels could be picking up products undamaged in the fire; these are operations that can continue as they are unaffected by the shutdown of the facility.

A Shell spokesman declined to comment on its berthing operations.

Additional reporting by Aaron Low and Tham Yuen-C

SCDF to keep small presence on Bukom
Channel NewsAsia 2 Oct 11;

SINGAPORE: Shell has taken over its fire-hit oil refinery on Pulau Bukom from the Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF), who would maintain a small presence on the island, Shell said in a statement issued Sunday evening.

It added SCDF will fully withdraw from the island once the situation is stable.

Chairman of Shell Companies in Singapore, Lee Tzu Yang, said: "This handover is an important step towards bringing the situation back to normal at the refinery.

"Following the handover, we have commenced an investigation, supported by experts and together with the relevant authorities to establish the cause.

"Once completed, we will be applying any learnings to avoid such an occurrence in future."

Mr Lee said Shell is discussing with its customers to address their supply of product needs and to minimise any potential impact.

Shell confirmed that "force majeure" has been declared on some of its customers, which frees them from obligations due to extraordinary circumstances beyond control.

Earlier Sunday, SCDF scaled down its resources at Pulau Bukom oil refinery.

In the first draw-down phase, SCDF brought back 50 personnel and 16 vehicles.

Fifty personnel and 18 vehicles remain on the island to support Shell.

The SCDF had deployed 13 fire engines and 21 support vehicles and about 100 firefighters to the site, after fire broke out on Wednesday.

Traces of fuel vapour remain in the affected area.

The oil giant and authorities are monitoring the situation, while foaming operations continue in parts of the incident site.

Damage was confined to the vicinity of the pump house.

Other facilities and units are not affected.

-CNA/wk

SCDF begins to pull out fire-fighters from Pulau Bukom
Today Online 3 Oct 11;

SINGAPORE - The Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF) began a phased withdrawal yesterday morning of its fire-fighting team at the fire-hit site of Shell's Pulau Bukom oil refinery. The SCDF will, however, maintain "sufficient resources" to support Shell, which is managing the recovery phase after a 32-hour battle to put out the fire completely. Traces of fuel vapour remain in the affected area. The SCDF will fully withdraw once the situation is stable.

The SCDF deployed 13 fire engines and 21 support vehicles and about 100 firefighters to the site after fire broke out on Wednesday. As of yesterday morning, 18 SCDF vehicles and about 50 SCDF personnel remained on the island to support Shell. The SCDF said it had handed over the management of the incident site to Shell.

Mr Lee Tzu Yang, chairman of Shell Companies in Singapore, said, "This handover is an important step towards bringing the situation back to normal at the refinery.

"Following the handover, we have commenced an investigation, supported by experts and together with the relevant authorities to establish the cause. Once completed, we will be applying any learnings to avoid such an occurrence in future."

Damage was confined to the vicinity of the pump house, in an area 50m by 150m. Other facilities and units are not affected and only essential operating personnel are on the island.

Meanwhile, Shell resumed tanker berthing operations at the refinery yesterday morning, according to a Reuters report.

Mr Lee also confirmed that "force majeure has been declared on some of our customers". This means that the oil giant's ability to supply its distillates has been adversely affected by an event beyond Shell's control.

"We continue to be in discussions with our customers to address their supply of product needs and to minimise any potential impact to them," Mr Lee added.

"We wish to thank everyone involved in this effort for their tireless commitment in fighting the fire together with us over the past few days. We are also deeply appreciative of the tremendous support and assistance rendered to us by our industry partners and the Singapore Government," he said.

SCDF scales down resources at Pulau Bukom refinery
Channel NewsAsia 2 Oct 11;

SINGAPORE: The Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF) is scaling down its resources from Sunday morning at the fire-hit site of Shell's Pulau Bukom oil refinery.

It'll maintain sufficient resources to support Shell, which is managing the recovery phase after a 32-hour battle to put out the fire completely.

The SCDF had deployed 13 fire engines and 21 support vehicles and about 100 firefighters to the site, after fire broke out on Wednesday.

SCDF has handed the management of the incident site to Shell.

Traces of fuel vapour remain in the affected area.

The oil giant and authorities are monitoring the situation, while foaming operations continue in parts of the incident site.

Damage was confined to the vicinity of the pump house.

Other facilities and units are not affected and only essential operating personnel are on the island.

- CNA/cc

Shell declares force majeure on some of its customers
Firefighters begin withdrawing after refinery blaze is put out
Business Times 3 Oct 11;

SHELL has declared force majeure on some of its customers after the blaze at its refinery on Pulau Bukom, the oil firm said yesterday.

'We confirm that force majeure has been declared on some of our customers. We continue to be in discussions with our customers to address their supply of product needs and to minimise any potential impact to them,' Shell Singapore chairman Lee Tzu Yang said in a statement yesterday. Declaring force majeure allows a party with contracts that include such a clause to nullify its obligations, due to events that are beyond its control, such as war or flooding.

Firefighters began withdrawing from the Shell refinery on Pulau Bukom yesterday morning after the blaze was extinguished. The Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF) formally handed over the pump-house area, the site of the fire, back to Shell and began a phased withdrawal of its fire-fighting team, Shell said yesterday evening. The SCDF will maintain a small presence on Bukom to support Shell and will fully withdraw once the situation is stable, Shell said.

'This handover is an important step towards bringing the situation back to normal at the refinery,' Mr Lee said. Shell has started an investigation to establish the cause of the fire, he added.

The oil firm resumed tanker berthing operations at the refinery yesterday morning, Reuters reported, citing a shipping source. But the Bukom refinery, Shell's biggest processing plant worldwide, with a capacity of 500,000 barrels a day, is expected to be shut for at least a month, according to the Reuters report, which cited industry sources.


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Phase out plastic bags

Straits Times Forum 3 Oct 11;

HUMAN nature being what it is, people will not change their bad habits easily ("New council rolls up sleeves for dirty job"; last Wednesday).

The Government must intervene more and eliminate some of the root causes of littering.

One immediate measure could be phasing out plastic bags and introducing a law that bans the use of plastic bags.

You only have to stand in the supermarket aisles to notice the bewildering number of plastic bags that are used up every minute. Yet the solution is so simple: use reusable bags.

It is equally confounding how much unnecessary waste is created daily at food centres and wet markets. I frequent the Ghim Moh and Tiong Bahru centres regularly and I am perplexed by the senseless use of plastic bags, cups and styrofoam plates, and particularly the plastic bag drink vessels with draw string and straw, the most environmentally hazardous items that litter this island and invariably end up in the ocean.

Create a platform to implement environmentally safe, biodegradable alternatives. There are now affordable, competitive products available such as corn, sugar cane and plantation pulp products.

The Government could give out free, reusable bags to every person in Singapore and this would be more cost-effective than collecting and disposing of the offending plastic items.

Curtis Marsh

A socially ingrained problem?
Straits Times Forum 3 Oct 11;

I HEAVED a sigh of relief on reading last Wednesday's report ('New council rolls up sleeves for dirty job'). The problem of public litter and foul, unequipped toilets is rampant.

It is not uncommon for some toilets in shopping malls and even public buildings to lack basic amenities.

Three years ago, I saw a tourist having a horrible time in a Chinatown mall when he used the toilet and found to his consternation that there was no toilet paper. As of two weeks ago, this mall continued to lack toilet rolls in its men's facilities - a situation that can be noticed in many other places across the city.

At the HDB Hub, there is no toilet paper provided in the men's toilet near the basement foodcourt - just a machine that sells you a short strip for 20 cents.

My efforts to stop rubbish dumping by various businesses in the residential estates of Toa Payoh Central had to involve taking dozens of photos as evidence and even the carting of the actual rubbish bags to get the attention of the town council.

In one recent case, it took the e-mailing of over a month's work of photographs of rubbish in front of a store taken nightly before that business was made to cease attracting rats with its litter.

A nearby building still has 30 rubbish bags strewn in front of its stores every morning - and grassroots members living in that building are apparently at ease with the situation.

The problem seems to be socially ingrained.

Eric J. Brooks

Underlying issue - a deficit of kindness
Straits Times Forum 3 Oct 11;

THE hygiene issue aside ('New council rolls up sleeves for dirty job'; last Wednesday), the problem of littering and dirty toilets points to an underlying issue - a deficit of kindness.

This is a pattern of inconsiderate behaviour, where individuals litter out of convenience, without a thought or care as to who they are hurting through their actions.

Part of the culture of kindness are the values of gratitude, respect and consideration.

If we are considerate of the needs and feelings of others, if we have respect for the environment and are grateful to those who help keep our communal living spaces clean, we will certainly take the extra effort to put our waste in the proper place.

The National Environment Agency's (NEA) findings last year, that 62.6 per cent of Singaporeans would not litter as it was not a kind thing to do, are uncannily similar to that of the Singapore Kindness Movement's Graciousness Index.

In NEA's study, only one in four would persist in littering and one in a hundred would continue regardless of the consequences, which is a marked improvement from earlier studies.

However, that such inconsiderate behaviour still exists is a reminder that we must remain vigilant and committed to public education and the promotion of kindness in Singapore.

We certainly need to inspire more collective ownership of the problem and the need to solve it.

Working together, we will leave a cleaner, greener and kinder Singapore for generations to follow.

Dr William Wan
General Secretary
Singapore Kindness Movement Secretariat


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Ex-railway station an event venue?

Imelda Saad Channel NewsAsia 2 Oct 11;

SINGAPORE: Singapore authorities said they would consider opening part of the former Tanjong Pagar Railway Station as an event venue.

Other possibilities include having tours at the site.

This follows some suggestions on how the space could be used in the interim before any development plans are firmed up.

It has been three months since the former Malayan Railway land was handed over to Singapore.

Already, some 40 per cent of railway tracks have been dismantled.

The former workers' quarters are now vacant, and the land around the former Tanjong Pagar railway station left bare.

There has been a series of public consultation on how the area can be best utilised.

Authorities said a draft masterplan on its development is expected to be ready by 2013.

In the interim though, they said there are no plans for any infrastructure development within the area.

Some developers said it may be quite a while -- up to five years -- before any development on the land takes place.

In the interim, they said it makes sense to utilise the space.

Developers said there is not much that can be done with the narrow strip of land along the tracks, but the site of the former Tanjong Pagar railway station offers much potential.

SLP International research & consultancy executive director Nicholas Mak said: "The Tanjong Pagar station and the land around it is actually the jewel in the crown.

"The station itself can be conserved and then it can be used as either a museum or part of a hotel or another commercial development.

"It is easier for authorities to let it out for short-term use, for example, certain historical activities or perhaps even some sort of school activities can be held at railway station.

"Another possibility is to let it out as a restaurant or for people to hold certain special events for example weddings, at the station itself".

Head of Research Consultancy at Chesterton Suntec International Colin Tan said because land is scarce in Singapore, leaving it vacant and barren is the worst thing one can do, unless there are special strategic reasons for leaving it vacant.

The Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) told Channel NewsAsia it would work with relevant authorities to consider suitable uses for the area in the interim.

A URA spokesperson said: "As for the interim use of the Spooner Road apartments (former quarters) and the two railway stations (Bukit Timah Railway Station and Tanjong Pagar Railway Station), URA will work with relevant agencies to consider suitable uses.

"The idea to use part of Tanjong Pagar Railway Station as an event venue and to allow tour groups to visit the building can be considered together with other possible interim uses for the building."

The Singapore Land Authority is also conducting maintenance and structural assessment works at the Tanjong Pagar Railway Station.

Meanwhile, the various agencies will carry out surveys of the station buildings to formulate guidelines for their preservation and conservation.

"The return of the former railway land gives the URA a chance to comprehensively review and chart the development plans for the rail corridor and its surrounding areas," the URA spokesperson said.

"Given that the rail corridor runs through many areas and there is widespread public interest on the future use of the former railway land, we will engage the public and interest groups for ideas and suggestions on how the land can be integrated with future developments to enhance our living environment.

"In the interim, sections of the rail corridor will be progressively opened up by the Singapore Land Authority to the public to enjoy as the removal works are completed."

Members of public can give feedback on development plans for the former malayan railway land at http://www.ura.gov.sg/railcorridor/uservoice_landing.html.

There will also be an exhibition -- called 'Re-imagining the Rail Corridor' -- at the URA Centre Gallery, starting Monday till 28 October

The initiative is part of a series of events dedicated to increasing public awareness and deepening understanding of the tract of KTM railway land returned to Singapore.

-CNA/wk

Tours, events being suggested for former railway station land
Imelda Saad Aziz Today Online 3 Oct 11;

SINGAPORE - The authorities have said they would consider opening part of the former Tanjong Pagar Railway Station as an event venue, following suggestions on how it could be used in the interim. Other possibilities include having tours at the site.

Some 40 per cent of railway tracks have been dismantled since the former Malayan Railway land was handed over to Singapore three months ago. The former workers' quarters are now vacant and the land around the former railway station left bare.

The authorities said a draft master plan on its development is expected to be ready by 2013 but added there are no plans for any infrastructure development within the area in the interim.

An Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) spokesperson told Channel NewsAsia: "As for the interim use of the Spooner Road apartments (former quarters) and the two railway stations (Bukit Timah Railway Station and Tanjong Pagar Railway Station), URA will work with relevant agencies to consider suitable uses.

"The idea to use part of Tanjong Pagar Railway Station as an event venue and to allow tour groups to visit the building can be considered together with other possible interim uses for the building."

Some developers said it may be quite a while - up to five years - before any development on the land takes place. In the interim, they said it makes sense to utilise the space and the former railway station offers much potential.

SLP International research & consultancy executive director Nicholas Mak said: "The station itself can be conserved and then it can be used as either a museum or part of a hotel or another commercial development.

"Another possibility is to let it out as a restaurant or for people to hold certain special events for example weddings, at the station itself."

Meanwhile, the authorities will carry out surveys of the station buildings to formulate guidelines for their preservation and conservation.

Members of public can give feedback on development plans for the former Malayan Railway land at www.ura.gov.sg/railcorridor/uservoice_landing.html

There will also be an exhibition, "Re-imagining the Rail Corridor" at the URA Centre Gallery, from today till Oct 28.

The initiative is part of a series of events dedicated to increasing public awareness and deepening the understanding of the tract of railway land returned to Singapore.


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UK Climate fix technical test put on hold

Richard BlackBBC News 2 Oct 11;

A pioneering test of a climate "tech fix" planned for October faces a six-month delay as scientists discuss the issues it raises with their critics.

The test is part of the UK-based Stratospheric Particle Injection for Climate Engineering (Spice) project.

It would use a balloon and a kilometre-long hose to spray water into the upper atmosphere - a prelude to spraying climate-cooling sulphate particles.

But the funders believe that more talks about the social aspects are needed.

The project is supported to the tune of £1.6m by UK research councils, including the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), whose independent advisory panel recommended the delay last week.

The test would have put the UK at the forefront of practical climate engineering research.

Dr Matt Watson of the UK's Bristol University, who leads the overall project, said he endorsed the decision, although his team had been "taken aback" when they first heard the news.

"We're talking about a pressure washer you could buy in a hardware shop, a long hose, and two bathloads of water, so you couldn't have a more benign experiment," he told BBC News.

"But in the end it's the social context that's important - and we realise there's no point in having the (ESPRC independent panel) process unless we're going to work with it."

The initial deployment, due to take place from an abandoned airfield in Sculthorpe, Norfolk, will almost certainly not take place before April.

If and when it does happen, the balloon will be allowed to rise to an altitude of 1km, tethered to the ground with reinforced hosepipe.

The pressure washer will pump water from the ground and spray it from the end of the hosepipe. Researchers will use the set-up to investigate practicalities such as how the balloon and the pipe react to high winds.

A planned series of further trials is envisaged, eventually answering the question of whether it would ever be practical to put large quantities of sulphate aerosols into the stratosphere this way.

The principle behind the idea is that high-altitude aerosols would cool the planet's surface by reflecting solar energy back into space, mimicking the effect of huge volcanic eruptions.

The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, for example, ejected at least five cubic kilometres of ash and gas which rapidly spread around the globe, decreasing the average global temperature by 0.5C.

Climate engineering - or geoengineering, as it is often known - is a highly controversial subject.

As well as aerosol injection, ideas include devices to absorb carbon dioxide from the air, giant sunshields in space, and changing the reflectivity of land through planting different crop strains.

Proponents say research is needed into these technologies because humanity will probably need them one day, as society is unlikely to keep greenhouse gas emissions low enough to avoid dangerous impacts of climate change.

The Spice team - drawn from a number of universities as well as Marshall Aerospace - calculates that 10 or 20 giant balloons at a 20km altitude could release enough particles into the atmosphere to reduce the global temperature by around 2C.

But opponents argue that even testing could have harmful impacts, that there are questions of ethics and international law that remain unanswered, and that even raising the prospect of geoengineering distracts from initiatives to curb emissions.

Helena Paul, co-director of environment group EcoNexus, said she was "really pleased" at the latest news.

"We are certainly not ready to carry out experiments, and this project should not just be delayed, but should be cancelled immediately," she told BBC News.

"This is particularly important because while the scientists involved keep saying that reducing emissions is the primary necessity, they risk distracting attention from that necessity at a crucial moment."

At last year's UN Convention on Biological Diversity meeting, governments agreed that geoengineering projects should not have an adverse impact on biodiversity.

But that was one of very few attempts to regulate the issue internationally, which opponents argue is a big missing ingredient given that large-scale deployment of technologies in one country could have significant impacts in others.

Research shows that the UK public share some of these concerns; in surveys, very few people were unconditionally positive about the concept of geoengineering.

Over the next six months, the Spice team will engage with stakeholder groups, discussing the ethical, social and legal issues surrounding their project.

The details have yet to be worked out, but discussions are sure to involve opponents such as EcoNexus.

However, Dr Watson said there was a need to divorce the concept of researching these technologies from their actual deployment as a climate "fix".

"My personal framing of this is that there is a very big difference between being keen to research geoengineering and being an advocate for deployment," he said.

"I am not in any way an advocate for deployment."


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Earth's First Arctic Ozone Hole Recorded

Wynne Parry LiveScience.com Yahoo News 3 Oct 11;

The high atmosphere over the Arctic lost an unprecedented amount of its protective ozone earlier this year, so much that conditions echoed the infamous ozone hole that forms annually over the opposite side of the planet, the Antarctic, scientists say.

"For the first time, sufficient loss occurred to reasonably be described as an Arctic ozone hole," write researchers in an article released Oct. 2 by the journal Nature.

Some degree of ozone loss above the Arctic, and the formation of the Antarctic ozone hole, are annual events during the poles' respective winters. They are driven by a combination of cold temperatures and lingering ozone-depleting pollutants. [North vs. South Poles: 10 Wild Differences]

The reactions that convert less reactive chemicals into ozone-destroying ones take place within what is known as the polar vortex, an atmospheric circulation pattern created by the rotation of the Earth and cold temperatures. This past winter and spring saw an unusually strong polar vortex and an unusually long cold period.

This year's record vortex persisted over the Arctic from December to the end of March, and the cold temperatures extended down to a remarkably low altitude, the researchers write.

At altitudes of about 11 to 12 miles (18 to 20 kilometers), more than 80 percent of the ozone present in January had been chemically destroyed by late March.

The same dynamics create the infamous ozone hole over Antarctica. But above the South Pole, ozone is essentially completely removed from the lower stratosphere ever year. Above the North Pole, however, ozone loss is highly variable and has, until now, been much more limited, writes the international research team led by Gloria Manney of the California Institute of Technology.

Countries agreed to end their production of the substances ultimately responsible for destruction of the ozone in 1987 with the Montreal Protocol. However, these pollutants, including chlorofluorocarbons, still linger in the atmosphere. Ozone loss is expected to improve in the coming decades as atmospheric levels of these chemicals decline.

On the Earth's surface, ozone is a pollutant, but in the stratosphere it forms a protective layer that reflects ultraviolet radiation back out into space. Ultraviolet rays can damage DNA and lead to skin cancer and other problems.

Global warming is implicated in the loss of Arctic ozone because greenhouse gases trap energy lower down, heating up the atmosphere nearer the ground but cooling the stratosphere, creating conditions conducive to the formation of the reactive chemicals that break apart the three-oxygen molecules of ozone.

Scientists worried as Arctic has record ozone loss
AFP Yahoo News 3 Oct 11;

An ozone hole five times the size of California opened over the Arctic this spring, matching ozone loss over Antarctica for the first time on record, scientists said on Sunday.

Formed by a deep chill over the North Pole, the unprecedented hole at one point shifted over eastern Europe, Russia and Mongolia, exposing populations to higher, but unsustained, levels of ultra-violet light.

Ozone, a molecule of oxygen, forms in the stratosphere, filtering out ultraviolet rays that damage vegetation and can cause skin cancer and cataracts.

The shield comes under seasonal attack in both polar regions in the local winter-spring.

Part of the source comes from man-made chlorine-based compounds, once widely used in refrigerants and consumer aerosols, that are being phased out under the UN's Montreal Protocol.

But the loss itself is driven by deep cold, which causes water vapour and molecules of nitric acid to condense into clouds in the lower stratosphere.

These clouds in turn become a "bed" where atmospheric chlorine molecules convert into reactive compounds that gobble up ozone.

Ozone loss over the Antarctic is traditionally much bigger than over the Arctic because of the far colder temperatures there.

In the Arctic, records have -- until now -- suggested that the loss, while variable, is far more limited.

Satellite measurements conducted in the 2010-2011 Arctic winter-spring found ozone badly depleted at a height of between 15 and 23 kilometres (9.3 and 14.3 miles).

The biggest loss -- of more than 80 percent -- occurred between 18 and 20 kms (11.25 and 12.5 miles).

"For the first time, sufficient loss occurred to be reasonably be described as an Arctic ozone hole," says the study, appearing in the British science journal Nature.

The trigger was the polar vortex, a large-scale cyclone that forms every winter in the Arctic stratosphere but which last winter was born in extremely cold conditions, Gloria Manney, of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California, told AFP in email.

"The ozone destruction began in January, then accelerated in late February and March, so that ozone values in the polar vortex region were much lower than usual from early March through late April, after which the polar vortex dissipated.

"Especially low total column ozone values (below 250 Dobson Units) were observed for about 27 days in March and early April.

"The maximum area with values below 250 Dobson Units was about two million square kilometres (772,000 square miles), roughly five times the area of Germany or California."

This was similar in size to ozone loss in Antarctica in the mid-1980s.

In April, the vortex shifted over more densely populated parts of Russia, Mongolia and eastern Europe for about two weeks.

Measurements on the ground showed "unusually high values" of ultra-violet, although human exposure was not constant as the vortex shifted location daily before eventually fading, said Manney.

The study, published by the journal Nature, challenges conventional thinking about the Arctic's susceptibility to ozone holes. This thinking is based on only a few decades of satellite observations.

Stratospheric temperatures in the Arctic have been extraordinarily varied in the past decade, the paper notes. Four out of the last 10 years have been amongst the warmest in the past 32 years, and two are the coldest.

In the stratosphere, ozone is protective. At ground level, where it is produced in a reaction between traffic exhaust and sunlight, it is a dangerous irritant for the airways.


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World divided on new plan to combat global warming

David Fogarty Reuters 2 Oct 11;

(Reuters) - A new plan to curb global warming risks becoming a battleground between rich and poor nations and could struggle to get off the ground as negotiators battle over the fate of the ailing Kyoto climate pact.

The 1997 Kyoto Protocol covers only emissions from rich nations that produce less than a third of mankind's carbon pollution and its first phase is due to expire end-2012. Poorer nations want it extended, while many rich countries say a broader pact is needed to include all big polluters.

Australia and Norway have proposed negotiations on a new agreement, but say it is unrealistic to expect that to be ready by 2013. They have set a target date two years later, in 2015.

"This is the only way ahead. There is no other way than failure," said a senior climate negotiator from a developed country on the Australia-Norway proposal, who declined to be named because of the sensitivity of the talks.

Developing nations insist Kyoto be extended to commit rich countries to tougher carbon cuts and fiercely resist any attempts to side-line the world's main climate pact, meaning the Australia-Norway plan faces a tough time .

Failure to agree on a new climate deal could lead to nations committing only to voluntary steps that are unlikely to put the brakes on climate change, risking more extreme droughts, floods, storms and crop failures. It would also weaken efforts to put in place tough policies to promote cleaner fuels and green energy.

The proposal calls on major economies to quickly strengthen steps to curb emissions, agree on a way to standardise actions and a system to compare and verify what everyone else is doing.

Marathon U.N.-led climate talks failed to meet a 2009 deadline to agree a new pact to start in 2013 and a major conference in Durban, South Africa, in two months is under pressure to launch a process to negotiate a new treaty.

WILD WEATHER

As negotiators haggle, data show the world is heating up, as emissions, particularly from big developing nations, keep growing from burning more coal, oil and gas.

Scientists say floods similar to those that left millions homeless in Pakistan last year and ravaged parts of Australia, could become more common, along with more intense Atlantic hurricanes and wildfires.

The United States has already tied its yearly record for billion-dollar weather disasters and the cumulative tab from floods, tornadoes and heat waves this year has hit $35 billion, the National Weather Service said in mid-August.

That doesn't include billions in losses and disaster relief from Hurricane Irene , which struck in late August.

All this throws the spotlight on emissions curbs by the world's major economies and the fact that these are not enough. When Kyoto was agreed, emissions from poorer nations were much smaller. Now they dwarf those of rich countries.

At the least, the talks need to restore faith that countries can do more to fight global warming.

"We need to push away from this annual cycle of what are we going to achieve into a more realistic timeline of when can we achieve a new agreement. My sense is that none of the negotiators disagree with that. It's obvious," said the senior delegate.

The Australia-Norway proposal will be a focus of U.N.-led climate talks in Panama this week, the last round before the conference in Durban.

"RECIPE FOR INACTION"

The EU said it broadly supported the submission.

"It tries to take forward the international climate negotiations into the next years, seeing how we can build a broader climate regime," Artur Runge-Metzger, the EU's chief climate negotiator, told Reuters. "We think that this seems to be a workable timeline."

He said it was crucial the Durban meeting agrees on building a new climate framework for all countries, referring particularly to the United States and major developing economies.

China produces about a quarter of mankind's greenhouse gas pollution and is the top global emitter. While the government is taking steps such as promoting energy efficiency and vehicle fuel standards, these are voluntary.

The proposal will prove divisive for poorer countries.

None more so than nations most vulnerable to climate change, such as low-lying islands that face ever rising sea levels, flooding and shrinking fresh water supplies. They want faster action by big polluters and feel Kyoto is the way to go.

"It basically delays real action to address climate change and vulnerable countries aren't going to like it," said Ian Fry, lead climate negotiator for the Pacific island nation of Tuvalu, told Reuters, adding: "It's a gift to the United States."

India, the world's third largest carbon polluter, has also dug in its heels over the proposal.

"Such a plan takes the focus away from Kyoto and redraws negotiating paradigms. Why should the developing countries agree?" said an Indian official with knowledge of the global negotiations, who spoke on condition of anonymity.

The United States, the world's second-biggest polluter, never ratified Kyoto, saying the pact is flawed because it doesn't commit big developing economies to meet legally binding emissions curbs.

The proposal could however benefit investors in cleaner power generation, carbon-offset projects and greener buildings.

"Anything which moves the world towards more unified action increases the confidence level of investors," said Geoff Rousel, global head of commodities, carbon and energy for Westpac Institutional Bank in Sydney.

"Therefore, if this plan was to be accepted, you'd be more likely to see more confidence in capital expenditure in energy efficiency and emissions abatement," he said.

The United States remains cautious.

"A legal agreement has to apply with equal legal force to at least the major developing countries so that means China, India, Brazil and so forth," said chief U.S. climate envoy Todd Stern in recent remarks to the media. And that meant no "escape hatches" or conditions on meeting those commitments, he said.

(Additional reporting by Gerard Wynn in London, Krittivas Mukherjee in New Delhi and Tim Gardner in Washington; Editing by Raju Gopalakrishnan)


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