Seahorses thriving in cleaner river Thames, scientists say

Jessica Aldred, The Guardian 7 Apr 08;

The discovery of a colony of short-snouted seahorses (Hippocampus hippocampus) living in the Thames means that the London river is becoming cleaner, conservationists said today.

Scientists from the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) have discovered five seahorses during routine conservation surveys in the Thames estuary in the past 18 months, evidence which they say indicates that a breeding population exists.

The rare species, which is normally found in the Mediterranean and Canary Islands and also along the south coast of England, has been found at Dagenham in east London and Tilbury and Southend in Essex. The sea creatures thrive in shallow, muddy waters, estuaries or seagrass beds.

Scientists at the ZSL say the presence of the seahorses in the Thames estuary is a good sign that river quality is improving, but warned that any disturbance to their habitats could be disastrous.

The presence of a breeding population has been kept quiet to date as the species was not protected, the zoo said. But last month, the short-snouted and spiny seahorses, along with the water vole, angel shark and Roman snail, became the latest species to gain legal protection under the Wildlife and Countryside Act.

The laws, which came into force today, mean that anyone found killing, injuring or taking any of these species from the wild faces a £5,000 fine or six months' imprisonment.

They join species such as the otter and grass snake that are already protected under the 1981 act and, in addition, the possession of or sale of the water vole, short-snouted seahorse, spiny seahorse and Roman snail will become and offence. It will become an offence to damage or obstruct the seahorses' places of shelter or disturb them in their place of shelter.

Alison Shaw, the manager of London Zoo's marine and freshwater conservation programme, said: "These amazing creatures have been found in the Thames on a number of occasions in the last 18 months during our wildlife monitoring work.

"It demonstrates that the Thames is becoming a sustainable biodiverse habitat for aquatic life. Now they are protected, conservationists are more relaxed about telling the world they are there."

Seahorses are threatened by overexploitation for traditional medicines, aquariums and curiosities, accidental capture by fishing fleets, and degradation of their habitats.

Many seahorses are included on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list of threatened species as vulnerable or data deficient, as not enough is known about the species. The Knysna seahorse, (Hippocampus capensis), from South Africa, is recognised as endangered.

Both long and short-snouted seahorses are housed at London zoo's aquarium, which manages the European breeding programme for both species. Scientists are studying their life history and behaviour in an effort to understand more about them so they and their habitats can be better protected.

ZSL is also the co-founder and partner in the global Project Seahorse initiative, which focuses on the conservation and sustainable use of the world's coastal marine ecosystems. The project is conducting two studies – one to determine how seahorse populations differ across Europe and a second researching how seahorses are affected by environmental change.


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Philippines task force seizes cargo of alleged young whale sharks

Delfin Mallari Jr., Philippines Inquirer 7 Apr 08;

LUCENA CITY -- A cargo of baby sharks, four of them allegedly from the “butanding” (whale sharks) species were intercepted in nearby Pagbilao town early Monday by a task force of provincial fishery officials and environmentalists, an official said.

Glenn Forbes, Tanggol Kalikasan-Southern Tagalog program officer, said that on Sunday evening a concerned citizen and a local government official from the coastal town of Calauag, Quezon province tipped them off through a mobile phone that several baby “butandings” would be transported to Manila.

“We were alarmed when we were told that several newly born ‘butandings’ from Lamon Bay would be smuggled out. We could not let that happen,” said Forbes.

He said he immediately alerted the Quezon Task Force Karagatan/Sagip Kalikasan headed by Allan Castillo of the provincial agriculture office and, along with several policemen, set up a checkpoint in front of the Pagbilao town hall.

At around 1 a.m. on Monday, the group flagged down a cargo jeepney being driven by one Alberto Abat.

When searched, the vehicle yielded live "lapu-lapu" (groupers) and assorted ornamental fish in several plastic bags with oxygen tubes attached to the containers.

Hidden among the piles was a plastic bag with oxygen, which contained nine newly born sharks measuring half a foot to one foot in length.

Forbes said the owner of the fish cargo, a certain Analie Abat from Barangay (village) Sto. Angel, Calauag, admitted that she owned the fish cargo, including the sharks which she also called “butanding.”

The shark has random white stripes and dots, markings similar to the “butanding.”

Abat, according to Forbes, claimed that she bought the sharks from local fishermen for P20 each and that she intended to deliver them to an undisclosed place in Metro Manila.

“Four of the baby sharks looked like ‘butanding’ but they also looked like ‘coral catfish’ shark species. We’re still awaiting the official confirmation from BFAR [Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources] if it’s really butanding,” he said.

Forbes said four were confirmed to be “long tail carpet” while the species of the remaining one was still unknown.

He expressed alarmed that if the newborn shark species were confirmed to be “butanding,” most probably they would be smuggled out of the country.

Forbes said they allowed the fish traders to be released after several hours of investigation pending official confirmation of the shark species.

However, Castillo said there was no need for the official confirmation from BFAR. “The sharks were definitely not butanding,” he said.

The “butanding” is considered the biggest shark and the biggest fish in the sea, with some measuring up to 20 meters long and weighing up to 34,000 kilograms.

Two years ago, Lamon Bay fishermen celebrated the reappearance of the whale shark (Rhincodon typus), indicating renewed vibrancy of marine life in the bay.

Whale sharks in Lamon Bay were common during the 1980s. They slowly disappeared because of irresponsible fishermen who feasted on their meat.

The group brought the shark species to TK office and placed them in an aquarium.

Unfortunately, three of the “long tail carpet” sharks died.

“We suspected that the sharks, including the groupers, were caught through cyanide fishing methods. And since they were newly born, their tender bodies were not able to withstand the toxic poison,” Zeny Bernal, TK marine office, said.


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Climate Change will Erode the Foundations of Health

UNEP website 7 Apr 08;

WHO Director-General warns vulnerable populations at greatest risk of projected impacts

Geneva, 7 April 2008 - Scientists tell us that the evidence the Earth is warming is "unequivocal." Increases in global average air and sea temperature, ice melting and rising global sea levels all help us understand and prepare for the coming challenges. In addition to these observed changes, climate-sensitive impacts on human health are occurring today. They are attacking the pillars of public health. And they are providing a glimpse of the challenges public health will have to confront on a large scale, Dr Margaret Chan, Director-General of the World Health Organization

(WHO), warned today on the occasion of World Health Day.

"The core concern is succinctly stated: climate change endangers human health," said Dr Chan. "The warming of the planet will be gradual, but the effects of extreme weather events - more storms, floods, droughts and heatwaves - will be abrupt and acutely felts. Both trends can affect some of the most fundamental determinants of health: air, water, food, shelter and freedom from disease."

Human beings are already exposed to the effects of climate-sensitive diseases and these diseases today kill millions. They include malnutrition, which causes over 3.5 million deaths per year, diarrhoeal diseases, which kill over 1.8 million, and malaria, which kills almost 1 million.

Examples already provide us with images of the future:

* European heat wave 2003. Estimates suggest that approximately 70,000 more people died in that summer than would have been expected.

* Rift Valley Fever in Africa. Major outbreaks are usually associated with rains, which are expected to become more frequent as the climate changes.

* Hurricane Katrina, 2005. Over 1800 died and thousands more were displaced. Additionally, health facilities throughout the region were destroyed critically affecting health infrastructure.

* Malaria in the East African Highlands. In the last 30 years, warmer temperatures have also created more favourable conditions for mosquito populations in the region and therefore for transmission of malaria.

* Epidemics of cholera in Bangladesh. They are closely linked to flooding and unsafe water.

These trends and events cannot be attributed solely to climate change but they are the types of challenges we expect to become more frequent and intense with climate changes. They will further strain health resources which, in many regions, are already under severe stress.

"Although climate change is a global phenomenon, its consequences will not be evenly distributed," said Dr Chan. "In short, climate change can affect problems that are already huge, largely concentrated in the developing world, and difficult to control."

To address the health effects of climate change, WHO is coordinating and supporting research and assessment on the most effective measures to protect health from climate change, particularly for vulnerable populations such as women and children in developing countries, and is advising Member States on the necessary adaptive changes to their health systems to protect their populations.

WHO and its partners - including the UN Environment Programme, the Food and Agriculture Organization, and the UN World Meteorological Organization - are devising a workplan and research agenda to get better estimates of the scale and nature of health vulnerability and to identify strategies and tools for health protection. WHO recognizes the urgent need to support countries in devising ways to cope. Better systems for surveillance and forecasting, and stronger basic health services, can offer health protection. WHO will be working closely with its Member States in coming years to develop effective means of adapting to a changing climate and reducing its effects on human health.

"Through its own actions and its support to Member States," said Dr Chan, "WHO is committed to do everything it can to ensure all is done to protect human health from climate change."

Website: http://www.who.int/world-health-day/en/


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Australia Says Stable Food Supplier Despite Drought

PlanetArk 7 Apr 08;

TOKYO - Australia has demonstrated that it is a reliable, global supplier of wheat and other food, despite up to seven years of drought that has cut deeply into crop production, Agriculture Minister Tony Burke said on Friday.

The droughts, particularly bad in the past two years, have prompted concerns within the food industry in Japan, which is heavily dependent on imports, about the reliability of Australia as a stable supplier.

"In that time, at no stage have we failed to reach our international contracts, and as a strong, long-term stable supplier even in that context will continue to go to deliver our contracts," the minister told reporters, when asked about the concerns in Tokyo.

The Australian crop has bounced back this year, and is forecast to double to a record 27 million tonnes in 2008/09, but particularly bad droughts there over the past two years have contributed to international shortages causing prices to spike to record highs.

Key May wheat futures on the Chicago Board of Trade were trading around $9.33 a bushel in Asian trade, compared with the previous day's close of $9.37

Australia, which has a 15 percent share of the world wheat trade, is the second-biggest exporter of the grain after the United States.

Burke said that technological measures had also been taken, including steps to decrease loss in soil moisture from croplands.

"These sorts of changes in technology in planting methods are making sure that even though we face some ... challenges, we are able to ... live up to our long-term contracts," he said.

This year, good early rains in eastern Australia ahead of planting in April and May have greatly improved the outlook for the nation's harvest.

Burke also said he reassured Japanese milling and flour industry officials in a meeting on Thursday that Australia's new wheat export system would not jeopardise quality control, as some of them had feared.

Australia is in the process of introducing a new wheat export system, after it decided to end a 70-year monopoly on wheat exports by AWB Ltd following the discovery that AWB paid $222 million in kickbacks to the former Iraqi government.

Under the new system, wheat export licences will be granted to appropriate groups if they pass a standards test.

Burke said he could not comment directly on the issue, which was still going through a parliamentary process.

But he added that opening up the export business meant more competition, which would benefit buyers.

"First of all, by having a competitive market it puts a greater incentive than ever for somebody who is supplying wheat to make sure that they are providing a premium-quality product because buyers have the choice to not deal with them, a choice which previously was not available in the Australian wheat market," he said.

He said traceability would also be in place down to the farm level. (Reporting by Miho Yoshikawa; Editing by Chris Gallagher)


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South Korea confirms second outbreak of deadly bird flu strain

Channel NewsAsia 7 Apr 08;

SEOUL: South Korean Prime Minister Han Seung-Soo called on Monday for intensive efforts to stop the spread of bird flu after a second outbreak was confirmed to be the deadly H5N1 strain.

"Thorough steps are needed to stop it from spreading to other areas," Han told a meeting of senior officials.

Quarantine officials confirmed that the H5N1 virus caused the death of ducks at a farm at Jeongeup, 250 kilometres (156 miles) south of Seoul.

All birds at the farm have been slaughtered and buried, with movements of poultry within a 10-kilometre radius of the affected farm restricted.

The agriculture ministry said meat from 30,000 birds held at a butchering facility in Naju, 60 kilometres south of Jeongeup, had also been destroyed.

"The incident in Jeongeup is a source of concern because the owner did not report the outbreak until 6,500 birds were sent to the Naju butchering facility," said Kim Chang-Seob, its chief veterinary officer.

He said that because of risks of contamination, the butchering facility had been closed and the use of the five trucks used to transport birds had been halted.

"All 13 poultry farms visited by the trucks and farms within a one kilometre radius of roads used by these vehicles have been put under close observation, with blood samples taken to check for infection," Kim said.

The farm in Jeongeup is 30 kilometres south of Gimje where a chicken farm was hit by H5N1 last week. Some 270,000 chickens at five farms, the affected one and four others within a 500 metre radius, were slaughtered and buried along with all eggs in the area.

The outbreaks have raised fears that bird flu may be spreading to other areas in North Jeolla province, home to the nation's poultry industry.

Ministry officials said they were also investigating a suspected case at a farm in Gobu, just three kilometres from the farm in Jeongeup.

A duck farm in Sunchang, some 30 kilometres from Jeongeup, has also been under quarantine after it reported the death of birds. Officials were trying to determine if the deaths at Gobu and Sunchang were caused by the H5N1 virus.

South Korea reported seven cases of H5N1 infection between November 2006 and March last year, with poultry exports to Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan and elsewhere temporarily suspended.

But last June the World Organisation for Animal Health classified the country as free from the disease.

H5N1 has killed more than 230 people worldwide since late 2003. No South Koreans have contracted the disease.

Experts fear the virus, which is usually spread directly from birds to humans, could mutate into a form easily transmissible between people and spark a global pandemic.- AFP/so

Bird flu spreads in South Korea
Channel NewsAsia 9 Apr 08;

SEOUL: Bird flu outbreaks are spreading in South Korea despite mass culls and other efforts to contain the deadly virus, the agriculture ministry said Wednesday.

More suspected cases were reported at three duck farms in the southern county of Jeongeup, 250 kilometres (150 miles) south of Seoul, bringing to eight the number of confirmed or suspected outbreaks this month.

"Anti-epidemic measures were strengthened in Jeongeup," where 150,000 ducks at nine farms were to be culled and buried starting Wednesday, the ministry said in a statement.

It also said an outbreak previously reported at a duck farm in Jeongeup was caused by the deadly H5N1 strain of the virus, the third such confirmation.

Since this year's first case of bird flu was confirmed at a chicken farm in Gimje, next to Jeongeup, some 244,000 ducks and chickens have been killed and buried to prevent the spread of the disease.

The ministry has also imposed restrictions on the movement of birds, people and vehicles in Jeongeup.

South Korea reported seven cases of H5N1 infection between November 2006 and March last year, resulting in the temporary suspension of poultry exports to Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan and elsewhere.

But last June the World Organisation for Animal Health classified the country as free from avian influenza.

The H5N1 strain of bird flu has killed more than 230 people worldwide since late 2003. No South Koreans have contracted the virus.

Experts fear the virus, which is usually spread directly from birds to humans, could mutate into a form easily transmissible between people and spark a deadly global pandemic. - AFP/ac


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Best of our wild blogs: 7 Apr 08


Otter sightings at Ubin!
on the ubin volunteers blog

Looking for Pollution at the East Coast
on the wildfilms blog

New at the Public Gallery - Fauna of Vietnam
on the Raffles Museum News blog

The Terrible State of Adult Activism
on the It's Getting Hot In Here blog

Life history of the Dark Posy
on the butterflies of singapore blog

The Javan Pond Heron in Singapore
from Bird Ecology Study Group blog

NEA's weather page has rain data with landmark overlays
on the Habitatnews blog


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Southern Ridges bridge almost ready

Tree's Company
Crystal Chan, New Paper 7 Apr 08;

THE curvy form of the bridge has been a familiar sight to those travelling along Alexandra Road near Depot Road.

It holds the promise of nature walks that could take you from Kent Ridge Park near the National University of Singapore to Telok Blangah Hill Park to Mount Faber Park, and finally, even HarbourFront MRT Station if you are game.

Workers were still putting the finishing touches to the bridge last week.

But next month, that 80m-long bridge, officially named Alexandra Link, is expected to come alive as it opens to the public, along with the other park connectors for all three parks.

SOUTHERN RIDGES

The Southern Ridges, as the hilly parks are collectively called, stretches about 9km.

For those who work and live in the south-western part of Singapore, Alexandra Link, together with Henderson Crossing - also getting its finishing touches - opens the gateway to nature trails for pedestrians and cyclists, as well as the disabled for exercise and leisure.

Residents in the area who spoke to The New Paper on Sunday were excited at the completion of the two bridges, which took about two years to build.

Referring to the HSBC Treetop Walk, accountant Adeline Tan, 26, said: 'Soon, we'll have our very own treetop walk without having to go to MacRitchie Reservoir.

'It beats having to drive to the Lornie Road area.'

ELEVATED WALKWAY

Alexandra Link, touted to be able to handle mass events such as walkathons, is joined to a 1.6km long meandering elevated walkway that eventually leads you to Telok Blangah Hill Park (see map below).

The elevated walkway is without steps and designed to hug the steep slopes, allowing the elderly and disabled to travel the distance at ease.

For the fitter types who prefer a more challenging climb off the walkways, there are trails that go up to an elevation of about 70m (or about 21 storeys).

The second connector, Henderson Crossing, links Telok Blangah Hill Park to Mount Faber with a 270m-long bridge over Henderson Road.

In addition, an 800m-long foot trail is being constructed that takes visitors from Mount Faber to the HarbourFront MRT Station.

The project to link the parks were first announced in 2002, and a competition was held to select designers for the project.

For those who prefer moonlit walks and twinkling views of the city and harbour, the bridges - which boast wave-like designs - will also be lit after dark to add to the nightscape.


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Free hugs given at Orchard Road to mark Singapore Kindness Week

Channel NewsAsia 6 Apr 08;

SINGAPORE: Volunteers took to Orchard Road Sunday afternoon to spread the message of kindness as 5 April to 12 April is Singapore Kindness Week.

Free hugs and smiles were distributed freely by 100 Young NTUC Kindness Angels.

The aim of the event is to encourage people to spread a little kindness to strangers through simple gestures such as a smile.

The Kindness Angels also gave away small gifts such as T-shirts, balloons and badges.

The courtesy mascot - Singa the Lion - also joined in, and proved a hit with the young and the young at heart. - CNA/ac

Related Link

Singapore Kindness Movement
aims to encourage Singaporeans to make a positive commitment to gracious living through simple acts of kindness in their daily activities.

"What makes a gracious society?
What makes a gracious society? There are various facets to being a gracious society. In summary, these cover culture, heritage, education and civics.

The cultural aspect calls for the appreciation of the finer aspirations of human endeavour, mainly spiritual and aesthetics.

Heritage awareness makes for better understanding, particularly of the community's history, traditions and values, which the people uphold.

Education, the desire for learning and passion for reading, not just for the pursuance of academic qualifications, helps to broaden the mind.

A population that is civic-minded will lend itself readily to acts of kindness and consideration, volunteerism and philanthropy, etc. for the betterment of society. It is in this area of expected social conduct that efforts are being made to promote small acts of kindness so as to improve social behaviour and create a more pleasant environment."


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NEW Publication: Gardenwise Jan 08

The January issue of Gardenwise, a magazine of the Singapore Botanic Gardens is now online.


Articles include
• A Very Happy Place – Jacob Ballas Children’s Garden
• Curious about Convolvulaceae?
• From Poison to Food
• Begonias of Sumatra
• Birds of the Singapore Botanic Gardens
• Botanical Research Fellows in the Gardens

Notes from the Economic Garden
• The Grand Old Rubber Tree and a Sketch to Stretch Ridley’s Imagination

New & Exciting
• Duabanga grandifl ora Beremban Bukit, Lampati

What’s Blooming
• Sight to Behold…

From the Taxonomy Corner
• Linnaeus’ Sexual System

From the Orchid Species Collection
• Dendrobium x usitae

Ginger and its Allies
• The Genus Plagiostachys

Book Review
• The Genus Roscoea by Jill Cowley

From the Archives
• Species and Genera Plantarum


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Tata Steel port project threatens turtle nesting spot: activists

Business Times 7 Apr 08;

(NEW DELHI) The construction of a major port in eastern India threatens one of the world's largest mass nesting sites for endangered sea turtles, environmental activists said on Saturday as they called for the authorities to halt the project immediately. The massive port, which will be the deepest in India, is less than 15 km from Gahirmatha, a beach where hundreds of thousands of Olive ridley turtles come to make their nests in the sand.

Wildlife specialists say that there are only a few mass nesting beaches anywhere in the world, and losing the Gahirmatha beach would be catastrophic to the already fragile turtle population.

'This is India's most critical sea turtle habitat,' said Belinda Wright, director of the Wildlife Protection Society of India. The mass nesting 'is an extraordinary phenomenon that cannot be reproduced; if it's lost, it's gone forever'.

The Dhamra port site does not overlap directly with the nesting beach, but its construction, along with the dredging and increased traffic in the area, would dramatically affect the offshore waters where the turtles breed, activists said.

The Dhamra port is a joint venture of Tata Steel and construction firm Larsen & Toubro Ltd. Tata and the directors of the port say that the project would not affect the turtle population, pointing to environmental impact studies conducted before construction began that support their claim\. \-- AP


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G-8 warns of 'major incidents' if food price hikes not fixed

Ministers pledge to double aid for Africa by 2010
Anthony Rowley, Business Times 7 Apr 08;

SURGING food prices could provoke 'major incidents' in the developing world unless the problem is tackled quickly and effectively, French minister Alain Joyandet warned yesterday at the end of the G-8 development ministers meeting in Tokyo. Japanese Foreign Minister Masahiko Komura, who chaired the meeting, was also among those to flag alarm over the impact of food prices on development.

Food prices and their impact on poverty reduction loomed large at the meeting, which was occupied with problems of declining foreign aid from traditional donors and attempts to get new donors such as China to play a bigger role. Host country Japan has seen its position as a supplier of official development assistance drop to No 5 among major donors in recent years but Mr Komura vowed to 'halt and then reverse' the decline.

Rapid escalation in the price of rice and other foodstuffs is casting doubts on the ability of the international aid community to meet one of the Millennium Development Goals set by the United Nations - to halve the proportion of people living in poverty by the year 2015.

Inadequate food production to meet demand as China, India and other emerging nations become major consumers is among factors driving up prices and threatening scarcities.

The short-term solution will require 'humanitarian assistance' to offset shortages of food staples, which have caused India, Indonesia, Egypt and others to ban rice exports and caused many governments to slash import restrictions on increasingly scarce foodstuffs, US director of foreign assistance Henrietta Holsman Fore said at the meeting. But the impact on development would require longer-term solutions, she added.

Food production must be put on an accelerated development track if the problems of supply and prices that are now emerging are to be dealt with, German Minister for Economic Cooperation and Development Heidemarie Wieczorek Zeul said. One essential element is to complete the WTO's Doha Round of trade liberalisation measures so that global agricultural markets can function more efficiently to overcome supply bottlenecks, she added.

Declining foreign aid was another source of concern for development ministers from the US, Japan, Canada, Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Russia. According to the development assistance committee of the OECD, official development assistance or ODA declined by over 8 per cent last year compared with 2006, 'only slightly above US$100 billion', the ministers noted. They pledged to at least fulfil an earlier commitment to 'double aid for Africa by 2010'.

The ministers held 'outreach sessions' during the two-day meeting with aid officials from Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, South Korea and South Africa, as well as those from the Asean Secretariat, the EU Commission, OECD and others.

They declined to say what commitments 'new donors' had made to increasing the supply of aid but Mr Komura noted that countries that are moving from recipient to donor status should at least 'be aware of' problems that poor countries face.

Japan is host to this year's G-7 summit meeting to be held in Hokkaido in July but its authority in pushing for aid increases has been undermined by its slide from being the world's leading ODA donor for a while in the 1990s to No 5 now.

Japan is pushing hard to get increased aid flows to Africa, however, and Tokyo will host a fourth international conference on African development later this year.

Japan is also trying to carve out a position in another development area addressed by the G-8 ministers, that of climate change. Tokyo is cooperating with Indonesia in Asia and Gabon in Africa to provide finance and technology relevant to dealing with problems of climate change, Mr Komura noted.

Japan intends to provide similar aid and 'wisdom' to other developing nations, he added.


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Hundreds of Cambodians protest against inflation

Channel NewsAsia 6 Apr 08;

PHNOM PENH: About 300 people rallied Sunday outside Cambodia's parliament to protest against double-digit inflation and to demand wage increases to deal with soaring food costs.

The protesters, led by Cambodia's main opposition Sam Rainsy Party, carried banners reading: "We want pay raises. Government must stop inflation."

"The current government is unable to curb inflation... We are pushing them to reduce the prices of essential items or to increase salaries in line with inflation," opposition leader Sam Rainsy told reporters.

The demonstrators later walked to the nearby site of a 1997 grenade attack, where 16 people were killed and more than 100 were wounded during an anti-government protest.

About 100 anti-riot police carrying electric prods and tear gas blocked the surrounding streets to prevent the protesters from entering neighbourhood markets.

Cambodia's inflation cracked into double digits late last year, hovering around 11 per cent, driving up the cost of food and other staple goods.

The price of meat and other essential items has risen by as much as 40 per cent over the past year.

Rice -- Cambodia's staple food -- now costs nearly one US dollar per kilogramme (2.2 pounds), deepening the poverty of the one-third of the country's 14 million people who live on less than 50 US cents a day.

"The prices of commodities have increased so much -- especially oil, rice and meat -- that I can't afford to live," said 20-year-old Huor Ly Ly, a garment worker whose salary is under 60 US dollars a month.

The Cambodian government earlier pushed out a series of measures meant to halt price hikes, banning rice exports and lifting a ban on imported pork. Prices of basic foods, however, have remained stubbornly high.

Aid agencies have warned that the growing food crisis could threaten tens of thousands of rural Cambodians with hunger in the coming year, as even food handouts have become significantly more expensive and harder to distribute. - AFP/ac


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Feasting after 'poverty tour' leaves bad taste

Straits Times 7 Apr 08;

Thai hotel treats rich guests to grand meal after visit to poor village, despite outrage

BAN TATIT VILLAGE (THAILAND) - A BANGKOK luxury hotel treated its top clients to a tour of a poverty-stricken village before dazzling them with a lavish feast, ignoring outrage over the event that prompted a boycott by elite chefs.

About 120 guests in black- tie finery ate their way through 10 gourmet courses in the ballroom of Lebua Hotel on Saturday night.

Earlier, Lebua had flown about 30 of its top guests to an elephant camp in northern Thailand, with the idea that seeing the poverty would bring out the altruistic streak in them.

But the trip was almost derailed when the three French chefs slated to cook the feast found out that Lebua was not intending to give any money to charity. They pulled out, saying the idea was 'morally objectionable'.

The bad publicity spooked 20 other top chefs from France, Germany and Japan, who feared that taking part would harm their reputation.

Five other chefs were jetted in from Belgium, Britain, Canada, Germany and the Netherlands to cook the meal.

Highlights of the meal included seafood risotto, scallops with truffles, roasted rack of lamb, neck of Iberico pig - each course accompanied by a different fine Burgundy or Bordeaux.

The hotel later said it would give some money to charity: 4.5 million baht ($197,000) in donations from the hotel and some guests will go towards providing water sanitation for Ban Tatit village and books for its school.

Ahead of the feast, the guests - most of them golfing buddies, suppliers and friends of Mr Deepak Ohri, Lebua's managing director - looked on as the elephants frolicked with their handlers in the village.

After a few hours, the tired guests headed back to Bangkok in a private jet for the US$300,000 (S$414,000) meal which Lebua paid for.

'Gross!' was the reaction of Thailand's English-language Nation newspaper, which wrote in a recent editorial that the dinner cast a 'disturbing spotlight on the disparity between the rich and the poor'.

'We wanted to open people's eyes to a part of the world that needs help,' said Mr Deepak.

'Who better to give poor people what they need than rich businessmen?'

AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE, ASSOCIATED PRESS

Making a meal out of charity
Thai gourmet tour's altruistic aims come under fire
Today Online 7 Apr 08;

BANGKOK — Despite a moral snub from several celebrity French chefs, a Thai luxury hotel group ploughed ahead with a meal it claimed would help bridge the divide between the rich and poor.

About 120 guests clad in black-tie finery late Saturday worked their way through 10 gourmet courses, prepared by five chefs flown in from Europe and served in the glittering ballroom of Bangkok's Lebua Hotel.

Some guests were flushed — perhaps from the wine, but also because they had spent a day in the sun in a rural Thai village. The visit was the first course of a scheme Lebua dubs "emotional tourism", but derided by some as "poverty tourism".

Lebua flew about 30 of its top guests to an elephant camp in northern Thailand's Ban Tatit village, hoping that seeing the beasts and their handlers in miserable conditions would spark an altruistic streak in the food-loving high-rollers.

The trip was almost cancelled when the three French chefs slated to cook the feast found out that Lebua did not intend to give any money to charity and pulled out, saying the idea was "morally objectionable".

Said Mr Deepak Ohri, managing director of Lebua: "There was never a moment when we said we would rethink. We were determined."

Five chefs with a combined six Michelin stars were eventually flown in from Belgium, Britain, Canada, Germany and the Netherlands to cook the feast, which included roast lamb, pork and asparagus — a bit less showy than first planned, but still cost Lebua US$300,000 ($414,000), or US$10,000 per guest. The guests did not have to pay for the meal, on the condition that they attended the village tour.

Lebua also announced that it would donate money to charity, including 4.5 million baht ($196,000) to provide water sanitation for the village and books for its school.

Before the meal, the guests, who were mostly Mr Deepak's golfing buddies, suppliers and friends, wandered through the village, admiring the elephants as they frolicked with their handlers in a lake.

Meanwhile, sun-beaten villagers squatted nearby giving them curious glances.

Both the guests and villagers were confused about the aim of the trip. Mr Paluk Sak Homhuan, a 28-year-old villager, thought the gaggle of Asian and European visitors were simply tourists.

Some guests said they were not properly briefed on how the funds for the village would be used.

Mr Scott Whittaker, executive director of Bangkok's DWP architecture firm, said: "I guess what this is saying is that yes, you can come to Thailand and have a great time, but there's also another side." — AFP


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Socially responsible speculator?

Speculate on food, you mess with lives
Barry Porter, Business Editor Today Online 7 Apr 08;

Several months back, a friend urged me to stock up on coffee and sugar. Not packets to mix myself endless cups of java — but literally in these two staples.

I must confess that I thought about it long and hard — but didn't call my broker.

In hindsight, I could have made quite a bit of money. But, to me, there is something morally repugnant about profiting from food prices.

During a United States Congress hearing this past week, Democrat Junior Senator Jeff Bingaman asked if oil was the new gold, given the increasing demand for crude oil purely as a financial asset.

I would argue that today, corn, wheat and rice are also "new gold" for the same reasons. These commodities are star performers and have hit all-time highs.

Rice, a staple for about 3 billion people worldwide, and which is traded on futures boards in Chicago, India and Thailand, among others, has doubled in price over the past year. In contrast, if you had invested in the Straits Times Index (STI) over the same period, you would now be 10 per cent out of pocket.

With global stock markets reeling in the wake of the US sub-prime crisis and weak US dollar, non-commercial investors are gobbling up commodities. Sure, I support a free market. But when greed takes over, we risk losing sight of what commodity markets are for.

Futures and seemingly complex financial products dealing in commodities are to help keep markets stay liquid and allow end-users to hedge against price fluctuations, thereby ensuring supplies.

But what happens when the hordes rush in?

The World Bank estimates 33 countries around the world face potential social unrest this year because of the acute hike in food prices. The Bank's president Robert Zoellick says "there is no margin for survival" for these countries.

Record food prices are stoking global inflation and forcing governments from China to India to take measures to protect supplies. If protectionism kicks in and food exports are curbed, prices could spike further. It's a vicious circle.

Prices are of course a matter of supply and demand. Yes, supply of crops has been hurt by unusual weather, the replanting of farmland for bio-fuel and the weak greenback. But it can be also be argued that widespread speculation has artificially fuelled recent demand — the same argument made to explain the spike in crude oil prices.

But I feel rice, cooking oil, wheat and corn are a different kettle of fish, so to speak. Unlike gold, diamonds and platinum, these are what I would describe as real commodities, with real humanitarian uses. Oh, and talking about fish, even sushi prices here have gone up because of more expensive corn used in fish food.

The United Nations has warned that 36 countries, including China, face food emergencies this year, as stockpiles of grains drop to a 26-year low. The Vietnam Food Association, to ensure domestic supplies, has asked its members to stop signing new rice export contracts until June. If such policies persist, prices will soar.

Some housewives in Singapore have raided supermarket shelves and started to hoard rice. So last week, the government took pains to show that supplies are aplenty in warehouses around town.

I would argue, some might say through rose-tinted glasses, that it is also time for commodities investors to be socially responsible and avoid the temptation of punting on food.


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We won't cut rice exports: Thai govt

Coming harvest will ensure kingdom's stockpile won't have to be tapped
Today Online 7 Apr 08;

BANGKOK — Thailand, the world's biggest rice exporter, has said that it will not cut back on exports of the grain. In fact, in a surprising show of confidence, Thai Commerce Minister Mingkwan Sangsuwan has said that there was no need to dip into the 2 million tonnes of rice the kingdom has stockpiled, even as global prices hit record levels.

This is because he expects about 6 million tonnes of milled rice to enter the market in the coming months from the nation's April-June harvest. Thailand's assurance on rice exports comes shortly after other major rice exporters such as India and Vietnam announced cuts to their own rice exports.

"The current shortage has been caused by some hoarding and panic buying on concern the price will rise further. There is enough rice supply for domestic consumption. There is no need to reduce exports, Mr Mingkwan told reporters late on Saturday in Nonthaburi province, near Bangkok, after meeting rice traders and government officials.

The ministry has also upped the number of officials who inspect rice millers, warehouses and retailers to prevent hoarding of the commodity, added Mr Mingkwan. This marks a significant turnaround, given that Mr Mingkwan had earlier proposed selling 200,000 tonnes of stockpiled rice to boost local supplies.

Offering an explanation, Mr Sumeth Laomoraphorn, president of CP Intertrade, Thailand's sixth-largest rice exporter, said yesterday: "With its decision to maintain the rice stockpile, the Thai government wants farmers to fully benefit from the high prices as a new harvest comes to the market."

There are, however, those who disagree with the government's decision, especially with the retail price of average-grade rice, the country's most consumed grain, rising to a record 26 baht ($1.10) a kilogram, an 11-per-cent increase from a week earlier, according to the Commerce Ministry's website.

Mr Pramote Vanichanont, Honorary President of the Thai Rice Mills Association, a trade group of rice millers, who was among those who met the minister on Saturday, said: "The release of state stockpiles should be made urgently to ease rice shortages in the domestic market. Most Thais, especially the poor, are suffering from the surge in prices of rice, which is their basic necessity."

Yesterday, however, Thai Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej urged the public not to hoard rice, promising for the second time in three days there would be enough for everyone in the kingdom. Mr Samak also reiterated that prices would stabilise once the current harvest reaches market and urged Thais not to overbuy. "The production of rice is on the normal schedule," he said on his weekly television show. "People are now buying more rice than they normally would." — Agencies

Thailand rules out selling rice from stockpile
Govt has no plans to cut rice exports as supplies suffice, says commerce minister
Business Times 7 Apr 08;

(BANGKOK) Thailand, the world's biggest rice exporter, ruled out selling some of the two million tonnes of the grain it has stockpiled as global prices rise to records.

Supplies will increase in the coming months as about six million tonnes of milled rice enters the market from the April-June harvest, said Commerce Minister Mingkwan Sangsuwan.

'There is enough rice supply for domestic consumption', Mr Mingkwan told reporters on Saturday in Nonthaburi province. 'The current shortage has been caused by some hoarding and panic buying on concern the price will rise further.'

The government has no plans to reduce rice exports because supplies are adequate to cover overseas orders, he said.

Rice prices have nearly doubled in the past year on increased imports by the Philippines, the biggest buyer and as China, India and Vietnam cut exports. Record food and fuel prices have stoked inflation, contributing to strikes in Argentina, riots in Ivory Coast and a crackdown on illicit exports in Pakistan.

'With its decision to maintain the rice stockpile, the Thai government wants farmers to fully benefit from the high prices as a new harvest comes to the market,' Sumeth Laomoraphorn, president of C P Intertrade, Thailand's sixth-largest rice exporter, said.

Mr Mingkwan, who yesterday met with traders and government officials, had earlier proposed selling 200,000 tonnes of stockpiled milled rice to increase local supplies.

The ministry has added to the number of officials who inspect rice millers, warehouses and retailers to prevent hoarding of the commodity, said Mr Mingkwan.

The retail price of average-grade rice, the country's most consumed grain, rose to a record 26 baht (S$1.14 cents) a kilogramme, an 11 per cent increase from a week earlier, according to the commerce ministry's website. That prompted some industry figures to disagree with the government's decision not to provide more of the grain.

'The release of state stockpiles should be made urgently to ease rice shortages in the domestic market,' Pramote Vanichanont, honorary president of the Thai Rice Mills Association, a trade group of rice millers, said after the meeting with Mr Mingkwan.

'Most Thais, especially the poor, are suffering from the surge in prices of rice, which is their basic necessity.' - Bloomberg


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Rice appreciation: Pondering the value as price rises

No rice, noodles and bread for a week? No way!
Maureen Koh, New Paper 7 Apr 08;

THE editor's suggestion seemed simple: See if you and your family can do without rice for a week.

Then he threw in the real challenge: By the way, skip the wheat. That meant noodles and bread.

But my husband - the Survivor wannabe - was game.

So were the children, despite their initial confusion.

Aloysius, 9, asked: 'Then what does that leave us with? And I don't really like noodles.'

But hey, this is the boy that friends and relatives all say is quite cheap to feed.

He polishes off any rice variation - plain rice, nasi lemak or chicken rice (minus the chicken).

I'd just add some slices of luncheon meat and an egg or two - until the price for a tin of luncheon meat went up two-fold, and later, three times higher.

His favourite luncheon meat brand has disappeared from the supermarket shelves.

And now, rice.

It was relatively easier for my girl, 8. She enjoys food so much that she eats anything and everything.

Except rice. Given her way, Nicolette will probably impose a high premium on rice so that she does not have to be told: Finish every grain.

Ahh, but the 'no noodles' condition got her really worried.

She protested: 'I think I'd die, you know.'

True enough, both children did not make it past the first day.

That night after I got home from work, they happily ticked off their menu for the next day: Bread for breakfast and rice for lunch.

Aloysius had his regular rice and sunny-side up for his recess, while Nicolette stuck to her favourite 'mee hoon kueh' (flat noodles).

Sigh. And you would think it was only the children.

Despite my lofty weight-reducing plans, I am very much a rice woman.

Give me rice any time over the delectable oil-dripped French fries. Or butter-splattered potatoes.

As you have guessed it, I never made it to the finishing line.

By the third night, as the waiter heaped scoops of rice onto the plates of my dinner mates, I caved in, pointed to mine and said: 'Here, me too. Please. And a little more. Thank you.'

The only one who soldiered on was my husband.

His week's menu was made up of yong tau fu, fish soup, meat dishes, vegetables and masala prawns - all without the accompanying rice or noodles.

Easy does it, announced the victorious man, five days later.

Then he added: 'But I think it'll be difficult for me to sustain it longer.'

Then Aloysius saved the day.

'Oh, what's there to worry? There's enough rice for everyone in Singapore,' he said, pointing to a report in The New Paper.

Remembering the value of the humble grain of rice

For a generation that has never experienced food scarcity, what do soaring prices mean?
Debbie Yong, Straits Times 7 Apr 08;

FINISH your rice, my grandparents used to tell me when I was younger.

There were tactics to deal with the wasteful child: horror stories about growing up with pockmarked faces if we did not; putting out pretty plates with graphics that were only visible if we licked up every last grain.

Then came the teenage years, and the tactics changed with my family's growing financial security.

As I shoved most of my share onto my brother's plate - in keeping with whatever fad diet I had adopted - my grandmother gradually relented.

Never mind the rice, she eventually said, as long as you eat the liao (Hokkien for 'ingredients').

Last week's spotlight on the worldwide shortage of rice and its climbing prices in the region made me recall these anecdotes.

Modern life and rising incomes have increasingly shoved rice off our plates as well as our consciousness. It seems like the more we substituted it for naan, pasta, tacos and the like, or avoided it for protein and low glycemic bites, the more irrelevant rice became to our lives.

Fact is, it has been consumed in remembrance of great events in history, offered up to the gods in hopes of better times ahead.

It has been ritual, tradition, religion and ideology - a symbol of blood, sweat and tears. It has been sustenance, comfort and a reassurance that one would never go hungry and no evil would befall him.

As we brace ourselves for more hefty price tags on our rice sacks soon, perhaps it is time to revisit the value of rice and give it back the respect it deserves.

Maybe trips to rice paddies in neighbouring countries to see all the toil and trouble that goes into every plate would inspire a newfound appreciation for the grain.

Perhaps a day or a week of rice rationing exercises - as with water before - would shake up a complacent younger generation that has never gone through war and hardships.

In the long run, more expensive grain could also make us think twice about our use-and-throw lifestyle and our excesses.

As a start, sometimes it is as simple as remembering a grandmother's nag to clean up every last grain, for you never know when you may run out.

Make 'Eat Less' our mantra
Sylvia Toh Paik Choo, New Paper 7 Apr 08;

CALL it prescient.

When Singapore film director Kelvin Tong made his first movie, he titled it 'Eating Air'. How could he have known - in 1999 - that'd be the future we're facing?

Okay, I exaggerate, movie buffs tend to; and there was that reassuring front-page picture of how much rice Singapore has in stockpile (three warehouses full, three months' worth of grain).

But it's not so much about how much there is, but what it's going to cost you and me tomorrow, and will we be able to continue to afford it?

The prices of goods and services - and just about everything else - are mounting, climbing, soaring, as the cabby said: 'Only the rain is coming down.'

The generation of our parents remembers the campaign 'Eat More Wheat'. (Also 'This is a drop of water, water is precious'; boy, is it ever more so now.)

The world Al Gore warned of has come up to speed with the archaic 'Eat More Wheat' campaign, because we can't afford that either, what with the cost of grains today.

So, caught between a rock and a hard place (Singapore grows nothing of its own except human resource), what is a working stiff left with? First, consider your position. Then turn on the news. Do you see the hungry and the homeless, the malnourished, the bloated, the dehydrated, the daily reportage of starving Africans crowding for water and queuing for any gruel?

You are one of the lucky ones, because you have a choice still, to buy the gourmet label or the no-frills brand. 'You've got vote', with your feet and your pocket.

By the way, are you eating out today, being Sunday, being the maid's day off? Remind your family not to waste food, make 'You Waste, Others Want', a personal campaign.

Tell your kid, 'You think oranges grow on trees? Half a glass enough!' It's never too early to teach the philosophy of half-full-or-half-empty.

Meanwhile, there are measures, which enforced, will create a buffer zone between you and the rising cost of living, at least until the universe repairs itself.

From today, never go anywhere without Ziploc bags (any old plastic will do). And don't be shy either. Slide whatever unfinished grub into the Ziploc and it'll do for the next meal. The stranger I shared a table with was rather miffed when I also bagged her leftovers.

In Hollywood, women pay trainers and nutritionists squillions to keep them stick-insect thin. This is a fine time to tackle Singapore's obesity problem. Let 'Eat Less' be the nation's mantra.

Hotels can do their part by offering cheaper buffets because of the reduced food selection.

Learn to fish. No wiser words, that adage about teaching a man to fish and he'll eat forever. Or become a cowboy, he who is content to just sit in the open and eat from a tin of beans. One can of beans too many and you understand why he has to stay in the open.

Not recommended, but it's a thought, go to jail. Free board and lodging, sometimes for life, rather like an annuity, you know.

I am from that generation whose Mother wanted us to marry either a doctor (illness) or lawyer (litigation) or a millionaire.

Today, I'd encourage working in the hospitality industry (at least one free meal a shift in hotel staff canteen), for food manufacturers and suppliers (can buy at staff discount) or a company like P&G (Procter & Gamble). It has such a stable of products that from its sample sizes alone, you will remain young (Olay), beautiful (SK-II), shiny (Pantene) and clean (detergents).

And then the millionaires will come running and you'll be in Basmati for ever.


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Bird flu in Indonesia and India

Suspected bird flu outbreak in northeastern Indian state
Channel NewsAsia 7 Apr 08;

GUWAHATI, India : Authorities were bracing to contain a suspected bird flu outbreak in another Indian state bordering Bangladesh, a senior official said on Sunday.

Health workers in remote Tripura began readying for "preventive measures" including mass slaughter after about 3,000 birds died in the past week, Ashish Roy Burman, director of Tripura's Animal Resources Development Department, said.

"Clinical symptoms indicate it could be bird flu," Burman said by phone adding that the poultry deaths were reported from Kamalpur area, 180 kilometres north of state capital Agartala.

"Blood samples have been sent to be tested and the final reports are expected tomorrow (Monday)," he said, adding that the culling would start as soon as the results were in.

Health workers, meanwhile, were keeping a sharp eye out for people with flu-like symptoms, he added.

India reported a confirmed outbreak of bird flu earlier this year in West Bengal state, which also borders Bangladesh.

West Bengal had briefly contained the outbreak that came to light in January by slaughtering about four million birds but the virus resurfaced last month causing authorities to order a fresh cull.

India, which reported its first outbreak of avian flu in 2006 in western Maharashtra state, has not reported any human infections so far.

Health experts however fear the H5N1 strain could mutate into a form easily transmitted from person to person, leading to a pandemic. - AFP/de

Indonesian teenager dies of suspected bird flu
Channel NewsAsia 6 Apr 07;

JAKARTA - A 16-year-old Indonesian girl has died of suspected bird flu, a doctor said Sunday.

The girl, Sumiarsih, died on Saturday afternoon, three days after being admitted for treatment at the Sulianti Saroso bird flu referral hospital in the Indonesian capital, hospital spokesman Ilham Patu told AFP.

"She showed all the symptoms of bird flu infection such as high fever, coughing and low blood cell count," Patu said.

"But we have not yet received the results of tests of samples taken from her. She remains a suspected bird flu case," Patu said.

Health Minister Spokesperson Lili Sulistiawati confirmed officials were still awaiting the results before confirming the case as a bird flu death.

Two positive results are needed before Indonesian authorities confirm a human infection of bird flu.

The Tempo newspaper quoted the girl's father as saying that officials conducted a check of poultry in their neighbourhood in Sawangan, southeast of Jakarta, and found some were positive for the deadly virus.

Sumiarsih fell sick on Monday and was taken to a private hospital two days later, before being referred to Sulianti Saroso on Thursday.

Indonesia has the world's highest number of human bird flu victims, with 107 known fatal cases, 13 of them this year.

Experts fear the virus, which is usually spread directly from birds to humans, could mutate into a form easily transmissible between people, sparking a deadly global pandemic. - AFP/vm


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Rubber trees for tire industry shrink China rainforests

Rujun Shen, Reuters 7 Apr 08;

XISHUANGBANNA, China (Reuters) - On a map on ecologist Liu Wenjie's computer, the subtropical southern tip of China's Yunnan province is slowly turning from green to red.

Rubber plantations -- shown in red on Liu's computer screen -- have supplanted nearly all the low-lying forest in the prefecture of Xishuangbanna and are now starting to encroach on the highlands.

Liu and other scientists are worried that the expansion of rubber plantations to feed China's voracious tire industry, the world's largest, will destroy the ecosystem of Xishuangbanna. The province is home to China's richest variety of flora and fauna.

Three decades ago, jungles and high mountain forests covered about 70 percent of Xishuangbanna, tucked between China's borders with Laos and Myanmar. By 2003, that proportion had shrunk to less than 50 percent.

"With rubber prices rising like crazy, any tree that can be cut down has been cut down to make way for rubber," said Liu, a professor at the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, run by the Chinese Academy of Science.

Rainforests have been reduced to patches of protected zones in Xishuangbanna, one of the top rubber producing regions in China, as double-digit economic growth has caused increasing encroachment on China's last remnants of uncultivated land.

The official figure for Yunnan Province's rubber acreage is 334,000 hectares, about 43 percent of the country's total acreage, but the real figure may be much higher.

China consumed 2.35 million tonnes of natural rubber in 2007. About 70 percent of that was imported from abroad, mainly from Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia, Southeast Asian countries that are also facing deforestation from expanding rubber plantations.

China has seen natural rubber imports nearly double since 2000 thanks to fast-growing domestic auto sales and as it becomes the top tire maker and exporter in the world.

China produced 330 million units of tires in 2007 and shipped nearly half abroad. Global tire heavyweights, such as Goodyear, Continental AG Michelin and Bridgestone, are either setting up or expanding their plants in China.

To feed the demand, China is seeking to expand its natural rubber output which is expected to grow by 30 percent to 780,000 tonnes by 2010, the China Rubber Industry Association forecasts.

But available land suitable for growing rubber is very limited as the trees need to be planted in sub-tropical or tropical climates, weather conditions found only in small parts of southern China.

RUBBER PLANTATIONS SHRINK FORESTS

In the years between 1976 to 2003, about 67 percent of the region's rainforest areas were lost to rubber plantations, according to a 2006 paper by researchers with the Chinese Academy of Sciences and a scientist at the University of Puerto Rico.

Scientists say that both state-owned and private plantations are responsible for shrinking forests.

State-owned Yunnan Natural Rubber Industrial Co, the province's top producer, denies the allegation. The company says its rubber plantations are only expanding into previously deserted farmland, or regrown forests.

"We've used almost all possible land to grow rubber here, and now we'll need to grow rubber overseas," said Yin Shiming, head of Yunnan Rubber's production division.

Yunnan Rubber currently has rubber acreage of more than 1,333 hectares in neighboring Laos and Myanmar, which will start producing rubber in six or seven years.

It plans to expand the acreage to 33,333 hectares in the next few years, replacing poppy opium fields. High prices have made rubber more appealing to farmers who profit little from growing opium as most of the profits go to the processors.

In Xishuangbanna, rows of graceful, grey-green rubber trees are visible everywhere.

Rubber saplings grow next to banana trees in fields. They even appear on patches of land around farmers' houses, displacing bamboo, once the distinguishing feature of the local landscape.

Little by little, local farmers are encroaching on protected forest zones, researchers said.

"The shrinking rain forests pose an obstacle for the reproduction of elephants, as well as other animals and plants," said Liu.

Besides endangered Asian elephants, tigers, green peacocks and monkeys live in the rainforest.

"Bird species richness has also decreased with the conversion of the tropical rain forest into rubber plantations," the 2006 research paper said.

Even Yunnan Rubber acknowledges the impact on biodiversity of expanding rubber acreage

"Rubber plantations are man-made forests, and it's true there is not as much biodiversity here," Yin said.

Its plantations have adopted environmental protection measures, such as allowing weeds to grow in empty spaces between rows of rubber trees, he said.

Yunnan Rubber has also researched ways to make its rubber trees mature faster, as a way to raise output without expanding acreage. Rubber trees can normally be tapped after seven years.

Scientists said it was not too late to save the forests. But an unchecked expansion of rubber plantations remains possible as long as rubber prices keep rising and the government does not intervene.

Rubber prices have almost tripled over the last decade and are now around 20,000 yuan ($2,815) a tonne.

"Natural products will continue to get more expensive, there's no doubt about it," said Liu.

(Editing by Megan Goldin)

($1=7.01 Yuan)


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Fires main threat to Amazon in drier climate: study

Alister Doyle, Reuters 6 Apr 08;

OSLO (Reuters) - Fires set by people will be the biggest threat to the Amazon rainforest in coming decades linked to a drier climate caused by global warming, researchers said on Monday.

They said swathes of the forest were more likely to be killed by blazes raging out of control than by a more gradual shift towards savannah caused by more frequent droughts predicted by the U.N. Climate Panel in a 2007 report.

"Fire associated with human activity and drying is likely to be what eliminates the forest rather than the gradual stress of climate change," Mark Bush of the Florida Institute of Technology and U.S.-based colleagues wrote in a study.

Examining the history of fire in Amazonia, they said people were the overwhelming cause of burning in the past 3,000 years with lightning strikes rarely igniting the wet forest. "The Amazon doesn't burn unless people burn it," Bush told Reuters.

A drier climate, more human settlements and burning to clear land for farming would bring risks of ever wider fire damage, they wrote in the British journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B devoted to the Amazon.

Indigenous people in the Amazon basin before Christopher Columbus sailed the Atlantic in 1492 "burned the forest to clear it for agriculture, and perhaps also to improve hunting," they wrote of charcoal records. "After the time of European contact, fires became much scarcer."

The U.N. Climate Panel predicted in a 2007 report that rising temperatures and drier soil would "lead to gradual replacement of tropical forest by savannah in eastern Amazonia" by 2050.

It also said there was a risk of a "significant" loss of the diversity of species of animals and plants because climate change could drive many to extinction. Its models did not assess fire risks.

"Fire is the greatest climate-linked threat to the Amazon forest," a team led by Jos Barlow of Lancaster University in England wrote in the same journal, adding that the ability of the forest to regrow after fires may have been repeated.

"Episodic fires can lead to drastic changes in forest structure and composition," the said.

But they said there was some hope because farming practices could be changed to avoid burning. Fire is "one of the few aspects of climate change mitigation over which we retain some direct control," they said.

Deforestation -- mainly from burning tropical forests -- is widely considered to contribute about 20 percent of world greenhouse gas emissions. Trees soak up heat-trapping carbon dioxide as they grow and release it when they burn or rot.

A study led by the University of Leeds said trees and creepers in intact parts of the Amazon forest grew faster in the 1980s and 1990s -- apparently spurred by climate change -- and so helped to brake the overall warming.

They cautioned that "this subsidy from nature is now at risk from drought, biodiversity changes, deforestation and climate change itself."

(Editing by Mary Gabriel)


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Brazil to pay Amazon residents for 'eco-services': minister

Yana Marull, Yahoo News 6 Apr 08;

Brazil's government is to pay residents of the Amazon money and credits for their "eco-services" in helping to preserve the vast forested area sometimes called the "lungs of the Earth" for its role its converting carbon dioxide.

Environment Minister Marina Silva has presented the measure as a priority and said "keeping the forest going is an important environmental service" for the entire planet.

Under the scheme, farmers, ranchers and woodsman who use small-scale traditional techniques in the Amazon will be rewarded with public funds, special credits and a market that will pay more for environmentally sustainable products.

The initiative's goal is to reinforce methods seen as doing less damage than the the large-scale mechanical and chemical methods of big commercial businesses, the director for Brazil's Agency for Sustainable Rural Development, Paulo Guilherme Cabral, told AFP.

The compensation should help rural workers making a subsistence living off the land while providing a disincentive for profitable "destructive activities" such as cultivating soya, clearing land for cattle and illegal logging, said Raul do Vale, coordinator of the Socioenvironmental Institute, a non-governmental organization.

Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva recently admitted that an economic carrot had to accompany the sticks the government was employing to preserve the Amazon.

"Nobody will convince a poor person not to cut down a tree if he doesn't get in exchange the right to work, to eat," he said.

One Amazon farmer who has signed on to a pilot project for sustainable development involving 4,000 families, Angelino Moreira, hailed the logic behind the new scheme.

"If I do like the others, cut down trees, burn the land and use herbicides, I will have great harvests. But when you respect the trees and don't use chemicals, production falls dramatically -- this is why it has to be compensated, so we can get by," he said.

Although newly employed, the idea of paying for sustainable practices is not new.

Rural workers throughout Latin America have long called for such compensation, and they renewed that call at a meeting several days ago in the Brazilian city of Manaus, in the middle of the Amazon.

They also want the concept drafted into the UN convention on climate change.

"The leaders of the communities in Latin America's forested areas want a consensus on the economic compensation for environmental services that they give to the planet by helping conserve millions of hectares of native woodland in the tropics," they said in a statement.

In Brazil, the issue is taking on big proportions because of the size of the area in question.

The Brazilian state of Amazonas recently created a "forest fund" and Brazil is studying other countries' models, including in Costa Rica where taxes on water and fuel are paid to forest landowners.

In the past three years, Brazil has managed to curtail deforestation by 59 percent. But that success has faltered in recent months by renewed stripping of the Amazon, especially by those making illegal cattle ranches and soya plantations.

The deforestation is estimated to cause 75 percent of Brazil's greenhouse gas emissions. The country is the fourth biggest emitter of the gases in the world.


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Carbon credits could help save Amazon, blunt warming: study

Marlowe Hood, Yahoo News 7 Apr 08;

Global carbon markets could generate billions of dollars each year for developing countries that tackle tropical deforestation, a major source of global warming, according to a new study.

Reducing the rate at which Amazonian rain forests are disappearing by only 10 percent, for example, would yield 1.5 to 9.1 billion euros (2.2 to 13.5 billion dollars), depending on world carbon emission prices, researchers calculated.

That money could then be plowed into national conservation efforts that would further mitigate climate change, creating a virtuous circle.

Slow down deforestation by another 20 percent, and the potential income for the region would top 45 billion dollars if carbon prices reached 30 euros per tonne, said the study, one of two dozen scientific papers on the future of the Amazon released Monday by The Royal Society in Britain.

Reigning in the destruction of the world's tropical forests has become a key focus of climate change efforts.

"The ongoing degradation of Amazonia is a threat to local climate stability and a contributor to the global atmospheric climate change crisis," noted Richard Betts of the Met Hadley Center for climate prediction in Britain.

Deforestation -- caused by logging, agriculture and development -- in the tropics accounts for up to 20 percent of global emissions of carbon dioxide, making it the second largest driver of global warming after the burning of fossil fuels.

Amazonia accounts for nearly half of those emissions.

Experts are especially alarmed because the impact cuts both ways: climate change threatens to boost the rate at which the Amazon's delicately balanced rain forest dries up, and could push it to a tipping point beyond which recovery would become difficult or impossible.

The UN's Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) has warned that rising global temperatures could transform much of South America's rain forests into semi-arid savannah-like areas within five decades.

A major UN climate change conference in December for the first time took steps toward extending the international market in carbon credits to "reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation" (REDD).

Under the Kyoto Protocol, countries and companies can buy and sell credits to emit greenhouse gases so as to meet their own treaty obligations.

How to apply this mechanism to deforestation has yet to be worked out. But the basic concept is simple: rich nations unable or unwilling to reduce their own C02 emissions would pay developing countries that agreed to slow the destruction of one Nature's most effective bulwarks against climate change.

Up to now, carbon credits were given only to reforestation projects.

By 2001, some 837,000 square kilometres (323,000 square miles) of Amazonian rain forest has been cleared, some 13 percent of its original area.

Eighty percent of that has been in Brazil, where annual deforestation rates peaked at 27,400 square kilometres (10,600 square miles) in 2004.

In looking at how REDD might be implemented in the Amazon region, Joahnnes Ebeling of EcoSecurities in Britain and Mai Yasue of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada caution that many barriers remain.

One is a ensuring that only genuine reductions in deforestation are rewarded, and that global markets do not simply shift timber and agricultural operations across borders.

There is also debate on how to set the benchmark against which deforestation efforts are to be measured. Using average annual rain forest loss, for example, would favor those countries with the poorest records to date, and unfairly penalise those that have already tackled the problem with some success.

Corruption is a likewise a problem. Ebeling and Yassue point out that some countries that stand to gain the most from carbon trading schemes may be the least likely to use the money effectively, such as Burma, Bolivia, The Democratic Republic of Congo and Myanmar.

But they also argue that REDD, if successful, could have added benefits beyond putting a break a global warming.

"Tropical deforestation not only contributes to climate change but is also regarded as the single greatest threat to terrestrial biodiversity," they note.

"There is also widespread hopes," they continue, "that REDD will provide resources for human development and poverty relief."


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Investing in green in Singapore

Belt up for green bandwagon ride
Business Times 7 Apr 08;

In a follow-up to last week's introduction to the types of investing opportunities available in the green industry, SERENE CHEONG speaks to investors about their views on such investments, with a specific focus on the green energy sector

FROM floods and snowstorms in Asia to hurricanes in America, people the world over are feeling the heat of global warming.

According to the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007 report, the global average temperature has increase 0.74 deg C in the past 100 years, which will lead to an 18-59 cm rise in sea levels by the end of this century.

What does this mean? The loss of agricultural land, a decline in food supplies and an irreversible impact on earth's plant and animal biodiversity.

Apparently, humanity's unsustainable lifestyle is leading it down a slippery path to self-destruction.

Recently, there has been greater awareness of changing to a more sustainable lifestyle while maintaining economic growth in Singapore. But what effect has this had on people's financial choices?

Popularity of green investments

From private equity to funds and trusts, Singaporeans are spoilt for choice when it comes to green investment opportunities.

But former university lecturer and green writer Thusida De Silva reckons the pick-up rate for green investments is slow in Singapore. He blames the general lack of interest on people's unwillingness to forego creature comforts.

'We are a consumer society without conscience partly because our whole set-up is geared towards economic growth,' says Mr De Silva. 'These days there's some talk from the government about sustainable economic growth, but it is focused on headline numbers that do not gel with sustainability.'

Conversely, Daniel Lim, a private investor in green businesses and an accountancy undergraduate from Singapore Management University, thinks otherwise.

'I believe Singaporeans will sit up and take notice of green initiatives and investments when they realise how seriously the government is viewing the sector's development,' he says.

So he is optimistic that Singaporeans will follow the government's lead and quickly become more receptive to the idea of green businesses, citing the launch of the Energy Studies Institute by Trade and Industry Minister Lim Hng Kiang in November 2007.

The institute is South-east Asia's first energy think tank that focuses on the R&D of regional energy policies.

Eco-friendly, but at what cost?

Despite the merits of investing in a 'good cause', it is crucial to keep in mind Warren Buffett's golden rules on investing.

Rule 1: Never lose money. Rule 2: Never forget rule number one.

'If an investor is unfamiliar with the green industry or a particular company, I suggest they stay away and not jump on to the bandwagon,' says Daniel. 'Invest only in what you understand - you sleep better that way.'

Besides having a good grasp of the firm and industry, investors also need to equip themselves with an overview of the global financial situation, says Tow Wee Cheong, who works in the trading arm of an oil major.

'People should not follow trends blindly or be swayed by all the hype about green businesses,' he says. 'With the current market outlook of high global inflation and diminishing US growth, I am bearish about the global stock market and I don't think it is wise to invest in green energy equities now.

'The overall reduction in global oil demand due to speculation of an American recession could also prevent oil prices from hitting new highs, thereby diminishing the prospects and viability of green energy.'

'Clean-energising' your portfolio

On the whole, people seem to agree that green investments have immense long-term potential. But not everyone is keen to invest in green business yet because of factors like low productivity and cost efficiency.

Mr De Silva says that he will 'most definitely' place money in green investments but points out that one has to be patient to reap a profit.

'The more astute investors started investing in green companies or companies with environmentally-friendly operations years ago,' he says. 'But it's probably not too late to invest in them now for two main reasons.

'First, growing energy use will drive their earnings and share prices. And second, we will reach a stage where a shift to clean energy is inevitable, so if you are already positioned in clean energy stocks, you are doing well from an investment perspective.'

SMU's Daniel agrees, and is convinced that green energy could turn out to be the next societal-changing technology after the Internet.

He believes that local awareness of green investments will increase, with more green companies seeking to launch initial public offerings in Singapore - following the lead of German solar thin-film panel manufacturing firm SolarTec

'It's definitely foolish to ignore them (green firms) because of the potential these individual technologies have,' he says. 'I am very excited about jatropha oil and solar as alternative energy sources as they are definitely cleaner and more sustainable sources of energy.'

Mr Tow, however, says he won't put money into green investments any time soon. He feels current economics do not justify a shift to alternative energy in the short term as crude oil continues to be more affordable than other energy sources. 'It will take quite a while more for green energy to become mainstream, and this will only happen if the cost of conventional energy continues to escalate,' he says. 'The financing of new technologies and state-of-the-art infrastructure could potentially lead to an increase in total debt and liability, thus making green firms unattractive to investors.'


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